Chapter 12

Executive Branch
State and Local Executive Branch
Lesson 1: Powers and Roles of State and Local

Executives
Responsibilities, Roles, and Powers of Governors

The executive leader of the state is the governor
Over the last 100 years states have made changes to the
structure of the governors office
Some states have even extended the term limits for their
governor
states constitutions have established the powers and role
of the governor
Governors do not have the role as chief diplomat
All but seven states have a Lieutenant governor
Head of State and Party Leader
Governors like presidents have ceremonial functions
Governors are the face of the states at national an

international meetings
Governors address the people of the state in times of
crisis or celebration
Governors are also leaders of their state-level political
parties
Chief Executive
Governors have the power to carry out the law
Governors can issue executive orders that create a task force
to study issues
Governors can declare a state of emergency after natural

disasters
Citizens communicate to the governor though different
departments
Most governors have the power to appoint judges

Governors issue pardons for violators of state laws
Legislative Leader
Governors need to set a legislative agenda and
propose solutions to state problems
Governors can purpose legislation to the state
Governors can call the state legislature into special

session
All governors have veto power
Some governors have line-item veto
Some governors send a bill back to congress with

recommendations for amending it
Guardian of the State Economy

Governors try to steer their states economy to
increase employment and revenue
Most governors try federal money to help out with
issues in their state
Governors plan the state budget
Governors can line-item veto economic bills
Commander in Chief of the State National Guard
Governors can use the national guard to maintain

law and order during state emergencies
National guard are part time soldiers having full
time civilian jobs
The President can call the National Guard up during
war time to serve in combat
Federalism and the Gubernational Powers

Governors have limited power and their actions are
checked by the states legislative & judicial branch
If a state receives federal money they have to
comply with the federal governments mandates on
how to spend that money (federalism)
Governors can advance their agendas together

through their membership in the National Governors
Association (NGA)
The NGA is used to represent the states interests in
Washington as a collective voice
Roles and Powers of Local Executives

Local governments have no legal independence
State governments have total control over local

governments because they create them
Local governments have more variety than state
government when it comes to power and roles
Local government usually have two tiers: counties
and municipalities
Local governments also set up special districts such
as school districts
Mayors in the Mayor-Council System

This is the oldest and most widely used from of
municipal government
This form follows the traditional concept of
separation of powers
Strong mayor system usually gives the mayor power
to veto measures that are passed by the city council
Weak-mayor system depends on the mayor and city
council working together
Some city governments have created the city
manager to ensure that city politics run smoothly
City Mangers in the Council-Manager System
Under this system the legislative and executive

powers are separated
The city manger is appointed by the council and acts

as the chief executive
The City manager then appoints and fires workers
and runs the day-to-day affairs of the city
They can recommend policy to the city council

They are subject to dismissal by the council
Commissioners
This form of local govt. combines the executive and
legislative powers in an elected commissioner
The commission is made up of five to seven
members
Each commissioner heads a specific department
The most common are police, fire, public works,
finance, and parks
They meet together to pass laws and form policies
One member of the commission usually has the title
of mayor.
Tribal Government
Some states have a separate level of government

that serves the Native American population
In New Mexico the Pueblo Native American culture is
divided up into 22 governing units, to preside over
19 Pueblo land formations
Each tribal office has a governor and a lieutenant

governor
Lesson 2: Choosing Governors and Mayors
Qualifications of Governors
The governor must be at least 30 years old
An American citizen
Must be a resident of the state for five or more
years
Citizenship and residency requirements differ widely

among the states
Governors must have served in the state and local
government before running
Governors must be skilled as a manger to organize
the different state departments
Must have a good personal relationship with
legislators
Qualifications of Mayor of City Managers

It varies for mayors/city manager depending on the
city
They have to be citizens of the state and city they
are located
Set minimum age for mayor 18 to 25 to run for
office
Mayor candidates need to live in the town or city for
one year
Mayors typical serve two or four years
Term of Office and Succession
Most governors serve four-year terms, only two

states have set it at two years
27 states have a two term limit for governor
Depending on the city depends on the term limit for
mayors and other chief executives at the local level
Elections
To elect a governor, first you must gain the
nomination from the political party
Second step for a governor election is to run in the
general election
The candidate who wins the plurality wins
Plurality-largest number of votes in an election
Most states also elect the lieutenant governor
Each county, municipality, township, and special
district each has its own rules for running an
election
Impeachment and Recalls

All states but for Oregon allow for impeachment
proceedings against a governor
Procedures and reasons for impeachment vary
between the states
Grounds for impeachment are typically corruption,
bribery, or other crimes
Recall-is the process of voting to remove officials
from office
19 states voters can go to the polls and vote for
governor to be removed from office
Most states only recall if the governor has done
something criminal or has had a serious breech of
misconduct
Lesson 3: States & Local Executive Branches

at Work
State Executive Branch Offices

No state gives its governor power to appoint an
entire executive team
44 states have a lieutenant governor
8 states have an attorney general
Secretary of State of a state usually deals with

licensing business, various professionals and drivers,
but they also keep state records and documents
State treasure manages the money collected and
pays out the money
State and local executive branches are divided into
numerous departments
Local Executive Branch Structures
At this level the power is usually shared between

multiple individuals
Most towns run government like a business with a
border of directors making all the decisions
Smaller towns may only have a handful of employees
to carry out the citys work
Police and Criminal Corrections

