Waste Landfill CAT Equipment Selection Application

Waste Landfills
113.32642064344401%
Caterpillar Equipment Selection and

Application Guide
About This Selection Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
How to Get the Most out of This Selection Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
About Waste Landfills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Waste Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Landfill Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Municipal Solid Waste Landfills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction and Demolition Landfills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bioreactor Landfills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hazardous Waste Landfills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
3
3
3
3
3
Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Landfill Methods and Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Landfill Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Control Gas and Leachate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compaction and Landfill Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guidelines to Achieving Compaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Techniques for Proper Compaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Landfill Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Landfill Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
5
5
6
6
8
8
Machine Profiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Machine Matrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Primary Landfill Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Landfill Compactor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Track-Type Tractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Track Loader. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Support Landfill Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Wheel Loader. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Integrated Toolcarrier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Hydraulic Excavator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Wheel Excavator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Wheel Tractor-Scraper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Articulated Truck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Motor Grader. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Vibratory Soil Compactor/Soil Stabilizer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Skid Steer Loader and Multi Terrain Loader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Backhoe Loader. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Computer Aided Earthmoving System for Landfills (CAES). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Systems Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Selection Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Machine Combinations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Machine Operating Efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Time and Distance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Traction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Push Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Operator Ability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
33
34
35
Worksheets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Landfill Data Sheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Machine Tonnage and Usage Selection Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compaction Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Waste Placement Worksheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
37
38
40
Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
References and Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Introduction
Waste
Landfills
About This Selection Guide
It takes a variety of equipment to run

alandfill. It also takes a lot of planning
to select the right equipment for the job.
Initial cost is only one factor in the
purchase decision. Machine and parts
availability and equipment life-cycle costs
are other factors you should consider.
Thisselection guide provides a process
for choosing the right equipment from
Caterpillars complete line of purposebuilt machines and work tools. Of course
the final selection must be based on
theunique circumstances of your landfill.
Your local Cat dealer is an excellent
resource. Dealer representatives know
operating and maintenance costs and
can help you select the best equipment
for your operation.
Its important to understand the life cycle
of a landfill. From land acquisition to the
closing of the site, each stage of the cycle
is vital to a successful operation. It begins
with picking the right site and following
up with required approvals.
Developing an environmentally friendly
site using professional engineers creates
a solid foundation for your business. To
maximize value you will have to monitor
daily operations and utilize nearby
transfer stations and recycling

centers. Incineration is a process
thatchanges the physical, chemical
andbiological composition of waste to
render it harmless or reduce its volume.
Electricity generated from landfill gas
can provide an additional revenue source
and benefit the environment. The final
use of the land should be part of the
initial landfill planning. Closed-out
sitescan be converted to golf courses,
baseball diamonds, soccer fields and
parks. If the landfill has been properly
designed and operated, its final use is
virtually unlimited.
Scope
The scope of this guide is global.

Thephilosophy, design and techniques
used in solid waste processing tend to be
regional. The broad equipment principles
explained here apply anywhere. You may
adapt them to site-specific circumstances.
If you want to expand your existing
landfill operation, these principles
willguide you through the process
ofincreasing operational efficiencies.
Thisguide also shows you how to be
flexible in the design phase to achieve
optimum results.
How to Get the Most Out

ofThis Selection Guide
This guide is organized by sections.

Eachsection helps the user through the
process of selecting the right equipment
for specific landfill operations by building
on information provided in the previous
section. Various types of landfills are
described in the About Waste Landfills
section. Also included are factors to
consider when planning a landfill site.
Inthe Landfill Methods and Operations
section, topics include how to efficiently
and safely manage a landfill, control of
gas and leachate and tips for successful
compaction. The Machine Profiles
section covers the primary and support
equipment most appropriate for various
landfill applications. The Systems
Section helps you match machines to
specific landfill applications and type of
waste. It is critical to select a machine or
machine combination that will increase
the production and efficiency of your
landfill. In the Machine Operating
Efficiencies Section factors such as
traction, push power and operator ability
are reviewed. The Worksheet Section
contains worksheets that can be
photocopied and used as templates
toassure all informationapplication
data, machine specifications and site
requirementsare taken into
consideration in the machine selection
process. Everyone, even those
experienced in thesolid waste industry,
is encouraged to read the selection
guide from front toback. It may give you
a fresh look atthe machine-buying
process or lead youto consider new
possibilities.
We hope this guide, along with advice
from your local Cat dealer, helps you
make an easier, more informed decision.
Everybody creates waste that must be

disposed of properly. The amount of waste
created steadily rose from 1960 until 1990,
but has since leveled (see chart). According
to 2003 Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) data, in the United States, one
person generates an average of four and
a half pounds of municipal solid waste
(MSW) each day. That adds up to more
than 236 million tons (214 million metric
tons) of MSW per year. Only 31 percent
of that waste is either recycled or
composted. The other 69% is discarded in
landfills. Approximately 1,767 landfills
receive more than half ofall U.S. solid
waste. While city and county governments
own65% of these landfills, the balance
is privately owned. The need for more
landfills grows with the amount of
generated waste and not just in theU.S.
As more countries become industrialized,
we can expect tosee more waste being
generated.
Landfill Types
To determine which machines and work

tools best suit your needs will depend
on your type of operation. There are
fourgeneral types of landfills.
Municipal Solid Waste Landfills
are the type typically seen in U.S.
communities. They receive and
process waste materials like paper,

wood, plastic, glass, rubber, textiles,
organic waste, yard waste and other
miscellaneous items. The typical MSW
landfill is a combination of systems that
hold waste in sections orcells. Cells
are separated from the surrounding
environment by clay and impermeable
membrane liners. Collected waste in
MSW landfills iscompacted. In other
words, weight is applied to the waste
in a controlled systematic method,
increasing the density of material.
Thedenser the material in a landfill, the
more waste a landfill can accommodate.
Construction and Demolition
Landfills consist of waste like concrete,
construction lumber, trees, roofing
materials, industrial soils or sludge,
iron,steel, aluminum, metals and other
miscellaneous items. Just as inMSW
landfills, construction anddemolition,
or C & D waste is placed in sectionsor
cells in the landfill. Cellsare separated
from the surrounding environment
byboth clayand an impermeable
membrane liner. The already dense
construction and demolition waste
inthese landfills is shredded and
compacted further so it will fill the
least amount of airspace possible.
Construction and demolition landfills
are often harsher environments than
typical MSW landfills.
Bioreactor Landfills are similar to

MSW landfills. The main difference is
the acceleration of the decomposition
process, accomplished by adding liquids
to the waste mass to reach optimal
moisture content. Accelerated
decomposition provides more useful
space and increases the life of the
landfill. Waste stabilization is also
sped up in bioreactor landfills. As the
landfills become stable, the land can
be converted to other uses much
sooner than MSW landfills. Other
benefits of bioreactor landfills include
more rapid generation of methane and
the recirculation of leachate. Methane
gas can be used to power projects
while decreasing greenhouse gas
emissions over the life of a landfill.
The recirculation of leachate reduces
treatment and hauling costs.
About Waste Landfills
Waste Information
Hazardous Waste Landfills are

governed by stricter guidelines than
any other landfill. Waste is placed in
sections or cells that are separated
from the surrounding environment by
clay and impermeable liners. Hazardous
waste is usually neutralized for content,
acidity and alkalinity. Because of its
extreme density, compaction of
hazardous waste isnt routine. But at
many landfills, tracked vehicles and
compactors are still used to achieve
as much density and maximum airspace
as possible.
Figure 1. MSW Generation Rates, 1960-2006

10
300
Total MSW generation (million tons)
205.2
251.3
8
214.3
200
6
151.6
150
121.1
100
4.50
88.1
4.46
4.64
4.60
3.66
3.25
2.68
Per capita generation (pounds/person/day)
238.3
250
50
0
1960
1970
1980
Total MSW generation
1990
1995
2000
2006
Per capita generation
Source: U.S. EPA

(EPA-530-F-07-030, November 2007)
About Waste Landfills
J
K
I
H
G
F
E
C
D
Source: HowStuffWorks.com
A
This cross-section drawing shows the structure of a municipal solid waste landfill.
The arrows indicate the flow of leachate.
A
B
C
D
E
F
Ground Water
Compacted Clay
Plastic Liner
Leachate Collection Pipe
Geotextile Mat
Gravel
Drainage Layer
Soil Layer
I Old Cells
J New Cells
K Leachate Pond
H
There are several factors to consider

inthe efficient operation of a landfill.
You will need to build main access roads
for all weather conditions; secondary
roads must be suitable for operating in
wet weather. The spreading of gravel,
cinders, crushed rock or small-size
demolition rubble on the haul roads
works well and provides good base
material.
Certain types of waste are difficult to
compact and can damage your equipment.
Be prepared to handle materials such as
wire, construction and demolition, tires
and other damaging materials.
Windblown litter is a persistent operating
nuisance. Methods of controlling it include
keeping the size of the working face as
small as possible and using litter fences
near unloading and spreading areas.
Settlement rate is another factor to
consider in operating your landfill.
Therate and extent of settlement will
depend on the type of waste, fill depth,
decomposition, compaction density,
liquid incorporation and ratio of cover

material. Once settling occurs usually
during the first three to five years after
refuse is buried closure depressions
must be filled and drainage problems
corrected until the land is completely
stabilized.
Control Gas and Leachate
Installing both gas and leachate control

systems are essential in landfill operations.
Methane gas is a by-product of waste
decomposition and can cause fires and
asphyxiation. One method of controlling
gasses is to install a gas collection system
to keep possibly dangerous levels of
methane from diffusing underground.
Gas collection systems either flare off
the gas or convert it to energy through
generation of electricity or heat.
Electricity generated from landfill
gascan provide an additional revenue
source and benefit the environment.
Despite the benefits, its still essential
tocontrol gasses with proper landfill
engineering and operating techniques.
Leachate forms when rain, snow, surface

or groundwater seeps through waste,
picking up chemicals and biological
contaminants. Leachate can poison
drinking water and kill aquatic life if
itgets in streams or lakes. To limit the
amount of leachate produced, you must
first limit the amount of liquid coming
into the landfill. Liquid can be reduced
by compacting waste properly, spreading
cover to the right depth and building and
maintaining proper surface drains around
the site. And once youve installed a
leachate control system, it must be
regularly maintained and monitored.
Compaction and Landfill Life
The most valuable commodity in a

landfill is airspace. Once your airspace
isgone, so is your business. Ideally you
should utilize every available cubic yard.
Youcan do that through compaction
packing more waste in less space.
Thebenefits of successfully compacting
waste include:
Landfill Methods and Operations
Landfill Operations
Extended landfill life

Decrease in settlement
Reduced voids
Reduction in windblown litter
Fewer insects and rodents
Less waste washed away by rain
Reduced daily cover requirements
Reduced leachate and methane
migration
More stable surface for machine and
vehicular traffic
Less land taken out of productive use
Two things considerably affect
compaction density: moisture content
and waste type.
Guidelines to Achieving
Compaction
How do you utilize every inch of

airspace? Through proper placement,
blending and compaction techniques.
Waste placement aids such as surveys
and electronic systems like Caterpillars
Computer-Aided Earthmoving System
(CAES) are valuable tools that can help
extend the life of your landfill. Itsalso
critical totrain operators to properly
handle various types of waste (MSW,
construction and hazardous) toachieve
maximum density. Training should
include machine operators
useofappropriate pass, pushing and
blending techniques. Operators must
consistently run over thewaste in a
setpattern and apply cover material
toreach proper lift requirements.
Techniques for Proper

