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Analytical Study On GFRP Tension Members

This document discusses analytical and finite element analysis of bolted connections in glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) tension members. It studies the failure modes and stresses around bolted connections and develops an analytical model and design procedure. The analysis shows stresses are very high near bolt holes and failure is usually bearing failure for GFRP tension members.

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78 views6 pages

Analytical Study On GFRP Tension Members

This document discusses analytical and finite element analysis of bolted connections in glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) tension members. It studies the failure modes and stresses around bolted connections and develops an analytical model and design procedure. The analysis shows stresses are very high near bolt holes and failure is usually bearing failure for GFRP tension members.

Uploaded by

champ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Journal of Structural Engineering Vol.

23, No 1, March April 2014


No. 43-T4

Analytical Study On GFRP Tension Members


Karthikeyan. M

Asarudeen.A, Manikandan. C, Mohamed

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

Sameer. A and Abdul kather sathik.P.I

M.I.E.T Engineering College, Trichy.

UG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, M.I.E.T

rmksv2000@gmail.com

Engineering College, Trichy.

ABSTRACT

bolted connections, which are fabricated from fiber-

Structural applications of composite laminates are

reinforced composite materials. Most of the information is

increasing with the drive for high strength, lightweight

based on the experience gained from the aeronautical and

component design. These applications usually require


joining composites either to composites or metals. The Most

automotive industries (Tsiang 1984; Vinson 1989). To

commonly joints are formed using mechanical fasteners.

date, there is little research on advanced composite

Therefore suitable prediction methods must be developed to

materials for civil engineering applications.In civil

determine failure strength and failure modes of these bolted

structural applications the connections are required to

connections.The use of fiber-reinforced composite materials

carry unusually high loads for long periods of time. These

for the construction of civil engineering structures is

connections are often subjected to fluctuating and extreme

relatively new. Structural members are routinely joined by

environmental conditions and, in many cases, are seldom

bolted connections. Bolted connections are relatively easy to

inspected on a regular basis.Several types of connections

assemble and maintain, and are capable of transferring the

are currently used for structural members. These include

high loads that typically occur in civil engineering


structures. Currently there is a serious lack of knowledge on

bolted, bonded, combined bolted and bonded, and

the behavior and design of bolted connections for fiber-

interlocking

reinforced composites.From the test results ananalytical

applications bolted connections are easier to assemble and

model and design procedure were eveloped as proposed in a

disassemble, easier to maintain, and are usually the most

companion paper.

cost-effective (Cosenza 1987; Godwin and Matthews

connections.

For

civil

engineering

1980).Nahla K. Hassan et al (1996) have conducted 3D

Keywords: Tension Member, Glass Fiber Reinforced

FE analysis on single and multi-bolted connections to

Polymer (GFRP), Bolted connections and Edge & Edge

determine the failure process. The strains and

Distance.

load-

displacement relationship of the specimens analyzed

INTRODUCTION

with the fiber orientation at 00, 450


to the load. Analytical results

The increasing number of successful applications

and 900 with respect


shows that the

of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates in realizing

magnitudes of the net

civil structures as well as their subsequent technological

near the hole boundary and decrease rapidly

development

the bolt hole at a distance equal to the hole diameter.

have

attracted

the

attention

of

the

tensile stresses are very high


away from

international scientific community, a special interest being


TYPE OF FAILURE

given to understand in greater detail all aspects connected


to the use of new materials. There is a serious lack of

The failure modes of are usually classified into

knowledge on the behavior of civil structural

the net-section failure, shear-out failure, bearing failure

243

and fastener shear failure,Net-section failure is transverse


to the direction of theconnecting force, between hole and
hole and/or side edges of anyone of the components being
joined. It is caused primarily by tangentialstresses at the
hole edge and, for a joint subjected to uniaxialload, occurs
when the ratio of by-pass load to bearing load is highor
when the ratio (d/w) of the hole diameter to plate width is
high.Shear-out failure is caused by shear stresses and
occursalong shear-out planes on the hole boundary in the
principal fastenerload direction. Shear-out failure occurs
in laminates where the end distance (e) is short. Shear-out
failure also occurs in highlyorthotropic laminates, such as
pultruded

laminates,

distance.Bearing

failure

independentlyof
occurs

in

the
the

end

material

immediately adjacent to the contact area between the bolt


fastener and the laminate and is caused primarily by
compressive stresses acting on the hole surface. It is likely
to occur when the ratio (d/w) is low or when the ratio of
by-pass load to bearing load is low. Bearing failure is

