www.usmanahmad.cjb.

net

CHAPTER 3

3.1. An empty metal paint can is placed on a marble table, the lid is removed, and both parts are discharged
(honorably) by touching them to ground. An insulating nylon thread is glued to the center of the lid,
and a penny, a nickel, and a dime are glued to the thread so that they are not touching each other. The
penny is given a charge of +5 nC, and the nickel and dime are discharged. The assembly is lowered
into the can so that the coins hang clear of all walls, and the lid is secured. The outside of the can is
again touched momentarily to ground. The device is carefully disassembled with insulating gloves and
tools.
a) What charges are found on each of the five metallic pieces? All coins were insulated during the
entire procedure, so they will retain their original charges: Penny: +5 nC; nickel: 0; dime: 0. The
pennys charge will have induced an equal and opposite negative charge (-5 nC) on the inside wall
of the can and lid. This left a charge layer of +5 nC on the outside surface which was neutralized
by the ground connection. Therefore, the can retained a net charge of 5 nC after disassembly.
b) If the penny had been given a charge of +5 nC, the dime a charge of 2 nC, and the nickel a
charge of 1 nC, what would the final charge arrangement have been? Again, since the coins are
insulated, they retain their original charges. The charge induced on the inside wall of the can and
lid is equal to negative the sum of the coin charges, or 2 nC. This is the charge that the can/lid
contraption retains after grounding and disassembly.
3.2. A point charge of 12 nC is located at the origin. four uniform line charges are located in the x = 0
plane as follows: 80 nC/m at y = 1 and 5 m, 50 nC/m at y = 2 and 4 m.
a) Find D at P (0, 3, 2): Note that this point lies in the center of a symmetric arrangement of line
charges, whose fields will all cancel at that point. Thus D arise from the point charge alone, and
will be
12 109 (3ay + 2az )
= 6.11 1011 ay + 4.07 1011 az C/m2
4(32 + 22 )1.5
= 61.1ay + 40.7az pC/m2

D=

b) How much electric flux crosses the plane y = 3 and in what direction? The plane intercepts all
flux that enters the y half-space, or exactly half the total flux of 12 nC. The answer is thus 6 nC
and in the ay direction.
c) How much electric flux leaves the surface of a sphere, 4m in radius, centered at C(0, 3, 0)? This
sphere encloses the point charge, so its flux of 12 nC is included. The line charge contributions
are most easily found by translating the whole assembly (sphere and line charges) such that the
sphere is centered at the origin, with line charges now at y = 1 and 2. The flux from the line
charges will equal the total line charge that lies within the sphere. The length of each of the inner
two line charges (at y = 1) will be
 


1 1
h1 = 2r cos 1 = 2(4) cos sin
= 1.94 m
4
That of each of the outer two line charges (at y = 2) will be
 


1 2
h2 = 2r cos 2 = 2(4) cos sin
= 1.73 m
4

27

3.2c. (continued) The total charge enclosed in the sphere (and the outward flux from it) is now
Ql + Qp = 2(1.94)(50 109 ) + 2(1.73)(80 109 ) + 12 109 = 348 nC
3.3. The cylindrical surface = 8 cm contains the surface charge density, s = 5e20|z| nC/m2 .
a) What is the total amount of charge present? We integrate over the surface to find:
 2


Q=2

5e
0

20z



1 20z 
e
(.08)d dz nC = 20(.08)
 = 0.25 nC

20


b) How much flux leaves the surface = 8 cm, 1 cm < z < 5cm, 30 < < 90 ? We just integrate
the charge density on that surface to find the flux that leaves it.
 = Q =

