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VIII International Conference on Computational Plasticity
COMPLAS VIII
E. Oate and D. R. J. Owen (Eds)
CIMNE, Barcelona, 2005
NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED

CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS
*
Samir M. O. Hassan Dirar and Chris T. Morley

*
Department of Engineering
University of Cambridge
Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, England
e-mail: sh394@eng.cam.ac.uk, web page: http://www-civ.eng.cam.ac.uk/abstract/shabst.html
Department of Engineering
University of Cambridge
Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, England
e-mail: ctm1@eng.cam.ac.uk, web page: http://www-civ.eng.cam.ac.uk/ctm/ctm_web.htm
Key words: Deep Beam, Finite Element, Reinforced Concrete.

Summary. This paper describes a series of nonlinear finite element analyses carried out
using the commercial package, DIANA7, to predict the ultimate load and mode of failure for
three different types of reinforced concrete continuous two-span deep beams. Only one
parameter, the shear retention factor, was varied during the analyses. The predicted results
were in good agreement with the experimental results.
1
INTRODUCTION
In spite of the sophisticated state-of-the-art attained in nonlinear finite element (FE)

analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in terms of material models and solution
techniques, the dependency of the method on too many parameters has always been a
shortcoming.
For the analyses described hereinafter, the FE package DIANA7 has been applied to
estimate the ultimate load and the mode of failure for a series of RC two-span continuous
deep beams. Most of the nonlinear analytical parameters were fixed according to experimental
values or logical reasoning and the only variable tuned was the shear retention factor, which
was given a value about 0.1 in most of the analyses.
2 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
The experimental program consisted of testing three different types of deep beams, S1, S2
and S3. All beams, which were identical in geometry and longitudinal reinforcement, had a
thickness of 90 mm and dimensions as shown in Figure 1. The Figure also depicts the test
setup and gives the reinforcement yield strength (Y) and Youngs modulus (E).
The differences between the three series were in the vertical reinforcement patterns and the
concrete properties. Beams of series S1 had no vertical stirrups while those of series S2 and
625
Two 10, centred 23 mm from

top, Y = 530 MPa, E = 200 GPa
Stirrups, Y = 355 MPa, E = 195 GPa
Two 12, 1800 mm long, centred 35 mm

from top, Y = 470 MPa, E = 195 GPa
Two8, web reinforcement,

Y=355MPa,E=195GPa
Two 12, centred 25 mm from
bottom, Y = 470 MPa, E = 195 GPa
100120
500
200
500
160
500
200
500
120 100
Figure 1: Test setup and specimen dimensions (Not to scale. All dimensions in mm.)
S3 had 6 mm and 8 mm diameter stirrups at 150 mm and 130 mm spacing respectively.