Compaction
Passes and Patterns
Perform three to five passes over each

layer of waste, depending on waste
composition and density. Some waste
requires more passes and takes longer
to compact. Use a set pattern and stick
to it. Running patterns means compacting
all un-compacted waste before adding
more. Run over or compact the entire area
and remember to compact out andback
in the same tracks. Its also important
tocompact the full length of the layered
materialuntil the wheels run off the
layer. Limit turning on top of thecompacted
waste. Always remember to compact in
first gear. Youll achieve better and more
efficient compaction, useless fuel and
decrease heat load. In addition, blend
wetter material with drier material. You
may often have to set aside some materials
until others arrive before blending in order
to achieve higher densities.
Compaction passes are defined as one
trip over the waste in one direction.
ForCat compactors to achieve four-pass
coverage, operators must make one pass
forward then a second pass in reverse over
the same tracks. Then, move over one
wheel width (approximately half the blade
width) and perform the same pattern.
Because the space between the wheels
is approximately the width of wheels on
Cat machines, this pattern achieves a full
machine pass.
6
Once the compactor moves over one more

wheel width and the operator begins the
next pattern run, the right wheel performs
two passes because it is running over
uncompacted waste. The left wheel is
running over previously compacted waste
and is therefore performing a third pass
when moving forward and a fourth pass
when in reverse over the same tracks.
However many passes you perform or
patterns you run, the best tip to remember
during peak periods is to keep moving
and compacting. To help compaction,
material must be pushed and layered
properly.
First Pass / Second Pass

Compactor makes two
passes (one forward and
one reverse)
Compactor moves over
one wheel width
Compactor makes two
passes (one forward and
one reverse)
1
2
3
Third Pass / Fourth Pass
Compactor moves over
one wheel width
Makes one machine pass forward
Left side third pass
Right side first pass
Compactor returns same track
Left side fourth pass
Right side second
Pushing
In landfills, youll be pushing material

uphill, downhill or on flat terrain.
Thereare advantages and disadvantages
of each. Its easier to carry and spread
waste uphill. Material layering is more
even and material receives slightly more
shredding. Blending material uphill is
easier and its simple to return in the
same tracks. But pushing material uphill
often results in thinner layers at the
bottom and thicker layers towards
thetop. Working in this direction
oftenincreases machine heat load,
fuelconsumption and cycle times.
Pushing material on a flat surface is

thebest-case scenario. It makes for the
fastest cycle times. You can cover more
area, spread and layer waste easier and
burn less fuel on flat terrain. Heat load on
your machine is decreased. Visibility is
optimal. And its easier to stay in the same
track during passes. Pushing on a flat
surface requires more planning and
teamwork. One drawback it can result in
less shredding of the material.
Layering
and increasing production and efficiency.

When layering, remember to keep layers
thin. Compacting layers of two feet or less
decreases fuel consumption, heat load and
machine damage. Machines willwalk out
of the waste quicker, resulting in more area
covered per hour. Thick layers are spongy
and compact only on the top. Compacting
thick layers increases rolling resistance and
machine resistance while decreasing
yourproductivity.
Daily: 6 8 inches (0.15 0.20 meters)

Intermediate: 12 15 inches
(0.3 0.4 meters)
Final: 3 feet (0.9 1 meter)
Cover Material
Waste should be ready for immediate

cover during and at the end of the day.
Save the best waste for final compaction.
Youll use less cover material. Tracking in
the material with a Track-Type Tractor or
Track Loader results in less cover as does
cross compacting the waste at 45to 90
degrees.
Selecting the right cover material and

properly handling it will help control health
and environmental problems in your landfill
operation. A Track-Type Tractor is ideal for
spreading cover material thinly with little
to no waste flagging material that
protrudes from cover material. Daily cover
layer depth depends on governmental, local
and regional regulations. Normal
regulations for daily cover layer depth are:
Proper layer heights are key to

decreasingcycle and compaction times
3
lb/yd
1500
1000
kg/m
1000
Layer Thickness
750
Increasing
Density
500
500
250
0
.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0 1 2
3 4
6 7
8 9 10
Waste to soil ratios for normal cover

rangefrom 4:1 to 8:1, depending on the
landfill. A good tip: the less soil the better.
Covershould be spread at regulation depth
thefirst time to decrease possible waste
flagging. Spreading layers too thin results
in more cover usage.
You can layer, spread and compact waste

quicker when pushing material downhill,
which often shortens cycle times. Visibility is
better downhill, too. Disadvantages of
pushing material downhill include uneven
waste layering, less material shredding,
thicker layers at the top of the hill and
thinner layers at the bottom. Uneven
layering can cause operators to spin
amachines tracks or wheels.
Keep alternative daily cover materials in

mind, but be sure to check local regulations
before using them. Its also important to
understand how alternative materials
react with the type of waste and weather
conditions at your landfill. Alternative
materials include green waste, compost,
mulch, plastic films, concrete/paper mix,
foams, tarps or canvas. Theyre handled
similar to dirt cover. Using alternative
materials properly is another way to
saveairspace.
Meters
0 1 2
Feet
3 4
5 6
7 8 9 10
Number of machine passes
These practices using less or alternative

daily cover material combined with the
right ratio of waste to soil result in
waterrunoff, which means less leachate
is produced. Properly handled cover
material can also help seal in odors,
prevent fires, control litter, prevent the
breeding of insects and provide a dense,
stable fill that can serve as a good road
base. Additionally, to help ensure optimal
use of landfill airspace, consider using
electronic systems such aslaser leveling
and Global Positioning Systems (GPS).
These systems allow for more accurate
control of grade and cover layer depth.
Keep Track
Keeping accurate statistics on incoming

waste amounts is the only way to
determine current and future landfill
needs. Weigh incoming materials to help
operators determine the volume
ofwaste cells andthe amounts of cover
required. The useof statistical tracking
analysis methods to record landfill
airspace used, incoming material volume
and cover material quantities. Properly
archiving the statistics is just as important
as gathering the information.
Teamwork
The most important point to remember in

any landfill application is to communicate
with your team before, during and after
shifts. Have a plan in place to work with
different material
types and densities, butbe prepared to

be flexible with the plan if conditions
change. Teamwork helpsyou handle
peak periods, unforeseen circumstances
and bad weather with more ease and
less stress on everyone involved.
Landfill Costs
The cost of running a landfill falls into
two categories: capital costs and daily
operational and maintenance costs.
Capital costs include:
Land acquisition
Building construction
Major equipment
Closeout costs (final cover, grading,
drainage and landscaping)
Daily operational and maintenance
costsinclude:
Administration and personnel
Equipment operation (fuel,
maintenance and depreciation)
Cover material
Landfill Safety
Landfills are busy, harsh environments

where the stress of deadlines combines
with an unpredictable number of machines
and pedestrians. To reduce the risk of
accident and injury on your landfill site,
separate public and commercial areas.
Also provide special safe dump areas
intended only for public access. Dont
allow scavenging. Secure the entrance

when the site is not in operation.
Waste is one of the harshest environments
in which machinery operates. To maintain
equipment, operators must perform
walk-around inspections of machines
before, after and anytime theyre off the
equipment. Pull debris from the machine
and clean all windows and mirrors in
order to maintain optimal visibility.
Make first aid supplies available. Make
sure all safety equipment is available
and inworking order. Telephones or
radio equipment onall machines allow
operators to report an accident quickly.
Fires are a very real threat in landfills.
Theyre often caused by outside sources.
You can help control the risk by prohibiting
smoking on or near the working face; post
signs and enforce the rule. Divert smoking
or burning waste to a safe area. Finally,
always install fire extinguishers and
other suppression devices on all
landfillequipment.
If theres a landfill fire or machine fire,
follow your company rules for fighting the
fire. Most of the time machine fires can
be contained with fire extinguishers, fire
suppression systems or both. To contain
the landfill fire, use a machine to push
burning material away from theactive
working face and onto cover material
ora dirt-based platform. Cover the fire
with cover material for surface fires.
When appropriate, use high pressure
water from water trucks or water wagons
on larger landfill fires. Forunderground
fires incorporate nitrogen gas. Also,
prevent the spread offire by creating
proper cover layers between the layers
of compacted waste.
The top horizontal row lists the most

common machine functions. Functions
marked with a P are the machines
primary function. If you need amachine
to perform a certain function most, be
sure its marked P. Functions marked
with A are auxiliary functions that
themachine is capable of performing.
Compactor
816F2
X
P
P
826H
X
P
P
836H
X
P
P
Track-Type Tractor
D6K
P
A
D6N XL
X
P
A
D6T III
X
P
A
D7R 2
X
P
A
D8T
X
P
A
D9T
X
P
A
D10T
X
P
A
Track Loader
953D
X
P
P
963D
X
P
P
973C
X
P
P
Wheel Loader
924H Std. H.O.
X
924Hz Std. P.O.
X
928Hz Std. P.O.
X
930H Std. H.O.
X
938H
X
950H
X
962H
X
966H
X
972H
X
980H
X
P
Primary Application
ting
pos
Com
yste
Gas
S
edi
atio
ms
tion
ns t
ruc
Cel
l Co
Util
ity
Wo
rk
atl.
er M
Cov
ilin
g
c kp
Sto
ific
atio
n
Den
s
g
hin
Pus
Wa
ste
Han
d
ler
Caterpillar Landfill Equipment
Rem
The Machine Matrix below can help you

quickly identify the machines typically
considered for a particular landfill task.
The far left hand column lists differentsized machines within a machine family.
Machine Profiles
No matter the selection, its important

totrain machine operators to be aware of
surrounding materials to prolong machine
life and minimize maintenance and
downtime.
Machine Matrix
Before you can choose a machine or
work tool, you have to know the job.
What type of material will the machine
be handling? How much material?
Howoften does the job need performed?
The answers will determine the machine
characteristics you will consider: size,
lifting and pushing capacity and the
range of work tools it can use.
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
A
P
P
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
P
P
P
P
P
P
A
A
A
P
P
P
A
A
A
A
A
A
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
A
A
A
A
A
A
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Auxiliary Application
Note: Consult your local Caterpillar dealer for Waste Handler packages and options available for the application and machine you are considering.
Primary Application
ting
Com
pos
ms
yste
Integrated Tool Carrier

IT38H
P
A
P
P
IT62H
P
A
P
P
Hydraulic Excavator
315DL
P
P
318CL
P
P
320DL
P
P
324DL
P
P
325DL
P
P
330D
X
P
P
330DL
P
P
345C
P
P
365CL
P
P
Wheel Excavator
M313D
P
P
M315D
P
P
M316D
P
P
M318D
P
P
M322D
P
P
Wheel Tractor-Scraper
613G
P
P
623G
P
P
627G
P
P
637G
P
P
657G
P
P
Articulated Truck
725
P
P
730
P
P
730 Ejector
P
P
735
P
P
740
P
P
740 Ejector
P
P
Motor Grader
120M
P
P
12M
P
P
140M
P
P
160M
P
P
14M
P
P
Gas
S
edi
atio
Rem
ns t
ru c
Cel
l Co
Util
ity
Wo
rk
atl.
er M
ilin
g
Cov
ck p
Sto
ific
atio
n
Den
s
Pus
hin
ler
tion

Wa
ste
Han
d
Machine Profiles
10
Machine Matrix (continued)
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Note: Consult your local Caterpillar dealer for Waste Handler packages and options available for the application and machine you are considering.
Vibratory Soil Compactor