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS


The basis of the finite element method is the

strongly affected by lateral constraint (clamping force),


plies

representation of a body or a structure by an assemblage

delaminating.Fastener shear failure is caused by high

of subdivisions called finite elements. For many

shear stress in the bolt fastener.

engineering problems analytical solutions are not suitable

since

lateral

constraint

prevents

because of the complexity of the material properties, the


boundary conditions and the structure itself. The Finite
Element Method translates partial differential equation
problems into a set of linear algebraic equations.
[K]{q} = {F}
where,
K Stiffness Matrix
q Nodal displacement
vector F Nodal vector force
Applies the load gradually, in increments. Also performs
equilibrium iterations at each load increment to drive the
incremental solution to equilibrium. Solves the equation
by using Newton-Raphson equilibrium
[KT]{Du}

{F}

{Fnr}
[KT]

= tangent stiffness matrix

{Du}
{F} {F

= displacement increment
= external load vector

= internal force vector


Iterations continue until {F} - {Fnr} (difference between
external and internal loads) is within a tolerance.

[KT

Nr

4
equilibrium
2 3 Iterations

u
Displacement

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


The bearing strength and the strength efficiency
of all types of connections, with 90 fibre orientation with
respect to the applied load, increased with increasing the
edge-distance-to-hole-diameter

ratio.The

load-

displacement behaviour of the connections is linear up to


failure regardless of the modes of failure or the fibre
GFRP LAYER PROPERTIES
It may be used for layered applications for
modelling composite shells or sandwich construction.The
accuracy in modeling composite shells is governed by the
first-order shear-deformation theory (usually referred to
as Mindlin-Reissner shell theory). In Mindlin-Reissner,
the shear strain, and shear stress, across the thickness of
the plate is not neglected in this theory. However, the
shear strain is constant across the thickness of the
plate.The geometry and the element type have to be
considered together.Shell element is typically used for
structure where the thickness is negligible compared to its
length and width. Ansys provides large choices of
elements

orientation with respect to the applied load.

DISCUSSION
The high strength-to-weight ratio and noncorrosion characteristics of fiber-reinforced composites
make them extremely attractive as structural materials.
For fiber orientation parallel to the load, the edge distance
to hole diameter ratio (e/d), has a significant effect on the
mode of failure of connections of bolts. From the
analytical and experimental results, the behavior of GFRP
tension members was studied and it is observed that the
failure mode is predominant in bearing among the
shearing, bearing and block shear failure.
CONCLUSION
The

high

strength-to-weight

ratio

and

noncorrosion characteristics of glass fiber-reinforced


polymer make them extremely attractive as structural
materials. However, the lack of understanding of the
behavior of advanced polymer materials has limited their
acceptance and use.Analytical results show that the
magnitudes of the net tensile stresses are very high near
the hole boundary, but then decrease rapidly away from
the bolt hole at a distance equal to the hole diameter. This
confirms the inefficiency of very wide joints.The finite
element analysis verified the uneven distribution of
beating forces among the bolts of the FRPconnections
having more than one row of bolts, when compared to
steel connections of similar geometry.The developed net
and bearing stresses from the finite element analysis are
in good agreement with the calculated values based on

experimental results for the three fiber orientations


studied in this investigation.The member width is the
dominant geometric variable affecting the efficiency of a
connection.
REFERENCES:
1.

Cosenza, F. (1987). "Mechanical fasteners for composites."


Mat. Engg., 32-37.

2.

Vinson, J. R. (1989). "Mechanical fastening of polymer


composites."Polymer Engrg. and Sci., 29(19), 1332-1339.

3.

Godwin, E. W., and Matthews, F. L. (1980). "A review of the


strength of joints in fiber-reinforced plastics. I: Mechanically
fastened joints."Composites, 155-160.

4.

Charles N. Rosner and Sami H. Rizkalla,(1995). "Bolted


Connections for Fiber-Reinforced composite structural
members .

5.

Tsiang, T. (1984). "Survey of bolted-joint technology in


composite laminates."Composite Technol. Rev., 6(2), 74-77.

6.

Vinson, J. R. (1989). "Mechanical fastening of polymer


composites."Polymer Engrg. and Sci., 29(19), 1332-1339.

7.

Nahla K. Hassan*, Mohamed A. Mohamedient and Sami H.


Rizkalla

(1995). "Finite

element

connections for PFRP composites "

analysis

of

bolted

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