.05  90

.01

30

5e20z (.08) d dz nC =

.05



1 20z 
90 30
2(5)(.08)
e


360
20
.01

= 9.45 103 nC = 9.45 pC

3.4. The cylindrical surfaces = 1, 2, and 3 cm carry uniform surface charge densities of 20, 8, and 5
nC/m2 , respectively.
a) How much electric flux passes through the closed surface = 5 cm, 0 < z < 1 m? Since the
densities are uniform, the flux will be
 = 2(as1 + bs2 + cs3 )(1 m) = 2 [(.01)(20) (.02)(8) + (.03)(5)] 109 = 1.2 nC

b) Find D at P (1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm): This point lies at radius 5 cm, and is thus inside the outermost
charge layer. This layer, being of uniform density, will not contribute to D at P . We know that in
cylindrical coordinates, the layers at 1 and 2 cm will produce the flux density:
D = D a =
or
D =

as1 + bs2
a

(.01)(20) + (.02)(8)
= 1.8 nC/m2

.05

At P , = tan1 (2/1) = 63.4 . Thus Dx = 1.8 cos = 0.8 and Dy = 1.8 sin = 1.6. Finally,
DP = (0.8ax + 1.6ay ) nC/m2

28

3.5. Let D = 4xyax + 2(x 2 + z2 )ay + 4yzaz C/m2 and evaluate surface integrals to find the total charge
enclosed in the rectangular parallelepiped 0 < x < 2, 0 < y < 3, 0 < z < 5 m: Of the 6 surfaces to
consider, only 2 will contribute to the net outward flux. Why? First consider the planes at y = 0 and 3.
The y component of D will penetrate those surfaces, but will be inward at y = 0 and outward at y = 3,
while having the same magnitude in both cases. These fluxes will thus cancel. At the x = 0 plane,
Dx = 0 and at the z = 0 plane, Dz = 0, so there will be no flux contributions from these surfaces.
This leaves the 2 remaining surfaces at x = 2 and z = 5. The net outward flux becomes:


5 3

=
0

=5

0
3


Dx=2 ax dy dz +


4(2)y dy + 2

3 2
0


Dz=5 az dx dy

4(5)y dy = 360 C

3.6. Two uniform line charges, each 20 nC/m, are located at y = 1, z = 1 m. Find the total flux leaving a
sphere of radius 2 m if it is centered at
a) A(3, 1, 0): The result will be the same if we move the sphere to the origin and the line charges to
(0, 0, 1). The length of the line charge within the sphere is given by l = 4 sin[cos1 (1/2)] =
3.46. With two line charges, symmetrically arranged, the total charge enclosed is given by Q =
2(3.46)(20 nC/m) = 139 nC
b) B(3, 2, 0): In this case the result will be the same if we move the sphere to the origin and keep
the charges where they were. Thelength of the line joining the origin to the midpoint of the line
charge (in the yz plane) is l1 = 2. The length of the line joining the origin to either endpoint
of the line charge is then just the sphere
radius, or 2. The half-angle subtended at the origin by
1 ( 2/2) = 45 . The length of each line charge in the sphere
the line charge is then = cos
is then l2= 2 2 sin = 2 2. The total charge enclosed (with two line charges) is now
Q = 2(2 2)(20 nC/m) = 113 nC
3.7. Volume charge density is located in free space as v = 2e1000r nC/m3 for 0 < r < 1 mm, and v = 0
elsewhere.
a) Find the total charge enclosed by the spherical surface r = 1 mm: To find the charge we integrate:

Q=
0

.001

2e1000r r 2 sin dr d d

Integration over the angles gives a factor of 4. The radial integration we evaluate using tables;
we obtain

2 1000r 
.001 
r e
2 e1000r

.001
Q = 8
= 4.0 109 nC
+
(1000r 1)

2
0
0
1000
1000 (1000)
b) By using Gausss law, calculate the value of Dr on the surface r = 1 mm: The gaussian surface
is a spherical shell of radius 1 mm. The enclosed charge is the result of part a. We thus write
4 r 2 Dr = Q, or
Q
4.0 109
Dr =
=
= 3.2 104 nC/m2
4r 2
4(.001)2

29

3.8. Uniform line charges of 5 nC/m ar located in free space at x = 1, z = 1, and at y = 1, z = 0.

a) Obtain an expression for D in cartesian coordinates at P (0, 0, z). In general, we have



r1 r1
r2 r2
s
D(z) =
+
2 |r1 r1 |2
|r2 r2 |2
where r1 = r2 = zaz , r1 = ay , and r2 = ax + az . Thus



s [zaz ay ] [(z 1)az ax ]
+
D(z) =
2
[1 + z2 ]
[1 + (z 1)2 ]



 
ay
ax
(z 1)
z
s

+
+
az
=
2 [1 + (z 1)2 ] [1 + z2 ]
[1 + (z 1)2 ] [1 + z2 ]
b) Plot |D| vs. z at P , 3 < z < 10: Using part a, we find the magnitude of D to be
s
|D| =
2

1
1
+
+
2
2
[1 + (z 1) ]
[1 + z2 ]2

z
(z 1)
+
2
[1 + (z 1) ] [1 + z2 ]

2 1/2

A plot of this over the specified range is shown in Prob3.8.pdf.

