1

Lecture 2. Deterministic Signal

Analysis

Fourier Transform
Energy Spectrum, Power Spectrum and Signal Bandwidth
Signal Transmission through a Linear System
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong)

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 2

Signals in Time Domain

A signal is a set of data or information, which can be
represented as a function of time: s (t )
Deterministic signal is a signal whose physical description
is known completely, either in a mathematical form or a graphical
form.

Signal Energy:

Es | s (t ) |2 dt

Signal Power:

1 T /2
Ps lim | s (t ) |2 dt
T T T / 2

Signal Classification:
Continuous-time vs. Discrete-time signal
Periodic signal vs. Aperiodic signal

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EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 2

Signals in Frequency Domain

Time domain

Frequency domain

S( f )

s (t )

s t e j 2 ft dt

cos(2f0t)
t

Periodic signal with period 1/f0:

f0

1/ f 0

sn f 0 0 s(t )e j 2 nf t dt
0

sn e j 2 nf0t

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nf0
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f
Lecture 2

Fourier Transform

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EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 2

Fourier Transform
Given a time domain signal s(t), its Fourier transform is defined as follows.

Fourier transform:

S( f )

s t e j 2 ft dt

The time domain signal s(t) can be expressed by S(f) using an inverse transform.
Inverse Fourier transform:

s (t )

S f e j 2 ft df

(Fourier) spectrum of s(t):

S( f )

Magnitude spectrum of s(t): S ( f )

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s (t ) S ( f )

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 2

Example 1: Spectrum of Unit Impulse (t)

1/

(t) is a unit impulse, which is zero everywhere except

at t=0, and has unit area.

(t )dt 1

and

s (t ) (t )

(t)

t 0
(t )
0 t0

S( f )

j 2 ft

(
t
)
e
dt

area =1

s(t)

S(f)

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0
f

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 2

Example 2: Spectrum of Constant Signal

s (t )
A

s (t ) A
t

S ( f ) A e j 2 ft dt

S(f)

S (0) A e j 2 0t dt A 1dt

A
0

S ( f ) A e j 2 ft dt 0 for f 0

S ( f ) A ( f )
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EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 2

Example 3: Spectrum of Sinusoidal Signal

s(t)

s (t ) cos(2 f 0t )

S( f )

S(f)

1/2
-f0

j 2 ft
cos
2

f
t

e
dt
0

1
2

(e j 2 f0t e j 2 f0t ) e j 2 ft dt

f0

1
2

j 2 ( f f 0 ) t

dt 12

j 2 ( f f 0 ) t
e
dt

12 ( ( f f 0 ) ( f f 0 ))
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EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 2

Example 4: Spectrum of s(t)cos(2f0t)

x(t ) s(t ) cos(2 f 0t )

X(f )

s (t ) cos(2 f 0t ) e j 2 ft dt

1
2

s (t ) 12 (e j 2 f0t e j 2 f0t ) e j 2 ft dt

s (t ) e

j 2 ( f f 0 ) t

dt 12

s (t ) e j 2 ( f f0 )t dt 12 [ S ( f f 0 ) S ( f f 0 )]

S(f)

X(f)

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-f0

EE3008 Principles of Communications

f0

f
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Example 5: Spectrum of Single Rectangular Pulse

s(t)
A
-/2

/2

A
s (t )
0

/ 2 t / 2
otherwise

S(f)

/2

S( f ) A

A
-2/

-1/

sinc( x)

sin( x)
x

/2

1/

2/

j 2 ft

e j f e j f
dt A
j 2 f

sin( f )
A sinc( f )
f

sinc function is an even, oscillating function with a decreasing magnitude.

It has unit peak at x=0, and zero crossing points at x= non-zero integers.

