FX Ax BX C: The Quadratic Function - Chapter 8

The Quadratic Function - Chapter 8
Reminders:
A quadratic function is a polynomial of degree 2, i.e. can be written as
f x ax 2 bx c
The graph of a quadratic is a parabola (
or
)
2
If the coefficient of x is positive, the graph is concave up:
If the coefficient of x2 is negative the graph is concave down:
A parabola is a symmetrical curve.
Sketching a Quadratic Function

(Need not be as complicated as for a general polynomial)
Example: Sketch the graph of y x 2 7 x 18
Positive x2 term, so
Intercepts:
shape
At x 0,
y x2 7 x 18 18
At y 0,
x 2 7 x 18 0
(0, 18)
x 9 x 2 0
x 9 0
x20
x9
(9, 0)
x 2
(2, 0)
These are called the zeroes of

the function
Axis of symmetry: (midway between the zeroes)
9 2
3 12 so x 3 12
2
Turning point: At x 3 12 , y x2 7 x 18 30 25
y
18
(35, 3025)
p144 Exercise 8C qu 1(a, d, h, j), 5
page 1 of 8
(35, 3025)
Completing The Square

Any quadratic ax2 + bx + c can be written in the form a(x +h)2 + k
This process is called completing the square.
Examples:
1.
x 3
x2 6 x 10
x 2 6 x 9 9 10
x2 6x 9
x 3 19
2
2.
x2 10 x 2
x 2 10 x 25 25 2
x 5
x 2 10 x 25
x 5 23
2
3.
x2 x 4
x 2 x 14 14 4
x 12
x 2 x 14
x 12 3 34
2
4.
2 x2 12 x 5
2 x2 6 x 5
x 3
x2 6x 9
2 x 2 6 x 9 18 5
2 x 3 13
2
Use MyMaths to investigate the effect of altering a and b in y = (x + a)2 + b

Include discussions regarding axis of symmetry, turning point and y-intercept.
Also note how this can be used to sketch the curve.
Example: (a) Write x2 8x 5 in the form x h k.
(b) Hence find the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph of
y x 2 8x 5 and the coordinates of its turning point.
2
(a)
x 4
x2 8x 5
x 2 8x 16
x 4 16 5
2
x 4 21
2
(b)
y = x2 has minimum turning point at (0,0)

x
4
21
y x 4 21
4 21
Minimum turning point is (4,21)
Axis of symmetry is x = 4
2
page 2 of 8
Example: (a) Write 3x 2 5x 7 in the form a x h k.

(b) Hence find the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph of
y 3x 2 5x 7 and the coordinates of its turning point.
2
3x 2 5 x 7
3 x 2 53 x 7
75
3 x 56 36
7
2
x 65
25
3 x 56 3 x 2 53 x 36
75
3 x 2 53 x 36
11
3 x 56 4 12
2
5
6
25
x 2 53 x 36
11
4 12
11
Minimum turning point is ( 65 , 4 12
)
5
Axis of symmetry is x = 6
p146 Exercise 8D
Example:
(qu 1, 3 orally), qu 2(a-c), 4, 5
x2 2 x 5 0 .Does not factorise, so solve by completing the square

( or use the quadratic formula).
x 1
x2 2 x 5 0
x2 2 x 1
x 1 1 5 0
2
x 1 6 0
2
x 1 6
2
x 1 6
x 1 6
p147 Exercise 8E
qu 2, 3(a-h)
Quadratic Inequations
Examples: 1.
x2 5x 14 0
x
2
pos x2 so
x 7 x 2 0
y
7
x2 5x 14 0
x7 0
x 7
x20
x2
x 2 5 x 14 0
so y 0
i.e. above the x-axis
x 7, x 2
page 3 of 8
2 x2 3x 20 0
2.
2 x2 3x 20 0
pos x2 so
2x 5 x 4 0
y
2x 5 0
x
4
x40
2x 5
5
2
2 x 2 3x 20 0
x 4
5
2
so y 0
i.e. below the x-axis
4 x
6 x x2 0
3.
6 x x2 0
5
2
neg x2 so
3 x 2 x 0
y
3 x 0
x 3
x
3
2 x 0
x2
6 x x2 0
so y 0
i.e. below the x-axis
x 3, x 2
p148 Exercise 8F
qu 3
The Quadratic Formula

Show the method of completing the square to derive the formula: (pupils need not copy it)
ax 2 bx c 0
2
a x2 x c 0
a
b
b
b2
2
x x x 2
2a
a
4a
b b2
a x
c 0
2a 4a
b
b b2
a x a x2 x
2a
a 4a
b
b2
a x
c
2a
4a
b 2 4ac
4a
b b 2 4ac

2a
4a 2
b
b 2 4ac
2a
4a 2
b 2 4ac
2a
b
b 2 4ac
x
2a
2a
b b 2 4ac
2a
page 4 of 8
b b 2 4ac
If ax bx c 0 where a 0, then x
.
2a
2
b 2 4ac is called the discriminant.