State police have investigative powers in many
states, but most only give them broad powers
Local police departments handle most day-to day
patrolling, emergency response, and investigations
of crime
State courts handle the great majority of criminal
cased in the US
State prisons, county and municipal jails, and other

houses of detention throughout a state make up a
states correction system
Fire Protection
Fire protection is a local function

Fire protection varies with the size of the
community
Small towns usually have volunteers to staff the fire
department
Professional fire departments also serve some small
towns that have many factories & businesses
Education
State governments establish local school districts
and give them the power to oversee the
administration of the schools
States do regulate the taxes a school district can
borrow
Federal government provides 10% of funding for
public schools
Local school districts provide half of the money and
make the key decisions on public school policy
States also set some standards that public schools
have to follow
Health
States give out license to doctors and dentists, as
well as regulate sale of drugs & require vaccines for
school children
States provide numerous services for people to
receive health care within their state
State governments often pay the bill for pubic
health services that local authorizes deliver and
administer
Medicaid is a program that is jointly funded by the

state and federal government
Social Services
State and local governments offer important
services to citizens who cannot afford them
State and both administer federal programs and
fianc and administer state-level programs with
some local support
States also have their own social welfare programs
Local governments provide services to people who
have special needs
Special needs: unemployment, low income, ill
health, permanent disabilities
Recreation and Cultural Activities
Some local communities offer swimming, dancing,

and arts and craft programs
Many local governments provide baseball, football,
and other sports programs
They maintain parks, zoos and libraries
Many cities and counties have helped build
stadiums, arenas and convention centers that are
used for sports and entertainment
Business Regulation
State governments have a special obligation to
regulate certain kinds of business
Regulations affect many kinds of corporations, but
laws regulating banks, insurance companies, and
public utilities are especially rigorous
In the United States, most public utility companies
are owned by private stockholders
States can give public utility companies the right to
supply service in the state or in part of the state
Labor Laws
States provide workers compensation payments to

people who are unable to work as a result of jobrelated injury or ill health, and unemployment
Workers in all states have the right to join unions
1/3 of every state have passed laws that are often
called right-to work-laws that prohibit union shops
Union shop: is an agreement between a union and
an employer to only hire workers who join the union
Business Development
State governments are active in trying to attract

new business and industry
Governors travel the country or aboard to bring
business to their states
States and cities often give businesses short-term
incentives such as a reduced tax rate in hope to
bring the company in
Types of Government Services

1. Zoning-the way the government regulates the ways land and buildings are used, which shows how a
community develops
2. Housing Shortages-governments answer this problem by renovating older housing
3. Housing Discrimination-this is hard to prove for people and often governments have a hard time
enforcing the laws
4. Infrastructure and Transportation-this refers to the government improving roads, highways,
railroads and provide transit for their citizens
5. Water Supply-governments have to make vital decisions regarding water services including, supply
of water, water pollution, and water shortages
6. Sewage and Sanitation-governments have to figure out a way to treat sewage, and find places to
place the trash within a city
7. Environmental Issues-states have to be involve in many activities related to the environmental
health of the citizen, example: pollution control

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Executive Branch

State and Local Executive Branch

Lesson 1: Powers and Roles of State and Local

Responsibilities, Roles, and Powers of Governors

Head of State and Party Leader

Governors like presidents have ceremonial functions

Governors are the face of the states at national an

Governors can declare a state of emergency after natural

Most governors have the power to appoint judges

Governors can call the state legislature into special

Some governors send a bill back to congress with

Guardian of the State Economy

Commander in Chief of the State National Guard

Governors can use the national guard to maintain

Federalism and the Gubernational Powers

Governors can advance their agendas together

Roles and Powers of Local Executives

State governments have total control over local

Mayors in the Mayor-Council System

City Mangers in the Council-Manager System

Under this system the legislative and executive

The city manger is appointed by the council and acts

They can recommend policy to the city council

Some states have a separate level of government

Each tribal office has a governor and a lieutenant

Lesson 2: Choosing Governors and Mayors

Citizenship and residency requirements differ widely

Qualifications of Mayor of City Managers

Term of Office and Succession

Most governors serve four-year terms, only two

Impeachment and Recalls

Lesson 3: States & Local Executive Branches

State Executive Branch Offices

Secretary of State of a state usually deals with

Local Executive Branch Structures

At this level the power is usually shared between

Police and Criminal Corrections

State prisons, county and municipal jails, and other

Fire protection is a local function

Medicaid is a program that is jointly funded by the

Recreation and Cultural Activities

Some local communities offer swimming, dancing,

States provide workers compensation payments to

State governments are active in trying to attract

Types of Government Services

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