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    2 2 1 Electronics Structure

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    ifratsubha
    The document summarizes electron configuration and structure in atoms and ions. It describes the Bohr model of electrons in spherical orbits and how later models arrange electrons in principle energy levels, sublevels labeled s, p, d and f, and orbitals. It explains how electrons fill these sublevels and orbitals in order of increasing energy and how electronic structures are written using symbols. Diagrams called spin diagrams are used to represent paired and unpaired electrons. The shapes of different orbital types are also noted.

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    2 2 1 Electronics Structure

    Uploaded by

    ifratsubha
    30 views1 page
    The document summarizes electron configuration and structure in atoms and ions. It describes the Bohr model of electrons in spherical orbits and how later models arrange electrons in principle energy levels, sublevels labeled s, p, d and f, and orbitals. It explains how electrons fill these sublevels and orbitals in order of increasing energy and how electronic structures are written using symbols. Diagrams called spin diagrams are used to represent paired and unpaired electrons. The shapes of different orbital types are also noted.

    Original Description:

    This is the revision notes for electronic structure.

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    The document summarizes electron configuration and structure in atoms and ions. It describes the Bohr model of electrons in spherical orbits and how later models arrange electrons in principle energy levels, sublevels labeled s, p, d and f, and orbitals. It explains how electrons fill these sublevels and orbitals in order of increasing energy and how electronic structures are written using symbols. Diagrams called spin diagrams are used to represent paired and unpaired electrons. The shapes of different orbital types are also noted.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views1 page

    2 2 1 Electronics Structure

    Uploaded by

    ifratsubha
    The document summarizes electron configuration and structure in atoms and ions. It describes the Bohr model of electrons in spherical orbits and how later models arrange electrons in principle energy levels, sublevels labeled s, p, d and f, and orbitals. It explains how electrons fill these sublevels and orbitals in order of increasing energy and how electronic structures are written using symbols. Diagrams called spin diagrams are used to represent paired and unpaired electrons. The shapes of different orbital types are also noted.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    2.2.

    1 Electron Structure
    Models of the atom
    An early model of the atom was the Bohr model (GCSE model) (2 electrons in first shell, 8 in second etc.) with
    electrons in spherical orbits. Early models of atomic structure predicted that atoms and ions with noble gas
    electron arrangements should be stable.

    The A-level model


    Electrons are arranged on:

    Sub energy levels labelled s ,


    p, d and f
    s holds up to 2 electrons
    p holds up to 6 electrons
    d holds up to 10 electrons
    f holds up to 14 electrons

    Split
    into

    Principle energy levels


    numbered 1,2,3,4..
    1 is closest to nucleus

    Split
    into

    Orbitals which hold up


    to 2 electrons of
    opposite spin

    Shapes of orbitals
    Principle level

    Sub-level

    1s

    2s, 2p

    3s, 3p, 3d

    4
    4s, 4p, 4d, 4f

    An atom fills up the sub shells in order of increasing energy (note 3d is


    higher in energy than 4s and so gets filled after the 4s
    1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p

    Writing electronic structure using letters and numbers


    Number of electrons
    in sub-level

    Orbitals represent the


    mathematical probabilities of
    finding an electron at any point
    within certain spatial
    distributions around the
    nucleus.
    Each orbital has its own
    approximate, three
    dimensional shape.
    It is not possible to draw the
    shape of orbitals precisely.

    s sublevels are
    spherical

    For oxygen 1s2 2s2 2p4


    Number of main
    energy level

    Name of
    type of
    sub-level

    p sublevels are shaped


    like dumbbells

    Using spin diagrams

    For fluorine

    An arrow is one electron

    2p

    Box represents one


    orbital

    2s
    1s

    The arrows going in the


    opposite direction represents
    the different spins of the
    electrons in the orbital

    The periodic table is split into


    blocks. A s block element is
    one whose outer electron is
    filling a s-sub shell

    When filling up sub levels with several


    orbitals, fill each orbital singly before starting
    to pair up the electrons
    2p

    Electronic structure for ions


    When a positive ion is formed electrons are lost
    Mg is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 but Mg2+ is 1s2 2s2 2p6

    When a negative ion is formed electrons are gained


    O is 1s2 2s2 2p4 but O2- is 1s2 2s2 2p6

    N Goalby

    chemrevise.org

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