3.9. A uniform volume charge density of 80 C/m3 is present throughout the region 8 mm < r < 10 mm.
Let v = 0 for 0 < r < 8 mm.
a) Find the total charge inside the spherical surface r = 10 mm: This will be
 2   .010
3 .010
6 2
6 r 
Q=
(80 10 )r sin dr d d = 4 (80 10 ) 
3 .008
0
0
.008
= 1.64 1010 C = 164 pC

b) Find Dr at r = 10 mm: Using a spherical gaussian surface at r = 10, Gauss law is written as
4 r 2 Dr = Q = 164 1012 , or
Dr (10 mm) =

164 1012
= 1.30 107 C/m2 = 130 nC/m2
4(.01)2

c) If there is no charge for r > 10 mm, find Dr at r = 20 mm: This will be the same computation
as in part b, except the gaussian surface now lies at 20 mm. Thus
Dr (20 mm) =

164 1012
= 3.25 108 C/m2 = 32.5 nC/m2
4(.02)2

3.10. Let s = 8 C/m2 in the region where x = 0 and 4 < z < 4 m, and let s = 0 elsewhere. Find D at
P (x, 0, z), where x > 0: The sheet charge can be thought of as an assembly of infinitely-long parallel
strips that lie parallel to the y axis in the yz plane, and where each is of thickness dz. The field from
each strip is that of an infinite line charge, and so we can construct the field at P from a single strip as:
dDP =

s dz r r
2 |r r |2

30

3.10 (continued) where r = xax + zaz and r = z az We distinguish between the fixed coordinate of P , z,
and the variable coordinate, z , that determines the location of each charge strip. To find the net field at
P , we sum the contributions of each strip by integrating over z :

DP =

8 106 dz (xax + (z z )az )

2[x 2 + (z z )2 ]

We can re-arrange this to determine the integral forms:


 4
 4
dz
z dz
8 106
(xax + zaz )
az
DP =
2
2

 2
2
2

 2
2
4 (x + z ) 2zz + (z )
4 (x + z ) 2zz + (z )
Using integral tables, we find



 
4 106
1
1 2z 2z
DP =
(xax + zaz ) tan

x
2x
 4
 


2z 1
1
2
2

 2
1 2z 2z
ln(x + z 2zz + (z ) ) +
tan
az

2
2 x
2x
4
which evaluates as
4 106
DP =

tan

z+4
x


tan

z4
x



2


x + (z + 4)2
1
ax + ln 2
az C/m2
2
2
x + (z 4)

The student is invited to verify that for very small x or for a very large sheet (allowing z to approach
infinity), the above expression reduces to the expected form, DP = s /2. Note also that the expression
is valid for all x (positive or negative values).
3.11. In cylindrical coordinates, let v = 0 for < 1 mm, v = 2 sin(2000) nC/m3 for 1 mm < <
1.5 mm, and v = 0 for > 1.5 mm. Find D everywhere: Since the charge varies only with radius,
and is in the form of a cylinder, symmetry tells us that the flux density will be radially-directed and will
be constant over a cylindrical surface of a fixed radius. Gauss law applied to such a surface of unit
length in z gives:
a) for < 1 mm, D = 0, since no charge is enclosed by a cylindrical surface whose radius lies
within this range.
b) for 1 mm < < 1.5 mm, we have