CS-433E
CP-433E
CS-56
CP-56
CS-64
CP-64
Soil Stabilizer
RM-300

RM-500

Skid Steer and
Multi Terrain Loader
216B2
P
226B2
P
232B2
P
236B2
P
242B2
P
246C
P
252B2
P
256C
P
262C
P
272C
P
247B2
P
257B2
P
277C
P
287C
P
297C
P
Backhoe Loader
416E
P
420E
P
420E IT
P
430E
P
430E IT
P
450E
P
P
Primary Application
ting
po s
Com
yste
Gas
S
ed i
atio
ms
tion
Rem
ns t
ru c
Cel
l Co
Util
ity
Wo
rk
atl.
er M
Cov
ilin
g
ckp
Sto
ific
atio
n
Den
s
g
hin
Pus
Wa
ste
Han
d
ler
P
P
P
P
P
P
Machine Profiles
Machine Matrix (continued)
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Note: Consult your local Caterpillar dealer for Waste Handler packages and options available for the application .and machine you are considering.
11
Machine Profiles Compactor
Compactor
Primary Landfill Equipment
Landfill Compactor
The first machine designed specifically

for landfill work is a Cat Landfill Compactor.
Its primary purpose is compaction, but
you can also use the machine to spread
and cover large volumes of inbound
landfill waste. The Landfill Compactor
ismore aggressive on the working face
and achieves greater compaction density
than a tracked machine. The larger the
model, the higher compaction densities
youll achieve.
Do not use Compactors to excavate cover
material. You may, however, use them
tomove cover material a short distance
to the working face before spreading it to
the required depth.
Caterpillar machines are designed
fordurability. This machines rugged
construction ensures availability and
minimal service time. A quick visual
check is usually all the daily maintenance
thats required.
Applications
Maintain even passes in both

forward and reverse gears. Develop a
pattern to help cover and compact
all layered material. Also, compact
thin layers to quicken cycle times
and decrease fuel consumption, heat
load and machine damage.
2. Pushing
There are four steps when pushing
material with a Landfill Compactor:
acquire the load, slightly raise the
blade, slide the load and spread
theload on a required area. While
pushing with a compactor is
similar to pushing with a TrackType Tractor, its important to
remember Landfill Compactors are
not Track-Type Tractors and
shouldnt be operated as if they
were. Machine balance, traction
and blade usage are different. Use a
compactor to push loads with
forward momentum while
minimizing wheel spin. Tocontrol
1. Compacting
To maximize compaction density,
operate on level ground. This allows
the compactor to apply the greatest
weight to the waste. In turn, youll
run quicker cycles and handle more
waste each hour. Operating the
machine on slopes steeper than
four to one decreases
compaction efficiency.
Model
816F2
Engine Model

C9

ACERT
Flywheel Power

240 hp

179 kW
Operating Weight

52,793 lb

23 946 kg
Drum Width

3'4"

1.02 m
Width of Two Pass Coverage
14'9"

4.5 m
12
826H
C15
ACERT
340 hp
253 kW
81,498 lb
36 967 kg
3'11"
1.2 m
15'8"
4.78 m
836H
C18
ACERT
480 hp
358 kW
118,348 lb
53 682 kg
4'7"
1.4 m
18'7"
6.67 m
Note: Consult your Local Caterpillar Dealer for the packages and options available for the machine and
application you are considering.
wheel spin, use speedcontrol or

the Impeller Clutch Torque
Converter (ICTC) pedal a feature
only on the 836H. Limiting the
load size will also help eliminate
wheel spin (varies with load content
and density of material). Use blade
control to help efficiently move
andspread the load without slip.
Tominimize friction, slide material
withthe blade-cutting edge slightly
elevated. And in any application,
always look in reverse before
moving in reverse. Looking first is
especially important when reversing
uphill or maneuvering around
vehicles, when visibility is limited.
3. Spreading
The key in this application is
spreading material in thin layers.
Thin layers result in maximum
compaction and faster cycles
aswell as a decrease in fuel
consumption and heat load.
Layerheight is determined by type
of waste, but layers should be no
more than 24 inches (0.6 meters),
depending on the weight of the
compactor. To achieve proper
height, roll the waste with the
blade, allowing flow below the
blade. Also, for best compaction,
blend materials. Apply dry waste
to wet areas or wet waste to dry
areas. Mixing waste helps bind
materials together to create
optimum densities.
Machine Profiles Compactor
Stay Safe
Safety comes first. To stay safe in

anylandfill operation, teamwork,
communication and training are
critical. People, machines and waste
create busy, hazard-filled environments.
Navigating around each and every one
ofthem takes a plan and constant
communication. Everyone should know
thedaily working plan, but also be prepared
to adjust the plan if conditions change.
Tocommunicate with the team, maintain
eye contact and use physical or verbal
communication with other machines,
vehicles and ground-based spotters. All
communication requires acknowledgement
or a response. Training operators semiannually or annually is a great way to
maintain proper techniques or skills.
Monitor operators progress to determine
areas for improvement.
Compactor Production Guidelines
Model

Tons Per Day U.S.

Tons Per Day Metric

Tons Per Hour U.S.

Tons Per Hour Metric
816F2
500
508
62.5
63.5
826H
800
813
100
102
836H
1,000
1016
125
127
All models are pushing refuse 61 m (200 ft) spreading and making 3 to 4 passes to compact. A pass is
defined as a machine traveling over refuse one time in one direction. Totals are based on an eight hour day.
Compaction Comparison
kg/m3
lb/yd3
1100
1800
1000
1600
900
1400
Density
800
700
1200
600
1000
500
800
400
300
200
100
0
600
400
200
0
TTT/TTL
816
826
836
Density vs. Machine

593 kg/m3
TTT: 1000 lb/yd3
3
712 kg/m3
816: 1200 lb/yd
920 kg/m3
826: 1550 lb/yd3
836: 1800 lb/yd3
1,068 kg/m3
Note: The above graph my be used as a rule of thumb for the compactive ranges of various types of equal
weight landfill machines if proper operating technique is employed. The density achieved will vary with
the type of waste being handled. The densities listed are maximum.
13
Machine Profiles Track-Type Tractor
Track-Type
Tractor
Track-Type Tractor
Because of its versatility, the Track-Type

Tractor is the most popular machine on
alandfill and often the first machine
selected. The Track-Type Tractor is primarily
used to push and spread material during
site preparation, build access and haul
roads, rip ground cover and spread and
compact waste and cover material.
CatTrack-Type Tractors can achieve
compaction densities of 800 to 1,000 lb/yd3
(475 to 593 kg/m3) and have no difficulty
working in and on the waste material.
These tractors can also move material
economically at distances up to 300 feet
(91 meters).
Check with you local dealer on
thewide variety of waste-handling
modifications, including individual
modifications, available for Track-Type
Tractors. Complete waste-handling
packages are available. They include
extensive guards and accessories
designed to extend the life of the
machine in the waste environment.
Applications
1. Pushing
There are four steps when pushing
material: acquire the load, slightly
raise the blade, slide the load and
spread the load on a required area.
Tominimize track slip, use the
decelerator pedal to maintain control of
track slip on waste material. Limiting
the load size will also help eliminate
track slip (varies with load content
and density of material). Use blade
control to help efficiently move and
spread the load without slip. Slide
material with the blade-cutting edge
slightly elevated to minimize friction.
And in any application, always look in
reverse before moving in reverse. Its
simple yet important, especially when
reversing uphill or maneuvering around
14
2. Spreading
The key in this application is
spreading material in thin layers.
Thin layers result in maximum
compaction and faster cycles aswell
as a decrease in fuel consumption and
heat load. Layer height is determined
by type of waste, but layers should be
no more than 24 inches (0.6 meters),
depending on the weight of the
compactor. To achieve proper height,
roll the waste with the blade,
allowing flow below the blade. Also,
for best compaction, blend
materials. Apply dry waste to wet
areas or wet waste to dry areas.
Mixing waste helps bind materials
together to create optimum densities.
3. Handling cover material
Prior to applying cover material,
usethe Track-Type Tractor to track
over the waste. This flattens the
waste and binds the top surface,
which ultimately results in the use of
less cover material. When itstime
tospread cover, have the material
readily available and staged for
quick access. Spread cover to
maximum allowed layer depths. If
layers are too thinly spread, youll end
up using more cover material. In
addition, do notleave flagging
(material that protrudes from cover
layers).
Stay Safe
When operating Track-Type Tractors or

any other machine in the landfill, safety
comes first. To stay safe, teamwork,
communication and training are
critical. People, machines and waste
create busy, hazard-filled environments.
Navigating around each and every oneof
them takes a plan and constant
communication. Everyone should know
the daily working plan, but also be
prepared to adjust the plan if conditions
change. To communicate with the team,
always maintain eye contact and physical
or verbal communication with other
machines, vehicles and ground-based
spotters. All communication requires
acknowledgement or a response. Training
operators semi-annually or annually is a
great way to maintain proper techniques
or skills. Watch operators progress to
determine areas for improvement.
D6K
XL
WH
125 hp
93 kW
28,409 lb
12 886 kg
C6.6
ACERT
22 in
560 mm
14.2 in
361 mm
D6N
XL
D6T III
D7R 2
D8T
D9T
D10T
WH
WH
WH
WH
WH
WH

150 hp
200 hp
240 hp
310 hp
410 hp
580 hp

112 kW
149 kW
179 kW
231 kW
306 kW
433 kW

38,224 lb
56,620 lb
61,500 lb
85,150 lb
109,180 lb
144,968 lb

17 338 kg
25 736 kg
27 920 kg
38 660 kg
49 567 kg
65 764 kg

C6.6
C9
C15
C18
C27

ACERT
ACERT
3176C
ACERT
ACERT
ACERT

24 in
22 in
22 in
22 in
24 in
24 in

610 mm
560 mm
560 mm
560 mm
610 mm
610 mm

15.5 in
15.1 in
16.4 in
23.4 in
23.5 in
24 in

394 mm
383 mm
416 mm
618 mm
596 mm
615 mm

22.0 yd3
32.4 yd3
43.8 yd3
63.9 yd3
N/A
N/A
N/A
3
3
3

16.8 m
24.8 m
33.5 m
48.9 m3
3
3
3
3
3

7.8 yd
11.4 yd
18.4 yd
26.1 yd
37.6 yd

N/A

N/A

6.0 m3
8.7 m3
14.0 m3
19.9 m3
28.8 m3

3.5 yd3
4.13 yd3

* 5.65 yd33
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
3
3

2.7 m
3.16 m
4.32 m
Note: The D6R III has seven different WH machine configurations available.
Note: Not all Track-Type Tractors have full waste packages available. Check with your local Caterpillar Dealer for the WH package that best fits your
machine and application.
Note: * Denotes LGP Capacities
Machine Profiles Track-Type Tractor

Model
Flywheel
Power
Operating
Weight
Engine
Model
Width of Std.
WHA Shoe
Ground
Clearance
U-Blade
Capacity
Semi-U
Blade
VPAT
Blade
15
Machine Profiles Track Loader
Track Loader
Track Loader
Cat Track Loaders are used in both

large and small landfills. Either alone or
as support to compliment other on-site
machines, this all-purpose machine can
perform a wide variety of jobs. Although
the primary purpose is to push and spread
material, the Track Loader has the ability
to carry, stockpile, load, sort, shred, cover,

Model
Refuse Bucket
Flywheel Power
Operating Weight
Engine Model
Width of Std. Track Shoe
Length of Track on Ground
Ground Contact Area
Track Gauge
doze, excavate, grade and compact.