Table 1 gives the basic concrete properties for the analyzed beams. The first row in the
table refers to the serial number and the year of testing while the second and third rows gives
the concrete cube compressive strength and split tensile strength respectively in MPa.
S1/95
40
N/A
S1/96
39
3.10
S1/97
36
2.75
S1/98
42
3.60
S2/95
26
2.40
S2/96
37
2.70
S3/95
34
2.70
S3/98
31
2.60
S3/99
45
3.40
S3/03
37
2.90
Table 1: Concrete properties of modeled specimens
Further information about the experimental setup, testing apparatus and instrumentations
can be found elsewhere1.
3 FINITE ELEMENT MODELING
A 3-D FE model capable of predicting the ultimate loads and modes of failure of the three
series was built. The model was kept as simple as possible in terms of element selection and
usage of default integration schemes, without detracting from the accuracy of the results. FE
modeling of these beams has been reported elsewhere2. This paper, however, models the
support plates better and gives better agreement over the whole range of behaviour.
The concrete body and the steel loading plates were modeled by 8-noded brick elements.
The supports were modeled by 6-noded wedge elements, which were connected by their base
to the 8-noded elements while their sharp edges acted as rotating edges, modeling the
behaviour of roller supports. Reinforcement is modeled by 3-noded truss elements. For more
detailed description of these elements, the reader is referred to DIANA Element Library3.
Figure 2 illustrates the typical concrete FE mesh used together with the reinforcement FE
meshes and their boundary conditions for the three series.
Because of its computational convenience as well as its resemblance to reality, the smeared
crack approach was used to model the cracking of concrete. The initiation of cracks was
governed by a linear tension cut-off criterion. After cracking, Hordijk softening curve was
incorporated to capture the effects of tension stiffening and softening.
Two constitutive models only could be incorporated with the brick elements to model the
Figure 2: Typical concrete FE mesh and reinforcement FE meshes for the three series
compressive behaviour of concrete under loading. Those were: (1) the constitutive models of
plasticity, where Von-Mises criterion was chosen to specify yield, and (2) crack models based
on total strain, where compressive behaviour was in general described by a nonlinear function
between stress and strain in a certain direction.
Shear was embodied by a constant shear retention model incorporating a value of about 0.1
for the shear retention factor ( ), after cracking, in most of the analyses.
The loading plates, supporting plates, and reinforcing steel were modeled as elasticperfectly plastic materials. Von-Mises yield criterion was used again to model plasticity.
4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A comparison between the experimental and predicted ultimate loads for the ten analyzed
specimens is given in Figure 3. The peak load predictions were generally very close to the
experimental results. The plasticity and total strain constitutive models gave approximately
similar results with mean predicted to experimental ratios of 1.04 and 1.05, and standard
deviations of 0.11 and 0.10 respectively.
Load (kN)
800
600
400
200
S3/03
S3/99
S3/98
S3/95
S2/96
S2/95
S1/98
S1/97
S1/96
S1/95
Beam Reference
Experimental Peak Loads
Plasticity Model Predictions
Total Strain Model Predictions
Figure 3: Comparison between FE predictions and experimental results
The experimental and analytical load-midspan deflection relationships for S1/96 and S3/98
are compared in Figure 4. These relationships could be divided into four stages. Throughout
the first stage, the relationship was linear and the deflections developed at a relatively low
level. After this initial stage, the flexural cracks reduced the beams stiffness significantly and
the mid-span deflections increased markedly. The third stage marked the sudden appearance
Samir M. O. Hassan Dirar and Chris T. Morley.
of diagonal cracks at the middle of the deep beams running between the loading plate and the
central support. These diagonal cracks caused a sudden drop in the applied load, usually
regained as displacement continued. During the last stages, the beams continued to lose their
stiffness until they finally collapsed. Figure 5 shows the various stages of crack initiation and
propagation in terms of crack strains, using a coloured scale of strain magnitude.
Loa d- De f le c t ion Cur ve ( S 3/ 98)
Loa d- De fle c t ion Cur ve (S 1/ 96)
800
600
500
600
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
400
300
200
400
200
100
0
0
0.5
Expe r ime nt a l Cur ve
1
1.5
De fle c t ion ( mm)
P la st ic it y Mode l
2.5
0.5
Expe rime nt a l Cur ve
Tot a l S t ra in Mode l
1.5
De f le c t ion (mm)
P la st ic it y Mode l
2.5
Tot a l S t r a in Mode l
Figure 4: Load-Deflection Curves
Figure 5: Cracks initiation and propagation
CONCLUSIONS
-
The FE method was capable of modeling the behaviour of the RC deep beams. Shear
retention factor was the only parameter varied during the analyses.
Predictions of the ultimate load were within an accuracy region of 5%. The method
also picked the mode of failure characterized by a diagonal shear crack.
REFERENCES
[1] S.M.O. Hasan, Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams,
MPhil Thesis, University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering, (2004).
[2] I.M. May, C.T. Morley and C.T. Chen, Benchmarking of nonlinear finite element analyses
for reinforced concrete deep beams, Comp. Modelg. of Conc. Struc., 751-758, (2003).
[3] TNO Building and Construction Research, DIANA Users Manual, Element Library, Delft,
The Netherlands, (1998).

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VIII International Conference on Computational Plasticity

NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED

Samir M. O. Hassan Dirar and Chris T. Morley

Key words: Deep Beam, Finite Element, Reinforced Concrete.

In spite of the sophisticated state-of-the-art attained in nonlinear finite element (FE)

Samir M. O. Hassan Dirar and Chris T. Morley

Two 10, centred 23 mm from

Stirrups, Y = 355 MPa, E = 195 GPa

Two 12, 1800 mm long, centred 35 mm

Two8, web reinforcement,

S3 had 6 mm and 8 mm diameter stirrups at 150 mm and 130 mm spacing respectively.

Table 1: Concrete properties of modeled specimens

Samir M. O. Hassan Dirar and Chris T. Morley

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Experimental Peak Loads

Plasticity Model Predictions

Total Strain Model Predictions

Figure 3: Comparison between FE predictions and experimental results

Samir M. O. Hassan Dirar and Chris T. Morley.

Loa d- De fle c t ion Cur ve (S 1/ 96)

Expe r ime nt a l Cur ve

Expe rime nt a l Cur ve

Figure 4: Load-Deflection Curves

Figure 5: Cracks initiation and propagation

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