2 109 sin(2000  )  d 
.001



1

9
= 4 10
sin(2000)
cos(2000)
(2000)2
2000
.001

2D = 2

or finally,
D =



1015 
3
sin(2000)
+
2
1

10

cos(2000)
C/m2 (1 mm < < 1.5 mm)
2 2

31

3.11. (continued)
c) for > 1.5 mm, the gaussian cylinder now lies at radius outside the charge distribution, so
the integral that evaluates the enclosed charge now includes the entire charge distribution. To
accomplish this, we change the upper limit of the integral of part b from to 1.5 mm, finally
obtaining:
2.5 1015
C/m2 ( > 1.5 mm)
D =

3.12. A nonuniform volume charge density, v = 120r C/m3 , lies within the spherical surface r = 1 m, and
v = 0 everywhere else.
a) Find Dr everywhere. For r < 1 m, we apply Gauss law to a spherical surface of radius r within
this range to find

4r 2 Dr = 4

120r  (r  )2 dr  = 120r 4

Thus Dr = (30r 2 ) for r < 1 m. For r > 1 m, the gaussian surface lies outside the charge
distribution. The set up is the same, except the upper limit of the above integral is 1 instead of r.
This results in Dr = (30/r 2 ) for r > 1 m.
b) What surface charge density, s2 , should be on the surface r = 2 such that Dr,r=2 = 2Dr,r=2+ ?
At r = 2 , we have Dr,r=2 = 30/22 = 15/2, from part a. The flux density in the region r > 2
arising from a surface charge at r = 2 is found from Gauss law through
4r 2 Drs = 4(2)2 s2 Drs =

4s2
r2

The total flux density in the region r > 2 arising from the two distributions is
DrT =

30 4s2
+ 2
r2
r

Our requirement that Dr,r=2 = 2Dr,r=2+ becomes



30
15
30
s2 = C/m2
=2
+ s2
2
2
2
2
4
c) Make a sketch of Dr vs. r for 0 < r < 5 m with both distributions present. With both charges,
Dr (r < 1) = 30r 2 , Dr (1 < r < 2) = 30/r 2 , and Dr (r > 2) = 15/r 2 . These are plotted on the
next page.

32

3.13. Spherical surfaces at r = 2, 4, and 6 m carry uniform surface charge densities of 20 nC/m2 , 4 nC/m2 ,
and s0 , respectively.
a) Find D at r = 1, 3 and 5 m: Noting that the charges are spherically-symmetric, we ascertain that
D will be radially-directed and will vary only with radius. Thus, we apply Gauss law to spherical
shells in the following regions: r < 2: Here, no charge is enclosed, and so Dr = 0.
2 < r < 4 : 4r 2 Dr = 4(2)2 (20 109 ) Dr =

80 109
C/m2
r2

So Dr (r = 3) = 8.9 109 C/m2 .

4 < r < 6 : 4r 2 Dr = 4(2)2 (20 109 ) + 4(4)2 (4 109 ) Dr =

16 109
r2

So Dr (r = 5) = 6.4 1010 C/m2 .

b) Determine s0 such that D = 0 at r = 7 m. Since fields will decrease as 1/r 2 , the question could
be re-phrased to ask for s0 such that D = 0 at all points where r > 6 m. In this region, the total
field will be
16 109
s0 (6)2
Dr (r > 6) =
+
r2
r2
Requiring this to be zero, we find s0 = (4/9) 109 C/m2 .
3.14. If v = 5 nC/m3 for 0 < < 1 mm and no other charges are present:
a) find D for < 1 mm: Applying Gauss law to a cylindrical surface of unit length in z, and of
radius < 1 mm, we find
2D = 2 (5 109 ) D = 2.5 109 C/m2

33

3.14b. find D for > 1 mm: The Gaussian cylinder now lies outside the charge, so
2D = (.001)2 (5 109 ) D =

2.5 1015
C/m2

c) What line charge L at = 0 would give the same result for part b? The line charge field will be
Dr =

L
2.5 1015
=
(part b)
2

Thus L = 5 1015 C/m. In all answers, is expressed in meters.