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EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 2

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Properties of Fourier Transform

S1 ( f ) S2 ( f )

Linearity

s1 (t ) s2 (t )

S1 ( f ) S2 ( f )

Convolution

S (t )

s ( f )

Duality

s (t )

S ( f ) e j 2 f

Time shift

s (t )e j 2 f0t

S ( f f0 )

Frequency shift

s (t ) cos(2 f 0t )

s (at )

s1 (t ) s2 (t )

1
2

(for any real a 0 )

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[ S ( f f 0 ) S ( f f 0 )]

Modulation

1 f
S
a a

Time scale

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Review Examples 2 & 4

s (t ) (t )

Duality: S (t ) s ( f )

S( f ) 1

S( f ) ( f )

s (t ) 1

Modulation:

x(t ) s(t ) cos(2 f 0t )

s1 (t ) cos(2 f 0t )

X ( f ) S ( f ) ( ( f f 0 ) ( f f 0 ))
1
2

12 [ S ( f f 0 ) S ( f f 0 )]

1
2

[ S ( f f 0 ) S ( f f 0 )]

Convolution:

s1 (t ) s2 (t )
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S1 ( f ) S2 ( f )

EE3008 Principles of Communications

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Example 6: Spectrum of Impulse Train

s (t ) n (t nT0 )

se

j 2 nf 0t

f0

1
T0

T0

2T0

S ( f ) n sn ( f nf 0 )

1
sn
T0

T0

s (t )e

j 2 nf 0t

1/ f 0

dt f 0 0

(t )e j 2 nf t dt f 0
0

S(f) f 0 n ( f nf 0 )

f0

f f0

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2f0

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Example 7: Spectrum of Periodic Signal

For periodic signal s(t) with period T0, define sT0 (t ) as

s (t )
sT0 (t )
0

T0 / 2 t T0 / 2
otherwise

s (t ) n sT0 (t nT0 ) sT0 (t ) n (t nT0 )

S ( f ) ST0 ( f ) f 0 n ( f nf 0 ) f 0 n ST0 (nf 0 ) ( f nf 0 )

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EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 2

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Example 8: Spectrum of Sampled Signal

x(t ) s (t ) n (t nT0 )

X ( f ) S ( f ) f 0 n ( f nf 0 ) f 0 n S ( f nf 0 )

s(t)

x(t)
t

S(f)

X(f)

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-2f0

-f0

EE3008 Principles of Communications

f0

2f0
Lecture 2

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Energy Spectrum, Power Spectrum

and Signal Bandwidth

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EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 2

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Energy-type Signal and Power-type Signal

Energy-type Signal: A signal is an energy-type signal if and
only if its energy is positive and finite.
s(t) is an energy-type signal if and only if 0 Es

| s (t ) |2 dt .

Power-type Signal: A signal is a power-type signal if and only if

its power is positive and finite.
1 T /2
s(t) is a power-type signal if and only if 0 Ps lim | s (t ) |2 dt .
T T T /2

How to determine if a signal is an energy-type signal or

a power-type signal from the frequency domain?
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EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 2

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Energy and Energy Spectrum

Energy of energy-type signal s(t):

*
j 2 ft

s
(
t
)
S
(
f
)
e
df dt

Es | s (t ) | dt
s (t ) s (t )dt

2
*
*
j 2 ft

dt df S ( f ) S ( f )df
S ( f ) s (t )e
S ( f ) df

U s ( f )df

Parsevals Theorem:

Es | s (t ) | dt

S ( f ) df

Energy spectrum: U s ( f ) | S ( f ) |2
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EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 2

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Example 9: Energy Spectrum of Single Rectangular

Pulse
s(t)
A
-/2

/2

A
s (t )
0

/ 2 t / 2
otherwise

S(f)
A

Fourier spectrum:

S ( f ) A sinc( f )

-2/

-1/

1/

2/

2/

Us(f)

Energy spectrum:

A2

U s ( f ) | S ( f ) |2 A2 2sinc 2 ( f )
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-2/