Thedouble grouser shoe, an allpurpose shoe with good ride and traction
characteristics, is the standard type of
track shoe on Track Loaders. The single
grouser track is more aggressive, giving
better traction and chopping action.
Thechopper track shoe is excellent
953D
WH
3.5 yd3
2.7 m3
148 hp
110 kW
36,730 lb
16 656 kg
C6.6
ACERT
18.9 in
480 mm
91.4 in
2.3 m
3,565 in3
2.3 m3
71 in
1.80 m
963D
WH
5.5 yd3
4.2 m3
189 hp
141 kW
46,790 lb
21 224 kg
C6.6
ACERT
21.6 in
550 mm
101 in
2.57 m
4,340 in3
2.8 m3
72.8 in
1.85 m
973C
WH
7.25 yd3
5.58 m3
242 hp
178 kW
61,900 lb
28 140 kg
C-9
19.7 in
500 mm
115 in
2.9 m
4,542 in3
2.93 m3
82 in
2.08 m
*Note: Depending on the type of waste and application, Track Loaders have different WHA packages
available. Check with your local Caterpillar Dealer for the WHA package that best fits your
machine and application.
16
forlandfills that accept construction

anddemolition materials. It allows Track
Loaders to reduce materials effectively
through shredding and chopping.
Features like hydrostatic drive, special
guarding packages and a rear-mounted
engine make the Track Loader perfect
forharsh landfill applications. The track
undercarriage is durable and can easily
work in the waste environment.
Hydrostatic drive allows for power turns
and the ability tocounter-rotate the
track, essentially turning in place for
tight spaces. Arear-mounted engine
gives the operator outstanding visibility
to theprimary working tool.
The Track Loader becomes even more
versatile with options and attachments
like multi-purpose buckets, rippers and
scarifiers. A properly equipped Track
Loader can move from task to task, backing
up prime machines during peak periods
or even handling multiple jobs alone.
1. Pushing
The four basic steps of pushing
alsoapply when using a Track Loader:
acquire the load, slightly raise the
bucket, slide the load and spread the
load on a required area. To minimize
track slip, use the speed control.
Limiting the load size will also help
eliminate track slip (varies with load
content and density of material).
Efficiently move and spread the load
without track slip by using bucket
control. Slide material with the bucketcutting edge slightly elevated to
minimize friction. And in any
application, always look in reverse
before moving in reverse. Its a simple
tip, but especially important when
reversing uphill or maneuvering around
2. Spreading
The key in this application is spreading
material in thin layers. Thin layers
result in maximum compaction and
faster cycles as well as a decrease in
fuel consumption and heat load. Layer
height is determined by type of waste,
but layers should be no more than

24inches (0.6 meters), depending on
the weight of the compactor. To achieve
proper height, roll the waste with
thebucket, allowing flow below
thebucket. Also, for best compaction,
blend materials. Apply dry waste to
wet areas or wet waste to dry areas.
Mixing waste helps bind materials
together to create optimum densities.
3. Compacting
Proper passes and patterns are
important in compaction. Maintain even
passes in both forward and reverse
gears. Develop a pattern tohelp
compact all the material in thin layers.
To compact using the Track Loader, load
the bucket with cover material, then run
the required patterns back and forth
over the waste. Be sure to cover all of
the waste for maximum compaction.
4. Handling cover material
Prior to applying cover material, use the
Track Loader to track over the waste.
This flattens the waste and binds the
top surface, which ultimately results in
the use of less cover material. When
its time to spread cover, have the
material readily available and staged

for quick access. Spread cover to
maximum allowed layer depths. If
layers are too thinly spread, youll end
up using more cover material.
Stay Safe
While operating any machine in a landfill,

safety comes first. To stay safe, teamwork,
communication and training are critical.
People, machines and waste create busy,
hazard-filled environments. Navigating
around each and every one of them
takesa plan and constant communication.
Everyone should know the daily working
plan, but also be prepared to adjust the
plan if conditions change. To communicate
with the team, always maintain eye contact
and physical or verbal communication with
other machines, vehicles and ground-based
spotters. All communication requires
acknowledgement or a response. Training
operators semi-annually or annually is a
great way to maintain proper techniques
or skills. Watch operators progress to
determine areas for improvement.
Machine Profiles Track Loader
Applications
17
Machine Profiles Wheel Loader
Wheel Loader
Support Landfill Equipment

Wheel Loader
A Cat Wheel Loader is a valuable

waste-handling tool, but is not
recommended for compacting. The
machines primary purposes are cover
material acquisition and support work. A
Wheel Loader is adept at loading cover
material into trucks, handling
recyclables, carrying waste
andperforming general clean-up duty.
When equipped with a general-purpose
bucket, a wheel loader can economically
transport cover material over distances
of up to 600 feet (183 meters). Because
of its mobility, the Wheel Loader is a
popular choice when landfills must
share a machine.
The machines articulated frame gives
ita tight turning radius and excellent
mobility. The wheelbase helps maintain
a long foundation and weight distribution
for greater stability when lifting. Options
and accessories are available for a variety
of waste-handling applications. One such
waste-handling arrangement features
complete guarding of components to
prevent damage and reduce downtime.
There are a wide range of buckets and
attachments available to enhance the
versatility of your machine.
18
Applications
1. Loading
When loading haul vehicles with
awheel loader, remember simple
safety tips theyre often the best.
Look in reverse before moving in
reverse and maintain constant
visibility with the haul vehicles
driver or operator and ground crew.
When its time to load, the load area
should be clean. Position the load
orstockpile close to the load-out area
when possible. Load in first gear for
tight cycles in order tomatch the
ground speed with hydraulics. The
proper gear also reduces wheel spin.
Load instraight lines. Plan the load
sequence. Use V-pattern loading,
which is loading the vehicle at a
45-degree angle tothe load area.
Tight V-patterns with less than one
and a half wheel revolutions take less
steering and result in faster cycles.
When loading heavier material like
medium-sized rocks or stumps, cushion
the bottom of the haul unit with a thin
layer of material. Distribute materials
evenly
across the vehicle and visually

checkthe load, looking for equal
distribution. During non-peak times,
work the material for loading, clean the
area and separate unwanted material.
2. Pushing and Spreading
When wheel loaders are used in
utility work, the same safety tips
apply. Look in reverse before moving
in reverse and maintain constant
visibility with haul vehicle operators
and ground crew. To maintain visibility
to the front work area, keep the
bucket low while spreading, loading or
carrying. Push in straight lines and
dont spin the wheels. To sweep
material, keep light bucket contact
with the ground. Following these
guidelines while pushing or spreading
will shorten cycle times, making you
more efficient. Remember, think
time and distance by minimizing cycle
times for optimum efficiency.
980H
C15 ACERT
318 hp
237 kW
67,294 lb
30 519kg

924H
924Hz
928Hz
930H
Std. HO
Std. PO
Std. PO
Std. HO
Std. PO
Model
Engine

C6.6
C6.6
C6.6
C6.6

ACERT
ACERT
ACERT
ACERT
Max Net Power

130 hp
130 hp
150 hp
150 hp

97 kW
97 kW
112 kW
112kW
Operating Weight

25,644 lb
24,180 lb
27,699 lb
28,725 lb

11 632 kg
10 968 kg
12 564 kg
13 029 kg
Machine Profiles Wheel Loader

938H
950H
962H
966H
972H
Model
C6.6 ACERT
Engine
C7 ACERT
C7 ACERT
C11 ACERT
C13 ACERT
Max Net Power
179.9 hp
197 hp
211 hp
262 hp
287 hp
Per ISO 9249
134.2 kW
147 kW
158 kW
195 kW
214 kW
Operating Weight
32,216 lb
40,435 lb
42,100 lb
52,254 lb
55,451 lb
15 071 kg
18 338 kg
19 365 kg
23 698 kg
25 148 kg
Note: Depending on the application that the machine will be used in, check with your local Caterpillar Dealer for WH packages or optional packages that
will provide you with the best operational efficiency.
(Std. HO) = Standard Hook-On
(Std. PO) = Standard Pin-On
19
Machine Profiles Integrated Toolcarrier
Integrated
Toolcarrier
Integrated Toolcarrier
A versatile utility machine, the Integrated Toolcarrier is ideal for various recycling and
waste-handling applications. The built in quick coupler allows for quick tool changes; in
most cases it takes less than 60 seconds. And with more than 100 work tools available,
an Integrated Toolcarrier becomes versatile enough to replace more than one machine
on the landfill site.
Specially designed linkage provides parallel lift from the ground to full height, with
minimal tilt correction required by the operator. In other words, operators can keep a
load level as its raised. Longerlift arms provide extra height, liftand dump clearance.

Model
Engine
Max Net Power
Operating Weight Empty
With Waste Bucket
IT38H
IT62H
C6.6 ACERT
179.9 hp
134.2 kW
35,516 lb
16 114 kg
C7 ACERT
211 hp
158 kW
42, 770 lb
19 397 kg
* Max Net Power based on ISO 9249

Note: Depending on the application that the machine will be used in, check with your local Caterpillar
Dealer for WH packages or optional packages that will provide you with the best operational
efficiency.
20
Hydraulic Excavator
Hydraulic Excavators are utilized in a

wide variety of applications on landfills.
Applications include excavating cover
material, assisting in gas line maintenance
and remediation. Work with your local
dealer to choose the right landfill
arrangement for your particular application.
When used with Articulated Trucks,
Hydraulic Excavators are becoming
increasingly popular for excavating and
soil-hauling applications. This machine
combination is often more versatile than
using a scraper alone for handling
saturated soil and loose shot rock.
It is capable of exceptional reach, and
with a grapple or clamp it can efficiently
sort material or load vehicles from a
distance. Excavators are primarily used
for cover material acquisition and support
work. Theyre also often used for trench
excavation, trash separation or to lay
drainage pipe. In addition, the machine
can handle specialty applications like toxic
waste handling and disposal. Equipped
with a special long stick, the Hydraulic
Excavator can perform deep excavation
that usually requires two machines.
Applications
1. Loading
Being aware of the excavators tail
swing is critical when operating this
machine. Its best to minimize the swing
range, using short swing angles
no more than 90 degrees if possible.
While loading haul vehicles, always
maintain constant visibility with
the other operator. Fully load the
bucket with material. Load over
idlers of the machine and never over
the drive motors or sprockets. Working
in the sweet spot of the machine
is ideal. Thatspot is approximately 15
degrees on either side of the
perpendicular stick position.
Positionthe haul vehicle to match the
swing pattern of the excavator. When
loading heavier material like mediumsized rocks or stumps, cushion the
bottom of the haulunit with a thin
layer of material. Distribute materials
evenly across the vehicle and visually
check the load, looking forequal
distribution. During non
peak times, work the load area, prepare

the next load and sort and separate
unwanted materials. Using proper
bench and load methods improve
load times andvisibility. Working in
aclean area and planning ahead
for the next move will also make
youmore productive.
2. Trenching
Just as with loading, its equally
asimportant to be aware of the
excavators tail swing while
trenching. Minimize the swing range,
using short swing angles no more
than 90 degrees if possible. Be alert
of your depth at all times as well as
nearby gas and leachate lines. Use
crew members as extra pairs of
eyestoprevent machine damage
andaccidents. When loading trenched
material, load over idlers of the
machine and never over the drive
motors or sprockets. Working in
thesweet spot of the machine
isideal. Use application-specific
work modes and ranges.
Machine Profiles Hydraulic Excavator
Hydraulic Excavator
21
Machine Profiles Hydraulic Excavator

22

315DL
318CL
Model

(1)
(2)
Flywheel Power
Operating Weight
Maximum Reach at
Ground Level
Maximum Loading
Height
Maximum Digging
Depth
320DL
324DL
325DL
WH
(3)
(4)
(5)
330D
330DL
WH
(6)
(7)
345C
WH
(8)
365CL
(9)
115hp
125hp
148hp
188hp
201hp
247hp
268hp
345hp
404hp
86kW
93kW
110kW
140kW 152 kW 184kW 200 kW 257kW
301kW
38,100 lb 43,320 lb 47,400 lb 54,660 lb 64,460 lb 83,980 lb 79,700 lb 99,150 lb 155,177 lb
17 280 kg 19 650 kg 21 500 kg 24 790 kg 29 240 kg 38 093 kg 36 151kg 44 973 kg 70 348 kg
288"
2911"
350"
347"
367"
31'0"
385"
426"
462"
8.75 m
9.15 m 10.68 m 10.55 m 11.15 m
9.45 m 11.71 m 12.96 m 14.07 m
208"
213"
230"
231"
234"
29'2"
249"
260"
303"
6.31 m
6.46 m
7.02 m
7.04 m
7.10 m
8.9 m
7.54 m
7.93 m
9.21 m
191"
2010"
2410"
24'1"
25'8"
21"1"
26'10"
293"
310"
6.07 m
6.37 m
7.58 m
7.33 m
7.83 m
6.4 m
8.19 m
8.92 m
9.45 m
Note: Depending on the application that the machine will be operated in, check with your Caterpillar Dealer for WHpackages or optional packages that will
provide you with the best operational efficiency.
Configurations with Reach Booms
(1) 86" Stick
(2) 810" Stick
(3) 12'10" Stick
(4) 11'10" Stick
(5) 12'4" Stick
(6) 12'10" Stick