3.15. Volume charge density is located as follows: v = 0 for < 1 mm and for > 2 mm, v = 4 C/m3
for 1 < < 2 mm.
a) Calculate the total charge in the region 0 < < 1 , 0 < z < L, where 1 < 1 < 2 mm: We find
 L  2  1
8L 3
Q=
[1 109 ] C
4 d d dz =
3
.001
0
0
where 1 is in meters.
b) Use Gauss law to determine D at = 1 : Gauss law states that 21 LD = Q, where Q is
the result of part a. Thus
4(13 109 )
D (1 ) =
C/m2
31
where 1 is in meters.
c) Evaluate D at = 0.8 mm, 1.6 mm, and 2.4 mm: At = 0.8 mm, no charge is enclosed by a
cylindrical gaussian surface of that radius, so D (0.8mm) = 0. At = 1.6 mm, we evaluate the
part b result at 1 = 1.6 to obtain:
4[(.0016)3 (.0010)3 ]
= 3.6 106 C/m2
3(.0016)
At = 2.4, we evaluate the charge integral of part a from .001 to .002, and Gauss law is written
as
8L
2LD =
[(.002)2 (.001)2 ] C
3
from which D (2.4mm) = 3.9 106 C/m2 .
D (1.6mm) =

3.16. Given the electric flux density, D = 2xy ax + x 2 ay + 6z3 az C/m2 :

a) use Gauss law to evaluate the total charge enclosed in the volume 0 < x, y, z < a: We call the
surfaces at x = a and x = 0 the front and back surfaces respectively, those at y = a and y = 0
the right and left surfaces, and those at z = a and z = 0 the top and bottom surfaces. To evaluate
the total charge, we integrate D n over all six surfaces and sum the results:

 a a
 a a
 = Q = D n da =
2ay dy dz +
2(0)y dy dz
  0 0 

 0 0 

+
0

a
0

front
a a

x dx dz +

 0
2

left

x dx dz +

 0
2

right

34

back
a


6(0) dx dy +

 0
3

bottom

a
0

6a 3 dx dy


top

3.16a. (continued) Noting that the back and bottom integrals are zero, and that the left and right integrals
cancel, we evaluate the remaining two (front and top) to obtain Q = 6a 5 + a 4 .
b) use Eq. (8) to find an approximate value for the above charge. Evaluate
the derivatives at

.
P (a/2, a/2, a/2): In this application, Eq. (8) states that Q = ( DP )v. We find D =

.
2x + 18z2 , which when evaluated at P becomes DP = a + 4.5a 2 . Thus Q = (a + 4.5a 2 )a 3 =
4.5a 5 + a 4
c) Show that the results of parts a and b agree in the limit as a 0. In this limit, both expressions
reduce to Q = a 4 , and so they agree.
3.17. A cube is defined by 1 < x, y, z < 1.2. If D = 2x 2 yax + 3x 2 y 2 ay C/m2 :
a) apply Gauss law to find the total flux leaving the closed surface of the cube. We call the surfaces
at x = 1.2 and x = 1 the front and back surfaces respectively, those at y = 1.2 and y = 1 the
right and left surfaces, and those at z = 1.2 and z = 1 the top and bottom surfaces. To evaluate
the total charge, we integrate D n over all six surfaces and sum the results. We note that there
is no z component of D, so there will be no outward flux contributions from the top and bottom
surfaces. The fluxes through the remaining four are

=Q=


D n da =



+


1.2  1.2
1

1.2  1.2
1


2(1.2) y dy dz +

 1
2

front

3x 2 (1)2 dx dz +

 1

1.2  1.2
1

left

1.2  1.2
1

2(1)2 y dy dz


back

3x 2 (1.2)2 dx dz = 0.1028 C


right

b) evaluate D at the center of the cube: This is



D = 4xy + 6x 2 y

(1.1,1.1)

= 4(1.1)2 + 6(1.1)3 = 12.83

c) Estimate the total charge enclosed within the cube by using Eq. (8): This is

.
Q = Dcenter v = 12.83 (0.2)3 = 0.1026 Close!