-1/

1/

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 2

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Power and Power Spectrum

Power of power-type signal s(t):

s(t )
sT (t )
0

T / 2 t T / 2
otherwise

1 T /2
1 T /2
Ps lim | s (t ) |2 dt lim T /2 | sT (t ) |2 dt
T T
T T T / 2

1
1
2
2

lim | ST ( f ) | df lim | ST ( f ) | df Gs ( f )df

T T
T T

Power spectrum:

1
| ST ( f ) |2
T T
1 T /2
Gs ( f ) lim s (t ) s* (t )dt
T T T / 2
Gs ( f ) lim

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EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 2

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Example 10: Power Spectrum of Periodic Signal

For periodic signal s(t) with period T0: s (t ) n sn e j 2 nf0t

Fourier spectrum:
S ( f ) n sn ( f nf 0 )

Power spectrum:
1 T /2
1
Gs ( f ) lim s (t ) s* (t )dt
T T T / 2
T0
Gs ( f ) n sn ( f nf 0 )

s2

S(f)
s
s1 0 s1
-f0 0

T0 / 2

T0 / 2

s2

f0

j 2 nf 0
s (t ) s (t )dt n sn e

Gs ( f )
| s0 |2
| s1 |2 | s1 |2
| s2 |2
| s2 |2
-f0 0

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f 0 1/ T0

f0

EE3008 Principles of Communications

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Signal Bandwidth
Bandwidth of signal s(t): the amount of positive frequency
spectrum that signal s(t) occupies.
S(f)
0

Bs

Effective Bandwidth: x% of the signals power (energy) are

included.

Gs(f)

Bs _ 90%

Bs _ 95%

90% power
95% power
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EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 2

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Signal Transmission through a

Linear System

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EE3008 Principles of Communications

Lecture 2

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Linear Time Invariant (LTI) System

Linear system: in the time domain, a linear system is described in

terms of its impulse response (the response of the system to a
unit impulse (t)).

Linear Time Invariant (LTI) system: the shape of the impulse

response is the same no matter when the unit impulse (t) is
applied to the system.

s(t)

S(f)

Impulse Response
h(t)
Transfer Function
H(f)

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y (t ) s (t ) h(t ) s ( )h(t )d

Y ( f ) S( f ) H ( f )
EE3008 Principles of Communications

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Ideal Lowpass System

Transfer Function H(f) of an ideal lowpass system:

H(f)
1
-Bh

Bandwidth
Bh

For a baseband input signal with bandwidth Bs:

S(f)

if Bh Bs

H(f)

x
-Bs

Bh

Bs

1
-Bh

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Y(f)

Bh

-Bs 0

EE3008 Principles of Communications

Bs

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Ideal Bandpass System

Transfer Function H(f) of an ideal bandpass system:

H(f)
1
0

f c 12 Bh fc
f c 12 Bh
Bandwidth
Bh

For a baseband input signal with bandwidth Bs:

S(f)

S(f)

Bs f

fc-Bs fc

If: 1) the center

frequency of S(f)
Y(f)
is shifted to fc
2) Bh 2Bs

H(f)

x
-Bs

fc+Bs f

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=
0

f c 12 Bh

fc

f c 12 Bh

EE3008 Principles of Communications

fc-Bs fc fc+Bs f
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Baseband Channel and Bandpass Channel

Baseband channel

Bandpass channel

A baseband channel
efficiently passes frequency
components from dc (zero)
to the cutoff frequency Bh Hz.

A bandpass channel efficiently

passes frequency components
within a certain band, say,
between f c 12 Bh and f c 12 Bh Hz.

Examples: coaxial cable

Examples: EM wave, fibre

In this course, a baseband channel and a bandpass channel are modeled as an

ideal low-pass LTI system and an ideal bandpass LTI system, respectively.
H(f)
H(f)
1

1
-Bh

Bh

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f c 12 Bh

fc

EE3008 Principles of Communications

f c 12 Bh

Lecture 2