(7) 12'10" Stick
(8) 14'1" Stick
(9) 15'4" Stick
Wheel Excavator
Wheel Excavators are used for many

ofthe same applications as Hydraulic
Excavators. Applications include excavating
trenches, ditching, separating trash, laying
drainage pipe, acquiring cover material,
support work and special tasks like
handling and disposing toxic waste.
While operating the machine on haul
oraccess roads, there are several safety
tips to keep in mind. Maintain a safe and
reasonable travel speed. Wipe windows
and mirrors clean for optimum visibility.
Keep the boom, stick and bucket in a
safe-carry position to avoid low hanging
wires or other hazards, but dont rest the
work tool or bucket on the undercarriage.
And the front axle of the Wheel Excavator
should be unlocked for most roading
applications.
Applications
1. Support Work
Before beginning any work, clear
the work area. When youre ready,
remember to maintain eye contact
with drivers, ground crew members
and anyone else working in your area.
Use application-specific work modes,
tools and attachments. And properly
stabilize the machine for the task at
hand.
2. Ditching
To ditch, lock the front axle of the
excavator. Always be aware of side
stability, using stabilizers as needed. If
Model
Net Power
ISO9249
Operating Weight
Maximum Reach at
Ground Level*
Maximum Digging
Depth*
M313D
127 hp
95 kW
37, 715 lb
16 200 kg
29'8"
9.04 m
18'3"
5.56 m
youre ditching on two-lane roads, be

aware of the machines tail swing as it
may enter the opposite lane of traffic.
Also, during roadwork use proper
traffic control and never work on
public roads when visibility is low.
3. Loading
As with Hydraulic Excavators, be
aware of the Wheeled Excavators tail
swing. Its best to minimize the swing
range, using short swing angles
no more than 90 degrees if possible.
While loading haul vehicles, always
maintain constant visibility with
the other operator. Fully load the
bucket with material. Working in the
sweet spot of themachine is
ideal. That spot is approximately 15
degrees on eitherside of the
perpendicular stick position. Position
the haul vehicle to match the swing
pattern of theexcavator making
sure to hit that15-degree range when
loading through the tailgate.
Whenloading heavier material
likemedium-sized rocks or stumps,
M315D
135 hp
101kW
40,345 lb
18 300 kg
31'5"
9.58 m
19'4"
5.89 m
M316D
158 hp
118 kW
43,651 lb
19 800 kg
31'5"
9.58 m
19'4"
5.89 m
cushion the bottom of the haul

unitwith a thin layer of material.
Distribute materials evenly across the
vehicle and visually check the load,
looking for equal distribution. During
downtime, separate and sort
unwanted material. Working in a
clean area and planning ahead for
the next move will also make you
more productive.
Machine Profiles Wheel Excavator
Wheel
Excavator
4. Trenching
Just as with loading, its equally
asimportant to be aware of the
excavators tail swing while
trenching. Minimize the swing range,
using short swing angles no more
than 90 degrees if possible. Be alert
to your depth at all times as well as
nearby gas and leachate lines. Use
crew members as extra pairs of eyes
to prevent machine damage and
accidents. Working in the sweet
spot ofthemachine is ideal.
M318D
166 hp
124 kW
44,313 lb
20 100kg
31'6"
9.60 m
20'4"
6.20 m
M322D
165 hp
123kW
48,502 lb
22 000 kg
33'7"
10.24 m
21'5"
6.53 m
* With VA Boom
23
Machine Profiles Wheel Tractor-Scraper
Wheel Tractor-Scrapers are popular inlandfill applications for two reasons: its an
elevated self-loading scraper it doesnt require another machine for loading and they
are designed to excavate and haul cover material economically at distances of more than
600 feet (103 meters). With these machines, you can quickly and efficiently load, move
and dump large amounts of cover material.
Three models of the Cat self-loading scraper are widely used in landfill applications.
Each has the ability to loadin as little as nine-tenths of a minute and dump in just
seven-tenths ofa minute. The other two models are tandem-powered and may or may
not bepush-loaded, depending on conditions.
Model
Flywheel Power
Tractor
Flywheel Power
Scraper
Scraper Capacity
Heaped
Top Speed Loaded
613G
623G

175 hp
365 hp

131 kW
272 kW

N/A
N/A

11 yd3
23 yd3
3

8.4 m
18 m3

22 Mph
32 Mph

35 Km/h
51 Km/h
627G
637G
657G
365 hp
272 kW
266 hp
198 kW
22 yd3
17 m3
32 Mph
51 Km/h
500 hp
373 kW
283 hp
211 kW
34 yd3
26 m3
33 Mph
53 Km/h
600 hp
447 kW
451 hp
337 kW
44 yd3
34 m3
33Mph
53 Km/h
Note: Depending on types of material and conditions, the Auger option adds an efficient method to self-loading, material processing, and ability to layer
cover material in required depths. Check with your local Caterpillar Dealer regarding the many options available in the Wheel Tractor-Scraper product line.
24
Articulated Truck
When you need to haul large volumes of

landfill cover material for either short or
long haul distances, the Articulated Truck
is up to the task. This truck is a versatile,
all-weather hauler that easily maneuvers
in tight places and in poor underfoot
conditions. The trucks 45-degree
articulation makes it extremely effective
in tight borrow and working face areas.
Caterpillar offers Articulated Truck models
with capacities ranging from 26 to43.5
tons (23.6 to 39.5 metric tons). Never
worry about rain, mud, or slippery

slopes. All Cat Articulated Trucks are
six wheel drive and the differential locks
can be engaged or released on-the-go.
Sound suppressed pressurized cabs
provide excellent visibility. Cat Articulated
Trucks also feature high-strength bodies
with low loading height and large, lowpressure tires for high flotation.
mode or on the go. It can even eject

cover material in reverse to keep the
tires off the waste. Another big benefit
of ejector trucks is the reduced chance
of tipping the body over. When dumping
loads on spongy underfoot, the ejector
truck is not only quicker but the safety
aspect is also an important consideration.
Cat Articulated Trucks are also available
in both container handler and refuse body
configurations.
Dumping loads in an Articulated Truck is

easy with either the standard or Ejector
body. The Ejector body allows faster
cycles by dumping in either the static

Model
725
730
730
Ejector
735
740
740
Ejector
Engine
C11
ACERT
C11
ACERT
C11
ACERT
C15
ACERT
C15
ACERT
C15
ACERT
Net Power (ISO 9249)
304 hp
227 kW
321 hp
239 kW
321 hp
239 kW
424 hp
319 kW
458 hp
342 kW
458 hp
342 kW
49,075 lb
22 260 kg
50,376 lb
22 850 kg
56,330 lb
25 550 kg
69,206 lb
31,391 kg
72,973 lb
33,100 kg
78,505 lb
35,610 kg
26 tons
23.6 tonnes
31 tons
28.1 tonnes
31 tons
28.1 tonnes
36 tons
32.7 tonnes
43.5 tons
39.5 tonnes
42 tons
38 tonnes
Operating Weight
Rated Payload
Machine Profiles Articulated Truck
Articulated Truck
25
Machine Profiles Motor Grader
Motor Grader
Motor Grader
Primarily used for maintenance of both haul and access roads in a landfill, the Motor
Grader is also used in a variety ofother applications. Constructing cells and settling
ponds, shaping drainage ditches, applying smooth final grade and preparing seed bed
for a closed-out site are all jobs the Motor Grader can easily handle. In landfill cell
construction, this machine grades cell floors, drain fields and side slopes. By working
the Motor Grader for what its designed to do maintain haul and access roads
youcan save valuable time and maintenance costs on both commercial haulers
andtherest of the machines in your fleet.
Model
Net Power
Operating Weight
26
120M
138 hp
103 kW
31,069 lb
14 093 kg
12M
158 hp
118 kW
32,016 lb
14 522 kg
140M
183 hp
136 kW
33,356 lb
15 130 kg
160M
213 hp
159 kW
35,060 lb
15 903 kg
140M
259 hp
193 kW
47,133 lb
21 379 kg
Vibratory Soil Compactor
The machines ability to climb steep

slopes and work on clay soils makes
theVibratory Soil Compactor perfect
forlandfill construction and closure.
Both jobs have strict density and
permeability requirements. The Vibratory
Soil Compactors dual-pump propel
system gives it remarkable hill climbing
ability. In the dual-pump system, the
wheel drive and drum drive propel
systems are independent. If one begins
to slip, the other is unaffected and the
machine continues to move forward.
Model
CS-433E
CP-433E
CS-56
CP-56
CS-64
CP-64
Model
Smooth
Padded
Smooth
Padded
Smooth
Padded
66 in
1676 mm
84 in
2134 mm
84 in
2134 mm
84 in
2134 mm
84 in
2134 mm
100 hp
75 kW
100 hp
75 kW
156 hp
116 kW
156 hp
116 kW
156 hp
116 kW
156 hp
116 kW
14,875 lb
6745 kg
15,750 lb
7145 kg
25,885 lb
11 741 kg
25,765 lb
11 687 kg
31,901 lb
14 470 kg
32,062 lb
14 543 kg
Drum Width
Power
Operating Weight
Model
Power
Mixing Width
Mixing Depth
Operating Weight
66 in
1676 mm
RM-300
350 hp
261 kW
96 in
2438 mm
20 in
508 mm
43,280 lb
19 630 kg
RM-500
540 hp
403 kW
96 in
2438 mm
20 in
508 mm
62,589 lb
28 385 kg
Soil Stabilizer
Often times, native soils must be modified
for use in a landfill. Thats where the
Soil Stabilizer can help. Whether the
soilmust be mixed to create a uniform
material or blended with other materials,
the Soil Stabilizer can handle the job
quickly andaccurately.
Machine Profiles Vibratory Soil Compactor/Soil Stabilizer
Vibratory Soil Compactor/

Soil Stabilizer
27
Machine Profiles Skid Steer and Multi Terrain Loaders

28
Skid Steer and

Skid Steer and
Theyre small in size, but big on versatility. The Skid Steer Loader is an essential
machine for solid waste work sites. With a wide range of machine-matched Cat work
tools, the Skid Steer Loader can handle a variety of tasks atthe landfill. Work tools
include forks forhandling bailed material, grapples forseparating waste, a broom for
road cleanup and multi-purpose buckets forboth loading and cleanup needs.
Model
Net Power
ISO 9249
Operating Weight
Model
Net Power
ISO 9249
Operating Weight
216B2
49 hp
37 kW
5,814 lb
2637 kg
226B2
57 hp
42 kW
5,885 lb
2669 kg
232B2
57 hp
42 kW
6,812 lb
3090 kg
236B2
70 hp
52 kW
7,118 lb
3228 kg
242B2
57 hp
42 kW
6,988 lb
3170 kg
246C
73 hp
54 kW
7,383 lb
3349 kg
252B2
70 hp
52 kW
7,945 lb
3603 kg
262C
82 hp
61 kW
7,978 lb
3619 kg
272C
90 hp
67 kW
8,331 lb
3779 kg
247B2*
57 hp
42 kW
6,987 lb
3169 kg
257B2*
57 hp
42 kW
7,991 lb
3624 kg
277C*
82 hp
61 kW
9,451 lb
4287 kg
287C*
82 hp
61 kW
9,954 lb
4516 kg
297C*
90 hp
67 kW
10,035 lb
4552 kg
*Note: Multi Terrain Loaders are an optional consideration if you desire versatility as well as low ground pressure characteristics.
The MTL is capable ofworking with a wide range of machine matched Cat work tools and can handle a variety of tasks at the landfill.
256C
82 hp
61 kW
7,571 lb
3434 kg
Backhoe Loader
Exceptional power for its size, excellent stability and maneuverability and load-sensing
hydraulics make the Cat Backhoe Loader a very productive utility machine in landfills.
The excavator-style backhoe can dig and load trucks while the loader can push or lift
material. When equipped with an IT boom, the IT Backhoe Loader becomes a highly
versatile machine withthe capability of using multiple attachments.
Model
Engine Model
Net Power
ISO 9249
Nominal
Operating Weight
416E
3054C DINA
75 hp
56 kW
14,960 lb
6792 kg
420E/420E IT
3054C DIT
90 hp
67 kW
15,474 lb
7025 kg
430E/430E IT
3054C DIT
98 hp
73 kW
16,066 lb
7294 kg.
450E
C4.4 ACERT
12.5 hp
93 kW
24,141 lb
10 980 kg
Machine Profiles Backhoe Loader
Backhoe Loader
29
Machine Profiles Computer Aided Earthmoving System for Landfills (CAES)