3.18. Let a vector field by given by G = 5x 4 y 4 z4 ay . Evaluate both sides of Eq. (8) for this G field and the
volume defined by x = 3 and 3.1, y = 1 and 1.1, and z = 2 and 2.1. Evaluate the partial derivatives at
the center of the volume. First find
G=

Gy
= 20x 4 y 3 z4
y

The center of the cube is located at (3.05,1.05,2.05), and the volume is v = (0.1)3 = 0.001. Eq. (8)
then becomes
.
 = 20(3.05)4 (1.05)3 (2.05)4 (0.001) = 35.4
35

3.19. A spherical surface of radius 3 mm is centered at P (4, 1, 5) in free space. Let D = xax C/m2 . Use the
.
results of Sec. 3.4 to estimate the net electric flux leaving the spherical surface: We use  = Dv,
where in this case D = (/x)x = 1 C/m3 . Thus
. 4
 = (.003)3 (1) = 1.13 107 C = 113 nC
3
3.20. A cube of volume a 3 has its faces parallel to the cartesian coordinate surfaces. It is centered at
P (3, 2, 4). Given the field D = 2x 3 ax C/m2 :
a) calculate div D at P : In the present case, this will be
D=

Dx
dDx
=
= 54 C/m3
x
dx

b) evaluate the fraction in the rightmost side of Eq. (13) for a = 1 m, 0.1 m, and 1 mm: With the
field having only an x component, flux will pentrate only the two surfaces at x = 3 a/2, each
of which has surface area a 2 . The cube volume is v = a 3 . The equation reads:





D dS
1
a 3 2
2
a 3 2
a 
a
= 3 2 3+
a 2 3
a =
(3 + )3 (3 )3
v
a
2
2
a
2
2

evaluating the above formula at a = 1 m, .1 m, and 1 mm, yields respectively

54.50, 54.01, and 54.00 C/m3 ,
thus demonstrating the approach to the exact value as v gets smaller.
3.21. Calculate the divergence
of D at the point specified if


a) D = (1/z2 ) 10xyz ax + 5x 2 z ay + (2z3 5x 2 y) az at P (2, 3, 5): We find

10y
10x 2 y
D=
+0+2+
z
z3


= 8.96
(2,3,5)

b) D = 5z2 a + 10z az at P (3, 45 , 5): In cylindrical coordinates, we have

2

Dz
1 D
5z
1
+
= 71.67
(D ) +
=
+ 10
D=


z

(3,45 ,5)
c) D = 2r sin sin ar + r cos sin a + r cos a at P (3, 45 , 45 ): In spherical coordinates,
we have
1

1
1 D
D = 2 (r 2 Dr ) +
(sin D ) +
r r
r sin
r sin



sin
cos 2 sin

= 2
= 6 sin sin +
sin
sin (3,45 ,45 )

36

3.22. Let D = 8 sin a + 4 cos a C/m2 .

a) Find div D: Using the divergence formula for cylindrical coordinates (see problem 3.21), we find
D = 12 sin .
b) Find the volume charge density at P (2.6, 38 , 6.1): Since v = D, we evaluate the result of
part a at this point to find vP = 12 sin 38 = 7.39 C/m3 .
c) How much charge is located inside the region defined by 0 < < 1.8, 20 < < 70 ,
2.4 < z < 3.1? We use

Q=
vol


v dv =

3.1  70

2.4

20


0

1.8

70 2 1.8


12 sin d d dz = (3.1 2.4)12 cos 

20 2 0

= 8.13 C

3.23. a) A point charge Q lies at the origin. Show that div D is zero everywhere except at the origin. For
a point charge at the origin we know that D = Q/(4r 2 ) ar . Using the formula for divergence in
spherical coordinates (see problem 3.21 solution), we find in this case that
1 d
D= 2
r dr



2 Q
r
=0
4r 2

The above is true provided r > 0. When r = 0, we have a singularity in D, so its divergence is not
defined.
b) Replace the point charge with a uniform volume charge density v0 for 0 < r < a. Relate v0
to Q and a so that the total charge is the same. Find div D everywhere: To achieve the same net
charge, we require that (4/3)a 3 v0 = Q, so v0 = 3Q/(4a 3 ) C/m3 . Gauss law tells us that
inside the charged sphere
4
Qr 3
4r 2 Dr = r 3 v0 = 3
3
a
Thus


Qr 3
3Q
Qr
1 d
2
Dr =
=
C/m and D = 2
3
3
4a
r dr 4a
4a 3
as expected. Outside the charged sphere, D = Q/(4r 2 ) ar as before, and the divergence is zero.
3.24. Inside the cylindrical shell, 3 < < 4 m, the electric flux density is given as
D = 5( 3)3 a C/m2
a) What is the volume charge density at = 4 m? In this case we have
v = D =