If b2 4ac 0 ,
there are no real roots. (Square root of a negative number!)
If b2 4ac 0 ,
there is only 1 root ( term disappears)

We say the roots are real and equal.
If b2 4ac 0 ,
there are two roots

We say the roots are real and distinct (or unequal).
If b2 4ac is a perfect square, the value of

rational. If not, the roots are irrational.
b2 4ac is a whole number, so the roots are
(If a quadratic has rational roots, it can be factorised.)

Examples:
1. 2 x 2 6 x 9
a2
b 6
b 2 4ac 6 4 2 9
2
108
c 9
b 2 4ac 0 so two real, distinct roots.
108 is not a square number, so the roots are irrational.
2. x 2 x 10
a 1
b 1
b 2 4ac 12 4 1 10
39
c 10
b 2 4ac 0 so no real roots.
3. 4 x 2 12 x 9
a4
b 12
b 2 4ac 12 4 4 9
2
c9
b 2 4ac 0 so real, equal, rational roots.
Show BW Roots of a Quadratic to emphasise the effect of the nature of the roots on the graph.
page 5 of 8
Graphs:
b2 4ac 0
or
real, distinct roots

(cuts x-axis twice)
b2 4ac 0
or
real equal roots
(meets x-axis once,

i.e. x-axis is a tangent)
b2 4ac 0
or
no real roots
(does not meet x-axis)
p151 Exercise 8H
Example:
Find p given that 4 x2 8 px 9 0 has real roots.

Real roots when b 2 4ac 0
b 2 4ac 8 p 4 4 9
a4
b 8 p
64 p 2 144
c9
b 2 4ac 0
64 p 2 144 0
64 p 2 144 0
64 p 2 144
(Above the p-axis)
p2
9
4
p 32
pos p 2 so
p
32
p 32 ,
p 32
p153 Exercise 8I qu. 1(a-c), 2(a,b), 3, 5
page 6 of 8
3
2
Condition for Tangency

To find where a straight line meets a curve, we use simultaneous equations.
Where this leads to a quadratic equation, the discriminant is used to find the number of points
of intersection:
b2 4ac 0
real distinct roots, i.e. 2 points of intersection
b2 4ac 0
no real roots, i.e. no points of intersection,

so the line does not touch the curve
b2 4ac 0
real equal roots, i.e. 1 point of intersection,

so the line is a tangent to the curve.
Example: Show that the line y x 1 is a tangent to the curve y x 2 3x 2 and find the
point of intersection.
y x 2 3x 2
y x 1
Intersect when x 2 3x 2 x 1
x2 2 x 1 0
x 1 x 1 0
x 1 0
x 1
At x 1, y x 1 1 1 0
Only one point of contact, so the line is a tangent to the curve at point (1, 0).
Alternatively, we could show the line is a tangent by proving that b2 4ac 0 , but
the above method is more sensible if we have to find the point of contact anyway.
Example:
Find the equation of the tangent with gradient 4 to the curve y 2 x 2 1 .

Tangent is a straight line so the equation must be of the form y mx c .
Gradient = 4 so line is y = 4x + k.
y 2 x 2 1
y 4x k
Intersect when 2x 2 1 4 x k
2 x2 4 x k 1 0
If the line is a tangent, there is only one point of contact, i.e. real equal roots,
so b2 4ac 0 .
page 7 of 8
a2
b 4
c k 1
b 2 4ac 0
4 2 k 1 0
16 8 k 1 0
16 8k 8 0
8k 24
k 3
Equation of the tangent is y 4 x 3.
p155 Exercise 8J qu. 1(a,b), 2, 3(a, d), 4, 5(a)

p156 Exercise 8K qu. 6, 9, 11, 12, 14
page 8 of 8

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The Quadratic Function - Chapter 8

Sketching a Quadratic Function

These are called the zeroes of

Axis of symmetry: (midway between the zeroes)

p144 Exercise 8C qu 1(a, d, h, j), 5

Completing The Square

Use MyMaths to investigate the effect of altering a and b in y = (x + a)2 + b

y = x2 has minimum turning point at (0,0)

Example: (a) Write 3x 2 5x 7 in the form a x h k.

(qu 1, 3 orally), qu 2(a-c), 4, 5

x2 2 x 5 0 .Does not factorise, so solve by completing the square

The Quadratic Formula

b 2 4ac is called the discriminant.

there are no real roots. (Square root of a negative number!)

there is only 1 root ( term disappears)

there are two roots

If b2 4ac is a perfect square, the value of

b2 4ac is a whole number, so the roots are

(If a quadratic has rational roots, it can be factorised.)

real, distinct roots

real equal roots

(meets x-axis once,

Find p given that 4 x2 8 px 9 0 has real roots.

(Above the p-axis)

p153 Exercise 8I qu. 1(a-c), 2(a,b), 3, 5

Condition for Tangency

real distinct roots, i.e. 2 points of intersection

no real roots, i.e. no points of intersection,

real equal roots, i.e. 1 point of intersection,

Find the equation of the tangent with gradient 4 to the curve y 2 x 2 1 .

Equation of the tangent is y 4 x 3.

p155 Exercise 8J qu. 1(a,b), 2, 3(a, d), 4, 5(a)

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