30
Computer Aided Earthmoving

System for Landfills (CAES)
Computer Aided
Earthmoving System for
Landfills
Advanced GPS technologies
for earthmoving equipment
improve machine efficiency,
maximize air space utilization,
and extend landfilllife.
The Computer Aided Earthmoving
System (CAES) is a high
technology earthmoving tool that
allows machine operators to
achieve maximum landfill
compaction, desired grade/slope,
and conserve and ensure even
distribution of valuable cover soil
with increased accuracy without
the use of traditional survey stakes and
crews. Using global positioning system
(GPS) technology, machine-mounted
components, a radio network, and office
management software, this state-of-theart machine control system delivers realtime elevation, compaction and grade
control information to machine operators
on an in-cab display. By monitoring grade
and compaction progress, operators have
the information they need to maximize

the efficiency of the machine, resulting
in proper drainage and optimum airspace
utilization.CAES uses GPS technology, a
wireless radio communications network,
and office software to map landfills, create
site plans, locate a machines position,
and track compaction and earthmoving
progress with complete accuracy and
history.
The receiver uses signals from GPS

satellites to determine precise machine
positioning. Two receivers are used to
capture and collect satellite data one
located at a stationary spot on the landfill
site, and another located on the machine.
Signals from the ground-based reference
station and on-board computer are used
to remove errors in satellite measurements
for centimeter accuracy.
CAES gives the operator the ability to
control grade by monitoring progress on
the in-cab display, which shows a graphical
representation of lift thickness and
compaction density. Cut/fill numbers
aredisplayed in real-time as the machine
moves across the site, which allows
theoperator to know precise elevation,
material spread, compaction passes,
andrequired cut or fill at any point on
the job.
One of the most significant decisions

that will affect production, operational
costs and efficiency at your landfill is
made right at the front end: choosing
theequipment that is best suited to
accomplish the task. No matter how
carefully you plan, you wont be effective
if you have the wrong equipment. Because
landfills are busy, harsh environments,
the key to selecting landfill equipment
is100 percent machine availability.
Back-up machines are a luxury few
landfills can afford. Thats why its
important to know and understand
performance capabilities of machines as
well as the wide variety of options
available.
Equipment versatility is one of the first
criteria to consider in equipment selection.
In other words, the more jobs a machine
can do, the better. Tonnage the amount
of waste handled also determines the
choice and size of equipment. Keep in
mind how those amounts may change in
the event of future growth. Other factors
to consider in the equipment-selection
process:
Type of waste
Type of cover material
Weather
Landfill methods
Compaction
Peak periods (tonnage and vehicles)
By definition a system is an orderly,

interconnected, complex arrangement of
parts. A multiple machine system is no
different. Its hard to know which machines
will work best all the time. The key is to
select equipment that allows you to meet
your daily requirements with enough
spare capacity to cover your peak
periods and unforeseen glitches
andto do it for the least cost per ton
and least stress on you.
Machine Combinations
When you match two machines that

compliment each other to accomplish a
specific landfill application, you increase
production and efficiency. Select machines
based on factors like peak tons handled
per hour, peak tons handled per day,
amount of surface area covered per day
waste type, waste density and special
requirements.
In some instances, one machine can
handle the job. For example, in a mid-size
landfill, a compactor might be the only
machine used to push, spread and
compact the waste. But considering a
system or multi-machine approach is
often the best way to take advantage of a
machines true potential. For example, if
you use compactors to push and spread
waste instead of compacting it, you may
be wasting time and airspace. The time
spent pushing and spreading could be
spent on covering more area or making
more passes over the waste for higher
compaction densities. A Compactor and
Track-Type Tractor or Track Loader
combination is more expensive, but
thebenefits may be worth it. Theres less

wear and tear on the main compaction
machine and the machine can perform
the main function for which it was
designed. With two machines you can
more quickly handle and layer waste,
getting it ready for compaction. Unlike
landfill compactors, track-type tractors
and track loaders are designed to push
and spread material using less fuel
and creating less heat. When you use
acompactor only to compact, you can
quickly cover more area with less fuel,
machine damage and heat load. And at
the end of the workday, the compactor
can finish final compaction while the
Track-Type Tractor or track loader can
spread and work daily cover to the
proper layering depths.
Systems Section
Selection Criteria
Work with your local dealer to decide

whats best for your specific landfill
application. Use the production worksheets
in this guide along with the information
you obtain to determine which machine
or machine system is right for you. Your
dealer can also do a Waste Fleet Analysis
study to help you understand your landfill
needs.
The following examples and data are
based on several jobsite studies. The
information below is based on these
studies. Each site and day are different.
Keep in mind your site, waste and
application might produce different results.
These are guidelines for a machine
selection process. Take all aspects of your
landfill and its needs into consideration.
Work with your local dealer to make the
best decision based on your landfill needs.
31
Systems Section
Landfill Compactor vs. Landfill Compactor And Track Type Tractor System
It should be noted that the use of a system (Landfill Compactor And Track Type Tractor) is more effective
ingetting the job done in terms of speed and efficiency. With increased efficiency, you are able to work
thearea faster, and make more passes over the waste in the same amount of time. The Caterpillar Landfill
Compactor is purpose built to handle your waste stream, however it may not always be used alone in
performing this function. Caterpillar has taken the industry lead in performing field studies toaid you
intheselection of the best combinations of machines for your application.

826GII and TTT System
5-15% More Efficient
In these field studies, Caterpillar was able to measure the cycle times for the 826G II Landfill Compactor and
how it compared when the same machine was worked in tandem with a Track Type Tractor. In these studies,
performed using only MSW waste, Caterpillar was able to determine a range of 5-15% increase in speed
andefficiency when using the system. This percentage may vary when working in waste in uphill,
downhill,or in flat work face conditions, as well as variables in operator experience.
836H and TTT System
3-8% More Efficient
The 836H Landfill Compactor with ACERT technology was also tested alone and in conjunction with
aTrackType Tractor. Again, the results are conclusive that using a system is more effective in the waste.
Withan increase of 3%-8%, the system is able to make your site a much more efficient landfill.
In conclusion, depending on your waste stream and peak hours, the Landfill Compactor And Track Type Tractor
system may be the right machine combination for your site. Contact your local Cat dealer to determine which
machines fit your specific sites requirements.
32
Choosing the right machines with the

right capabilities for the type of landfill
youre operating will prevent machine
and production downtime saving you
money in the long run. During the machine
selection process you should consider
daily tonnage, refuse type, operating
distance, weather, working slope and
many other variables. The following
paragraphs will discuss typical factors
that determine machine efficiencies.
**Although the examples used in this
section are based on Track-Type Tractors,
the same conditions and thought processes
apply to compactors and track loaders.
Time and Distance
The main factors that influence site

andmachine efficiencies are time and
distance. Simply put, the greater the
distance traveled, the more time it
takes, the less efficient you become.
When planning the work face, a general
guideline is to start from the tip point
and keep the distance the machines
have to push, spread and compact to
aminimum. Shorter travel distances
result in quicker cycle times, which

result in less maintenance (less wear
and tear on the machine) and greater fuel
economy. Planning the day in advance is
the best technique to achieving gains in
cycle times and greater efficiencies.
Traction
Machine traction and push capacity are

based on two things: the weight of the
machine and the traction available in
thematerial its working on. Determining
machine weight is easy. Check the
manufacturers specifications or contact
your local dealer. Traction is based on
what the industry refers to as coefficient
of traction. Normal coefficient of traction
for a tracked machine in good solid earth
is 0.9. Waste is estimated to have a
coefficient of traction of approx. 0.3-0.5,
depending on the compaction that has
been applied to it. Most loose, wet,
un-compacted waste would have a
coefficient of traction of approximately
0.3. Most well-compacted waste or
dense waste may have a coefficient of
traction of approximately 0.5.
weight when working on waste. Heres

an example. A D8T is working on loose,
un-compacted waste. The D8T weighs
approximately 84,320 lbs (38.25 metric
tons). Multiply the weight by 0.3, or
30percent, because of the poor traction
on waste. The result is the machine can
only push approximately 25,296 lbs
(11474 kg). If the machine is working
onwell-compacted waste and has good
traction, the machine might be able to
push approximately 0.5, or 50 percent,
ofits weight, which is 42,160 lbs
(19 123 kg). These numbers are based
onlevel ground. Ifyoure working on a
slope, the results will change significantly.
The bottom line is well-compacted
material offers better efficiencies.
Layering material thinly and taking the
time to make the required amount of
passes over the material will give you
that much desired well-compacted
waste.
Machine Operating Efficiencies
Machine Operating
Efficiencies
Whether youre using a compactor or a

tracked machine, the machine will only
be able to push 30 to 50 percent of its
33
Push Power
What does push power have to do with

efficiency? The machine must be sized
correctly (weight and horsepower) to
handle the loads quickly and efficiently.
Understanding size, tonnage and workflow
of the inbound machines is important.
Your machines must work around the
inbound vehicles and various payloads
they bring in. An on-road transfer station
vehicle will carry a payload of between
22 and 24 tons (20 and 22 metric tons).
Youll need large machines to push these
large loads away from the tip floor. Smaller
machines can handle smaller rear and
side-load trucks.
During the push, the operator must
keepaware of many things. Two were
mentioned previously: 1) time and
distance and 2) traction. Both limit the
machines efficiencies if not handled
properly. The types of material youll
bepushing and spreading are also
important to understand. For example,
normal MSWalthough compacted
during the pick-up processwill fluff
and loosen once it hits the ground.
Typically, normal MSW, when loose,
willweigh between approximately
350lb/yd3 (208 kg/m3) and 600 lbs/ yd3
(356 kg/m3) construction and demolition
materials are much more dense and
typically weigh approximately 800 lb/yd3
(475 kg/m3). (Occasionally, construction
and demolition materials weigh
1,200lbs/yd3 [712 kg/m3].)
To estimate how much load is in front of
the blade during a push on level ground,
calculate your material density weight and
multiply it by the blade size. For example:
Material density = 500 lbs/ yd3 (297 kg/m3)
(loose MSW)
D8T WHA SU blade = 26.1 yd3 (20 m3)
(Waste Handling Arrangment)
Total weight in front of the fully loaded
blade = 13,050 lbs (5919 kg) of material.
The slope uphill, downhill or flat will
determine how much material the
machine can push in front of the blade.
According to the rules of efficiency, most
blades will push two-thirds of the blade
34