1 d
1 d
5( 3)2
(D ) =
[5( 3)3 ] =
(4 3) C/m3
d
d

Evaluating this at = 4 m, we find v (4) = 16.25 C/m3

b) What is the electric flux density at = 4 m? We evaluate the given D at this point to find
D(4) = 5 a C/m2
37

3.24c. How much electric flux leaves the closed surface 3 < < 4, 0 < < 2 , 2.5 < z < 2.5? We note
that D has only a radial component, and so flux would leave only through the cylinder sides. Also, D
does not vary with or z, so the flux is found by a simple product of the side area and the flux density.
We further note that D = 0 at = 3, so only the outer side (at = 4) will contribute. We use the result
of part b, and write the flux as
 = [2.5 (2.5)]2(4)(5) = 200 C
d) How much charge is contained within the volume used in part c? By Gauss law, this will be the
same as the net outward flux through that volume, or again, 200 C.
3.25. Within the spherical shell, 3 < r < 4 m, the electric flux density is given as
D = 5(r 3)3 ar C/m2
a) What is the volume charge density at r = 4? In this case we have
v = D =

1 d 2
5
D
)
=
(r
(r 3)2 (5r 6) C/m3
r
r 2 dr
r

which we evaluate at r = 4 to find v (r = 4) = 17.50 C/m3 .

b) What is the electric flux density at r = 4? Substitute r = 4 into the given expression to
find D(4) = 5 ar C/m2
c) How much electric flux leaves the sphere r = 4? Using the result of part b, this will be  =
4(4)2 (5) = 320 C
d) How much charge is contained within the sphere, r = 4? From Gauss law, this will be the same
as the outward flux, or again, Q = 320 C.
3.26. Given the field

5 sin cos
ar C/m2 ,
r

D=
find:
a) the volume charge density: Use
v = D =

1 d 2
5 sin cos
(r Dr ) =
C/m3
2
r dr
r2

b) the total charge contained within the region r < 2 m: To find this, we integrate over the volume:


Q=
0

2
0

5 sin cos 2
r sin dr d d
r2

Before plunging into this one notice that the integration is of cos from zero to 2. This yields
a zero result, and so the total enclosed charge is Q = 0.
c) the value of D at the surface r = 2: Substituting r = 2 into the given field produces
D(r = 2) =

5
sin cos ar C/m2
2

38

3.26d. the total electric flux leaving the surface r = 2 Since the total enclosed charge is zero (from part b), the
net outward flux is also zero, from Gauss law.
3.27. Let D = 5.00r 2 ar mC/m2 for r 0.08 m and D = 0.205 ar /r 2 C/m2 for r 0.08 m (note error in
problem statement).
a) Find v for r = 0.06 m: This radius lies within the first region, and so
v = D =

1 d 2
1 d
(r Dr ) = 2 (5.00r 4 ) = 20r mC/m3
2
r dr
r dr

which when evaluated at r = 0.06 yields v (r = .06) = 1.20 mC/m3 .

b) Find v for r = 0.1 m: This is in the region where the second field expression is valid. The 1/r 2
dependence of this field yields a zero divergence (shown in Problem 3.23), and so the volume
charge density is zero at 0.1 m.
c) What surface charge density could be located at r = 0.08 m to cause D = 0 for r > 0.08 m? The
total surface charge should be equal and opposite to the total volume charge. The latter is
 2   .08
Q=
20r(mC/m3 ) r 2 sin dr d d = 2.57 103 mC = 2.57 C
0

So now


2.57
= 32 C/m2
s =
4(.08)2

3.28. The electric flux density is given as D = 20 3 a C/m2 for < 100 m, and k a / for > 100 m.
a) Find k so that D is continuous at = 100 m: We require
20 1012 =

k
k = 2 1015 C/m
104

b) Find and sketch v as a function of : In cylindrical coordinates, with only a radial component of D,
we use
1
1
(D ) =
(20 4 ) = 80 2 C/m3 ( < 100 m)
v = D =