Model
D6T 45,370 lb
D7R 61,500 lb
D8T 84,320 lb
D9T 109,180 lb
D10T 147,161 lb
Loose Waste
Minimum Push Power
0.3 13,611 lb
0.3 18,450 lb
0.3 25,296 lb
0.3 32,754 lb
0.3 44,148.3 lb
capacity when moving earth and rock

materials on flat terrain. In waste, due
to the types and consistency of materials,
machines typically push at least one to
two times their blade capacity on level
ground.
For example, if material density remains
at 500 lb/yd3 (297 kg/m3) (average weight)
and the D8T still has a 26.1 yd3 (20 m3)
blade, but now the material in front of the
blade is one and a half times the stated
load, the machine will push 19,575 lb
(8879 kg) on level ground. Increasing the
amount of material in front of the blade
totwo times its blade size results in a
machine pushing approximately 26,100 lb
(11 839 kg.)
When traction changes, so does push
power. If the coefficient of traction is
0.3, or 30 percent, the load in front of
the blade would exceed its traction
capability and the machines tracks or
wheels would spin. The numbers will
change if the machine is working on
well-compacted waste, construction
anddemolition materials or on slopes.
No matter what machine you use to
push material, once the possible
weightfor the coefficient of traction
isexceeded, track or wheel spin will
occur, resulting in loss of time and
efficiency and increased wear.
Friction also affects the amount of load
a machine can push. There are many
types of friction or resistance that will
rob your machines capacity to push a
full load. Rolling resistance is the main
friction a machine has to overcome.
Rolling resistance is the downward
resistance of the track or wheel as
itsinks into the material its on.
Compacted Waste
Minimum Push Power
0.5 22,685 lb
0.5 30,750 lb
0.5 42,160 lb
0.5 54,590 lb
0.5 73,580.5 lb
Motion resistance is another type of

resistance that will rob machine power
and efficiency. Motion resistance is the
forward resistance of material to the
wheel or track. The machine has to
overcome this forward resistance
created by the sinking of the machine
and the layered waste.
Material resistancethe resistance
caused by the pushed material sliding
over the layer of material beneathis
another source of friction. And machine
resistanceresistance caused by any
contact of the machine against the layer
beneathalso causes friction.
Its estimated that rolling and motion
resistance together can cause a
25percent decrease in the push capacity
of the machine. Add that to the fact the
machine is only able to push a third of
itsweight because of bad coefficient
oftraction. The result: push capacity
isseverely compromised.
There are simple ways to overcome
types of resistance or friction. Thin layers
of waste are key to cutting down on both
motion and machine resistance. The
operator also needs to slide the material
across the already layered material. Do
that by contacting the material, lifting
slightly and keeping the blade from
contacting the material layered below.
And most importantly, cut down on
resistance and friction with wellcompacted layers of material beneath
the machine. By reducing all types of
friction, you will achieve faster cycle
times as well as reduce heat load and
fuel consumption.
An operators expertise and training are

key factors that affect machine
efficiencies. Its estimated that an
excellent operator can increase the
machines push capacity and efficiency
by40 percent while a bad operator can
decrease it by 40 percent. Thats an
efficiency range of 80 percent. That wide
range illustrates why proper operating
techniques are critical to a successful
landfill operation. How do you make sure
you have excellent operators working on
your team? Its simpletraining. Start
operators on a biannual or annual training
session and track their progress through
observation and evaluation.
In addition to well-trained operators,
teamwork and good communication will
help everyone become more efficient.
When operators, ground crew members
and management communicate and work
as a team, theyll achieve good compaction,
increase machine efficiency, reduce friction
and keep up with peak periods of waste
and vehicles throughout the day. Airspace
usage and maintenance costs will also
decrease.
Operator ability
Count on Cat TM for your Equipment Training Solutions

Increased production is just the beginning of the benefit of Caterpillar Equipment Training Solutions (ETS). No company in the world
makes a more complete or purpose-built line of equipment for the solid waste industry. Caterpillar machines perform in virtually any
waste application: weather you are loading at a transfer station or recycling center, spreading trash or placing cover on the landfill
face. Caterpillar understands the unique needs of these operations and how Cat machines can contribute to the bottom line.
Trained operators enable you to take full advantage of the productivity and value built into your Cat machines. The benefits
ofequipment training are increased equipment efficiency and life, reduced maintenance and repair costs, lower incidence
ofaccidents and injuries, and lower warranty costs. All allow a rapid return on your equipment investment.
The Equipment Training Solutions Group can help you maximize your equipment investment by decreasing cycle times, reducing
production costs and providing the expertise required to produce highly- skilled operators who will operate your Caterpillar
equipmentsafely and effectively. For more information contact your local Cat Dealer.
35
Worksheets Landfill Data Sheet
Landfill Data Sheet

1. Facility Considerations
4. Machines Onsite
Type of Facility
Compactors
Useable Airspace
Track-Type Tractors
Landfill Life Remaining
Track Loaders
Required Density
Haul Vehicles
Growth Possibilities
HEXs
Motorgraders
Support
2. Facility Information

Working Face
How Many
Size
Type
Slope
Dirt/Soil
Flat/Level
Green
Uphill/Downhill
Other
Tippers
ADC
Tarps
Plastic
Foam
Polyshell
Daily Amount Used/Needed
3. Facility Capacity

Average Tons/Day (Metric Tons/Day)
Peak Tons/Day (Metric Tons/Day)
Peak Tons/Hour (Metric Tons/Hour)
Days of Operation
Hours of Operation
Peak Vehicle Traffic/Day
Peak Vehicle Traffic/Hour
Type of Waste
Residential
Industrial
C and D
Sludges
Specialized
Other
36
5. Cover Material
6. Miscellaneous

836
H
826
H
816
973
963
953
D10
T
D9T
D8T
D7T
D6T
0 to 50 Tons Per Day

(0 to 45.3 Metric Tons Per Day)
MSW Landfills
X
X
MSW/Other Landfills
X
X
Construction and Demolition Landfills
X
X
(45.3 to 136 Metric Tons Per Day)
MSW Landfills
X
X
MSW/Other Landfills
X
X
X
X
X
X
(136 to 227 Metric Tons Per Day)
MSW Landfills
X
X
MSW/Other Landfills
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(227 to 317.5 Metric Tons Per Day)
MSW Landfills
X
X
X
X
MSW/Other Landfills
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(317.5 to 453.6 Metric Tons Per Day)
MSW Landfills
X
X
X
X
MSW/Other Landfills
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
MSW Landfills
X
X
X
MSW/Other Landfills
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
MSW Landfills
X
X
MSW/Other Landfills
X
X
X
X
X
X
(907.2 to 2721 Metric Tons Per Day)
MSW Landfills
X
X
MSW/Other Landfills
X
X
X
X
X
X
3000 PLUSTons Per Day
(2721 Plus Metric Tons Per Day
MSW Landfills
X
X
X
X
MSW/Other Landfills
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Worksheets Machine Tonnage and Usage Selection Guide
Machine Tonnage and Usage Selection Guide
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
37
Worksheets Compaction Checklist
Compaction Checklist
The following is a basic checklist for operators, supervisors, field foremen, etc., to use for achieving proper compaction.
Observed:
Pushing Material
1. Works safely around others keeps visual contact with everyone
2. Splits load if load is too large
Utilizes a sweep technique to acquire load
3. Pushes full blade with no material loss
4. Pushes partial blades when necessary
Steep slopes
Heavy material
5. Utilizes proper gears
TTTs efficient speed/gear with no lugging
Shifts when machine lugs down
Compactors no second gear
6. Slides load
Acquires load, raises blade/load slightly, and slides load to spread point
reducing friction and loss of efficiency
7. NO track/wheel spin
8. Adjusts for hard to handle material
Adjusts operating procedures to handle sludge, tires, large objects, shingles, wire, etc.
9. Thinks efficiency
Shortest time and distance for each move
Plans ahead
Sets up for the next push
Spreading Material
2. Slides load to spread point and begins to spread efficiently
3. Spreads material evenly
Layer height is even with little or no high spots or gaps
4. Utilizes proper gears
TTTs efficient speed/gear with no lugging
Shifts when machine lugs down
Compactors no second gear
5. Works blade continually to spread material evenly
6. Looks ahead to fill holes and gaps
7. Layers properly for the size of the machine compacting
8. Blends material when possible
Wet with dry
Cohesive with non cohesive material
38
1. Layer depth proper height for the compactor being used depends on content, density
and moisture of the material being compacted
50,000 lb (22.7 metric tons) compactor up to 15" (381 mm)
80,000 lb (36.3 metric tons) compactor up to 18" (457 mm)
115,000 lb (52 metric tons) compactor up to 24" (610 mm)
2. No thick layers
3. No cliffing of material
4. Even layers
Layer height is even with little or no high spots or gaps
2. Operates in consistent patterns
Forward and back in same tracks
Covers all the area that is layered before compacting or adding new layer
Compaction Techniques
Worksheets Compaction Checklist
Layer Height Most important aspect of achieving required densities
Does not stop short on layered material/does not leave soft spots
3. Uses efficient compaction methods
Operates in 1st gear
Runs efficient patterns
Limits steering and turns
No wheel spin
Covers all the area before starting on new layers
Visually keeps check on material compaction
4. Final compaction prior to daily cover utilizes cross compaction techniques
for best density and less cover
45-90 degree of initial compaction runs
1st gear only
After a minimum of 2 initial passes
5. Peak periods
Communicates on what is needed to obtain best compaction
Keeps moving
Thick layers
If thick layers are necessary to keep up with waste flow then; keep moving,
come back and cut layer down during non-peak time, bench material and work
the waste again at a later non-peak time, ask for help.
6. Uses blade to knock down high spots and fill gaps/holes
7. Communicates to others what is needed to achieve best compaction
39
Worksheets Site Management
Working
Face
Dimension
75 X 100 ft
(22.9 X 30.5 m)
75 X 125 ft
(22.9 X 38.1 m)
75 X 150 ft
(22.9 X 45.7 m)
75 X 175 ft
(22.9 X 53.3 m)
75 X 200 ft
(22.9 X 61.0 m)
Working
Face
Dimension
75 X 100 ft
(22.9 X 30.5 m)
75 X 125 ft
(22.9 X 38.1 m)
75 X 150 ft
(22.9 X 45.7 m)
75 X 175 ft
(22.9 X 53.3 m)
75 X 200 ft
(22.9 X 61.0 m)
Working Face
Area in
L2W
7,500 ft2
(697 m2)
9,375 ft2
(871 m2)
11,250 ft2
(1085 m2)
13,125 ft2
(1219 m2)
15,000 ft2
(1394 m2)
12" Layer
(305 mm)
278 yd3
(213 m3)
347 yd3
(265 m3)
416 yd3
(318 m3)
486 yd3
(372 m3)
556 yd3
(425 m3)
Tipping
Platform
Dimension
50 X 100 ft
(15.2 X 30.5 m)
50 X 125 ft
(15.2 X 38.1 m)
50 X 150 ft
(15.2 X 45.7 m)
50 X 175
(15.2 X 53.3 m)
50 X 200 ft
(15.2 X 61.0 m)
Tipping Area
Area in
L2W
5,000 ft2
(465 m2)
6,250 ft2
(581 m2)
7,500 ft2
(697 m2)
8,750 ft2
(813 m2)
10,000 ft2
(929 m2)
Working Face Waste Volume in Cubic Yards

15" Layer
18" Layer
24" Layer
(381 mm)
(457.2 mm)
(609.6 mm)
347 yd3
416 yd3
556 yd3
3
3
(265 m )
(318 m )
(425 m3)
3
3
434 yd
520 yd
694 yd3
3
3
(332 m )
(398 m )
(531 m3)
520 yd3
625 yd3
833 yd3
3
3
(398 m )
(478 m )
(637 m3)
3
3
607 yd
729 yd
972 yd3
3
3
(464 m )
(557 m )
(743 m3)
694 yd3
833 yd3
1,111 yd3
3
3
(531 m )
(637 m )
(849 m3)
Incoming Waste Timeline

Time
7:00-8:00 8:00-9:00 9:00-10:00 10:00-11:00 11:00-12:00 12:00-1:00 1:00-2:00 2:00-3:00 3:00-4:00 4:00-5:00
Tons/Hr
(Metric
Tons/Hr)
Received
Peak
Tons/Hr
(Metric
Tons/Hr)
Ranking
Note:After recording the incoming tons per hour, rank the peak periods that waste is received so that equipment can be sized to the most efficiently match
machine capability and the tons per hour required to be handled during those peak periods.
Incoming Vehicle Timeline