For > 100 m, we obtain
k
1
v =
( ) = 0

The sketch of v vs. would be a parabola, starting at the origin, reaching a maximum value of
8 107 C/m3 at = 100 m. The plot is zero at larger radii.
3.29. In the region of free space that includes the volume 2 < x, y, z < 3,
D=

2
(yz ax + xz ay 2xy az ) C/m2
z2

a) Evaluate the volume integral side of the divergence theorem for the volume defined above: In
cartesian, we find D = 8xy/z3 . The volume integral side is now



 3 3 3
8xy
1 1

= 3.47 C
D dv =
dxdydz = (9 4)(9 4)
z3
4 9
vol
2
2
2
39

3.29b. Evaluate the surface integral side for the corresponding closed surface: We call the surfaces at x = 3
and x = 2 the front and back surfaces respectively, those at y = 3 and y = 2 the right and left surfaces,
and those at z = 3 and z = 2 the top and bottom surfaces. To evaluate the surface integral side, we
integrate D n over all six surfaces and sum the results. Note that since the x component of D does not
vary with x, the outward fluxes from the front and back surfaces will cancel each other. The same is
true for the left and right surfaces, since Dy does not vary with y. This leaves only the top and bottom
surfaces, where the fluxes are:


 3 3

 3 3
4xy
4xy
1 1
dxdy
dxdy = (9 4)(9 4)

= 3.47 C
D dS =
32
22
4 9
  2 2 

 2 2 
top

bottom

3.30. If D = 15 2 sin 2 a + 10 2 cos 2 a C/m2 , evaluate both sides of the divergence theorem for the
region 1 < < 2 m, 1 < < 2 rad, 1 < z < 2 m: Taking the surface integral side first, the six sides
over which the flux must be evaluated are only four, since there is no z component of D. We are left
with the sides at = 1 and = 2 rad (left and right sides, respectively), and those at = 1 and = 2
(back and front sides). We evaluate
 2 2

 2 2
15(2)2 sin(2) (2)ddz
15(1)2 sin(2) (1)ddz
D dS =

 1 1


1 1


2 2

1

front

10 2 cos(2) ddz +

 1

2 2
1

back

10 2 cos(4) ddz = 6.93 C




left

right

For the volume integral side, we first evaluate the divergence of D, which is
D=
Next


D dv =
1

vol

1
1
(15 3 sin 2) +
(10 2 cos 2) = 25 sin 2

2 2 2
1

25 sin(2) d d dz =




25 3 2 cos(2) 2

= 6.93 C
1
3
2
1

3.31. Given the flux density

16
cos(2) a C/m2 ,
r
use two different methods to find the total charge within the region 1 < r < 2 m, 1 < < 2 rad,
1 < < 2 rad: We use the divergence theorem and first evaluate the surface integral side. We are
evaluating the net outward flux through a curvilinear cube, whose boundaries are defined by the
specified ranges. The flux contributions will be only through the surfaces of constant , however, since
D has only a component. On a constant-theta surface, the differential area is da = r sin drd,
where is fixed at the surface location. Our flux integral becomes
 2 2

 2 2
16
16
cos(2) r sin(1) drd +
cos(4) r sin(2) drd
D dS =
r
r
1 1

 1 1


D=

=1

=2

= 16 [cos(2) sin(1) cos(4) sin(2)] = 3.91 C

40

3.31. (continued) We next evaluate the volume integral side of the divergence theorem, where in this case,
D=

1
1
d
d
(sin D ) =
r sin d
r sin d



16
16 cos 2 cos
cos 2 sin = 2
2 sin 2
r
r
sin

We now evaluate:



D dv =
vol

2 2 2




16 cos 2 cos
2 sin 2 r 2 sin drd d
r2
sin

The integral simplifies to


1

2 2 2
1


16[cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 sin ] drdd = 8

[3 cos 3 cos ] d = 3.91 C

3.32. If D = 2r ar C/m2 , find the total electric flux leaving the surface of the cube, 0 < x, y, z < 0.4: This
is where the divergence theorem really saves you time! First find
D=

1 d 2
(r 2r) = 6
r 2 dr

Then the net outward flux will be


D dv = 6(0.4)3 = 0.38 C
vol

41