Time
7:00-8:00 8:00-9:00 9:00-10:00 10:00-11:00 11:00-12:00 12:00-1:00 1:00-2:00 2:00-3:00 3:00-4:00 4:00-5:00
Vehicles/Hr
Incoming
Peak
Vehicle
Ranking
Note: After recording the incoming vehicles per hour, rank the peak vehicle traffic periods so that peak traffic can be monitored and adjusted if necessary.
40
Working
Face
Dimension
75 X 100 ft
(22.9 X 30.5 m)
75 X 125 ft
(22.9 X 38.1 m)
75 X 150 ft
(22.9 X 45.7 m)
75 X 175 ft
(22.9 X 53.3 m)
75 X 200 ft
(22.9 X 61.0 m)
Working
Face
Dimension
75 X 100 ft
(22.9 X 30.5 m)
75 X 125 ft
(22.9 X 38.1 m)
75 X 150 ft
(22.9 X 45.7 m)
75 X 175 ft
(22.9 X 53.3 m)
75 X 200 ft
(22.9 X 61.0 m)
Waste Placement Cycles and Passes

Fill in the appropriate values for your landfill
Average
Average
Average
Cycle Time
Cycle Time
Passes
Place
Compact
Compact

Average
Passes
Place
3" Cover
(76 mm)
69 yd3
(53 m3)
86 yd3
(66 m3)
104 yd3
(80 m3)
121 yd3
(93 m3)
138 yd3
(106 m3)
Working Face Cover Volume in Cubic Yards

6" Cover
9" Cover
(152 mm)
(229 mm)
138 yd3
207 yd3
3
(106 m )
(158 m3)
3
173 yd
260 yd3
3
(132 m )
(199 m3)
208 yd3
312 yd3
3
(159 m )
(239 m3)
3
243 yd
364 yd3
3
(186 m )
(278 m3)
277 yd3
416 yd3
3
(212 m )
(318 m3)
12" Cover
(304 mm)
276 yd3
(211 m3)
347 yd3
(265 m3)
416 yd3
(318 m3)
486 yd3
(372 m3)
556 yd3
(425 m3)
Worksheets Site Management
Notes:
41
Glossary
Alternative Daily Cover (ADC)

Dailycover other than dirt. Common
types include tarps, biodegradable plastics,
green waste, crushed glass and spray-on
foams. Dirt takes up valuable airspace.
ADC helps landfill operators reduce the
amount of dirt introduced into the landfill.
Airspace The projected bank cubic
yards (BCY) of the landfill to be filled
with waste as determined by survey
and/or other engineering techniques.
Aquifer An underground zone of earth,
usually composed of gravel or porous
stone, that contains water and frequently
serves as a source for well water. An
aquifer can become contaminated by
leachate through poor waste disposal
practices.
Biodegradable Material that can
decompose through the natural activity
of microorganisms.
Bio-reactor landfill A controlled
landfill where liquid and gas conditions
are actively managed in order to enhance
or accelerate the rate at which waste
stabilizes.
Borrow Site An area where material
is extracted and removed for use as fill.
Compaction Pass One time over
thewaste in one direction.
Compost Decomposed organic matter,
often used for soil enrichment. Composting
is a controlled method of decomposing
organic matter by the natural activity of
microorganisms.
Cross Compaction Compaction
thatis either 45 or 90 degrees different
than the first two to three passes. Cross
compaction is done to knit material closer
together and utilize less airspace and
cover material.
Energy Recovery A process in which
a portion of the total volume of waste
materials is treated to produce liquid,
gas or solid fuel. The material may also
be burned to produce steam for heat
orelectricity.
42
originates as groundwater. Groundwater

can become polluted through improper
waste disposal practices.
Hydrology Study of the properties
distribution of flow water on or within
the earth. Hydrology is necessary in any
properly designed and operated landfill.
Landfill Cell Compacted solid waste
enclosed by soil or cover material within
a landfill. Landfill cells are the basic
building block of any landfill.
Layering The depth of waste being
spread by the machine over the compacted
layer beneath.
Leachate Water that has percolated
through solid waste or other material and
carries matter it has extracted in solution
or suspension.
Lift The total design height for the daily
waste. Lift will include several compacted
layers.
Methane A colorless, odorless,
combustible gas produced by the
decomposition of organic matter.
Methane can be used as a fuel source.
Pattern Machine operation performed
in a uniform way so that all material
iscovered.
Putrescible Refuse material that may
become putrid, rotten and foul smelling.
Pyrolysis The chemical decomposition
of materials by heating in an oxygen-free
environment.
Recycling The process of
collectingand turning used products
intonew products by reprocessing or
remanufacturing them instead of throwing
them away as waste. Common recyclables
are newspapers, cans, scrapped
automobiles, corrugated cardboard,
bottles and old tires.
Remediation Reprocessing landfill
material in order to gain airspace.
Flagging Waste protruding or popping

up through insufficient cover material.
Residue Waste material, like ash,

that remains and must be disposed of
after glass, liquids or solids have been
extracted through resource or energyrecovery processes.
Groundwater Water present in

aquifer. Groundwater can be free to
float from one area to another. It is often
a source for surface waters like springs
or streams. Half the U.S. drinking water
Resource Recovery The salvaging of

valuable resources from waste material.
A resource method includes the recycling
of discarded products to provide materials
for the manufacturing and conversions
of garbage and agricultural wastes to

energy.
Runoff Rain or irrigation water that
drains off the surface of the ground.
Sanitary Landfill An engineered
method of solid waste disposal on land
by spreading it in layers, compacting
itand covering the waste with soil or
other approved cover material. Modern
landfills are isolated from the environment
by an impervious synthetic liner that
prevents the leakage of liquids and gases.
Septage Water waste extracted
fromseptic tanks.
Sewage Waste that is flushed from
toilets into sewers then processed in
sewage-treatment plants.
Sludge A heavy, slimy deposit or
sediment such as the substance that is
separated out of sewage tank as a solid.
Solid Waste Discarded material other
than liquid waste. Often referred to as
garbage, a solid waste may contain
resources that can be recycled, reused
or otherwise recovered.
Solid Waste Management
Overseeing the safe and sanitary reuse
or disposal of industrial, residential,
construction and agricultural wastes.
Proper solid waste management includes
recycling, resource-reuse and recovery
and waste reduction programs, as well
as efficient landfill disposal practices.
Source Separation The breaking
apart of various wastes at their point
oforigin for the purpose of recycling.
Transfer Station A site where solid
wastes are brought by smaller refuse
collection vehicles and transferred to
larger trucks to be hauled to a disposal
site or resource recovery facility.
Vector A disease carrier and
transmitter usually an insect, rodent
orbird.
Waste Reduction The prevention
ofwaste at the source of generation
byredesigning products and packaging.
Waste reduction can also be accomplished
by changing patterns of production,
consumption and waste generation.
Walking the Waste Usually performed
by a tracked vehicle after final compaction,
walking the waste helps utilize less
cover material at the end of the day.
Additional information was obtained

from:
U.S. EPA (EPA530-F-05-005, April 2005)
HowStuffWorks.com
Participants:
City of Arlington, Texas Neighborhood Services, Solid Waste Division

City of Irving, Texas Public Health and Environmental Services
Republic Services Inc.
Waste Management Inc.
References and Acknowledgements
The development of this guide has been

a collaborative effort drawing upon both
internal and external resources. Much of
the information was obtained from
Caterpillar product and application
experts.
43
Customer Support Agreements
Our goal is to serve the complete needs of our customers through an effective repair options program that includes standard jobs,
guaranteed pricing, guaranteed turnaround, communications, no surprises, warranties, and flexibility. We have established a system
to manage our customers equipment through Equipment Management, repair before failure programs, and planned component
replacement.
Cat Equipment Training
ETS is dedicated to improving the return on the investment our customers have made when they purchased Caterpillar products.
Improvement in operator skill and equipment application lowers our customers cost of output by increasing production & efficiency,
realizing longer equipment life, reducing maintenance/repair costs, incurring fewer accidents and injuries, and lessening overall
liability exposure.
Cat Gen Sets
Increasing state and local regulations require landfills to collect and destroy methane, a greenhouse gas, which may also contain
hazardous air pollutants. Flaring destroys the methane, but gas-fired power generation does so at a profit. Caterpillar engines burn
landfill fuel cleanly to meet most strict air quality standards. Hundreds of Cat Gen Sets power landfill gas-to-energy systems worldwide,
generating more than 5 billion kilowatt hours of electricity each year. Run with Caterpillar and you will produce low-cost power, every
day, around the clock.
Information Products and Solutions
IPSD creates and delivers integrated information and technology-based products and services that make our customers more profitable.
IPSD delivers best in class products and services that collect data from on and off board sources and package that data into information
that helps customers do more work at a lower cost. Our products and services are value priced and compatible with Caterpillar and
other brands of equipment in the earthmoving, power systems, and mining industries. We help our customers impact their bottom line
by providing products and services which improve owning and operating costs, asset utilization, productivity, health maintenance, and
availability, and mitigate customer risk.
Cat Financial
Cat Financial, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Caterpillar, Inc. provides a wide range of financing alternatives for Caterpillar machinery
and engines, Solar gas turbines, as well as other equipment and marine vessels. The company also extends loans to customers and
dealers. Cat Financial has offices and subsidiaries located throughout the Americas, Asia, Australia, and Europe, with headquarters
inNashville, Tennessee.
Cat Insurance
Cat Insurance provides insurance products and services that help our customers reduce their financial risk. Today our main business is
extended coverage for Cat machines and engines. We also sell insurance that protects equipment on its way to a site and on the site
itself. We assist in the sale and support of Cat equipment, giving customers confidence that their investment is protected by the power
of Caterpillar. Cat Insurance is part of a total solution the corporation offers to its customers.
Caterpillar Services
PointGuard, a Caterpillar affiliate company, provides monitoring and management services to ensure reliable and efficient performance
from your landfill energy system. PointGuard provides around-the-clock, remote monitoring of your system using standard, field proven
communications protocols. The system generates reports to document power produced, run hours, fuel consumption and other parameters.
44
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Materials and specifications are subject to change without notice.
CAT, CATERPILLAR, their respective logos, Caterpillar Yellow and the POWER EDGE trade dress, as well as
corporate and product identity used herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and may not be used without permission.

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Waste Landfills

Caterpillar Equipment Selection and

About This Selection Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

About Waste Landfills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Landfill Methods and Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Machine Operating Efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Time and Distance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Landfill Data Sheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

It takes a variety of equipment to run

transfer stations and recycling

The scope of this guide is global.

How to Get the Most Out

This guide is organized by sections.

Everybody creates waste that must be

To determine which machines and work

process waste materials like paper,

Bioreactor Landfills are similar to

About Waste Landfills

Hazardous Waste Landfills are

Figure 1. MSW Generation Rates, 1960-2006

Total MSW generation (million tons)

Per capita generation (pounds/person/day)

Total MSW generation

Per capita generation

Source: U.S. EPA

About Waste Landfills

There are several factors to consider

liquid incorporation and ratio of cover

Control Gas and Leachate

Installing both gas and leachate control

Leachate forms when rain, snow, surface

Compaction and Landfill Life

The most valuable commodity in a

Landfill Methods and Operations

Extended landfill life

Landfill Methods and Operations

How do you utilize every inch of

Techniques for Proper

Perform three to five passes over each

Once the compactor moves over one more

First Pass / Second Pass

In landfills, youll be pushing material

Pushing material on a flat surface is

and increasing production and efficiency.

Daily: 6 8 inches (0.15 0.20 meters)

Waste should be ready for immediate

Selecting the right cover material and

Proper layer heights are key to

.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Waste to soil ratios for normal cover

Landfill Methods and Operations

You can layer, spread and compact waste

Keep alternative daily cover materials in

Number of machine passes

Landfill Methods and Operations

These practices using less or alternative

Keeping accurate statistics on incoming

The most important point to remember in

types and densities, butbe prepared to