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    Filtration Techniques

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    Familoni Layo
    Filtration is used to separate solids from liquids by pouring a mixture through a filter paper. There are two main techniques - gravity filtration uses a funnel to allow liquid to drain through under gravity while vacuum filtration uses a vacuum pump and Buchner funnel to pull liquid through. For both techniques, the filter paper is folded and placed in the funnel then wet to adhere it to the funnel walls. Solids are scraped onto the filter and rinsed, with vacuum filtration allowing faster filtering under suction. Vacuum filtration is preferred for separating large amounts of solids but care must be taken not to remove the funnel while under vacuum pressure.

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    Filtration Techniques

    Uploaded by

    Familoni Layo
    389 views5 pages
    Filtration is used to separate solids from liquids by pouring a mixture through a filter paper. There are two main techniques - gravity filtration uses a funnel to allow liquid to drain through under gravity while vacuum filtration uses a vacuum pump and Buchner funnel to pull liquid through. For both techniques, the filter paper is folded and placed in the funnel then wet to adhere it to the funnel walls. Solids are scraped onto the filter and rinsed, with vacuum filtration allowing faster filtering under suction. Vacuum filtration is preferred for separating large amounts of solids but care must be taken not to remove the funnel while under vacuum pressure.

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    Filtration is used to separate solids from liquids by pouring a mixture through a filter paper. There are two main techniques - gravity filtration uses a funnel to allow liquid to drain through under gravity while vacuum filtration uses a vacuum pump and Buchner funnel to pull liquid through. For both techniques, the filter paper is folded and placed in the funnel then wet to adhere it to the funnel walls. Solids are scraped onto the filter and rinsed, with vacuum filtration allowing faster filtering under suction. Vacuum filtration is preferred for separating large amounts of solids but care must be taken not to remove the funnel while under vacuum pressure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    389 views5 pages

    Filtration Techniques

    Uploaded by

    Familoni Layo
    Filtration is used to separate solids from liquids by pouring a mixture through a filter paper. There are two main techniques - gravity filtration uses a funnel to allow liquid to drain through under gravity while vacuum filtration uses a vacuum pump and Buchner funnel to pull liquid through. For both techniques, the filter paper is folded and placed in the funnel then wet to adhere it to the funnel walls. Solids are scraped onto the filter and rinsed, with vacuum filtration allowing faster filtering under suction. Vacuum filtration is preferred for separating large amounts of solids but care must be taken not to remove the funnel while under vacuum pressure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    Filtration Techniques

    Revised 8/6/12

    FILTRATION TECHNIQUES

    Filtration, the technique used to separate solids from liquids, is the act of pouring a mixture onto
    a membrane (filter paper) that allows the passage of liquid (the filtrate) and results in the
    collection of the solid. Two filtration techniques are generally used in chemical separations in
    general chemistry lab: "gravity" filtration and "vacuum" filtration.
    Gravity Filtration
    Gravity filtration uses a polyethylene or glass funnel with a stem and filter paper. Filter paper
    can have pore sizes ranging from small to large to permit slow to fast filtering. The paper is
    folded in half (Figure 1), then folded in quarters, and the tip of one corner is torn off to allow for
    a snug fit in the funnel cone. (If the paper has been pre-weighed, the torn corner piece must be
    saved to add to the post-filter weighing to avoid any errors.) The paper cone is fitted to the
    funnel so three thicknesses of the paper line one-half of the cone and one thickness lines the
    opposite half (Figure 1). Now place the funnel into a beaker and wet the filter paper completely

    Fold paper in half

    Fold paper in quarters

    Tear off corner.


    Save corner if
    filter paper has
    been weighed.

    Open filter paper


    cone and line funnel

    Figure 1: How to Fold Filter Paper


    with the dominate solvent or solvents in the mixture to be filtered. This step adheres the filter
    paper to the funnel walls preventing solid from escaping. Then, support the funnel with a clamp
    1

    Filtration Techniques

    Revised 8/6/12

    or ring (if necessary) and place a clean beaker beneath the funnel so the stem rests against the
    side of the beaker (this prevents splattering).
    Before filtering, allow most of the solid in the mixture to settle. Now pour the supernatant liquid
    (the liquid standing over the solid in a mixture) through the filter first. This will allow the initial
    part of the filtration to proceed faster and may prevent clogging of the filter by the solid. To
    prevent splattering pour the liquid down a glass rod as shown in Figure 2.

    Supernatant liquid
    containing settled
    solids.

    Allow liquid to travel


    along a glass stir rod to
    prevent splashing &
    control flow.

    Iron Support
    Ring

    Line funnel
    with filter
    paper.

    Collection
    Beaker

    Figure 2. Gravity Filtration

    Scrape the solid onto the filter with a rubber policeman or spatula. Rinse the spatula, glass rod
    and beaker and pour the washings into the filter funnel. If the remaining solid residue is to be
    washed, rinse with three small portions (a few milliliters each) of an appropriate solvent. If the
    solid is to be saved, remove the filter paper carefully and place it on a watch glass to dry.
    Caution: Wet filter paper tears easily.

    Filtration Techniques

    Revised 8/6/12

    Sometimes the filtrate is tested to determine if a product or reactant has or has not passed
    through the filter. The test depends on what is being separated. For example: All barium ions
    (Ba2+) should have removed from solution by the formation of the precipitate BaSO4. To check
    this a few drops of Na2SO4 solution can be added to a small portion of the filtrate. If no BaSO4
    precipitate forms, the filtration was successful. If a precipitate forms, additional precipitating
    (sulfate ion containing) reagents must be added to the filtrate and the resulting mixture must be
    filtered again.
    Vacuum (or Suction) Filtration
    Vacuum filtration uses a Buchner (pronounced "byook-ner") funnel and a water aspirator
    assembly. A Buchner funnel is a flat bottomed, porous, circular porcelain bowl with a short
    stem. The stem is fitted with a rubber stopper and inserted in the mouth of a side arm filter flask.
    Circular filter paper, the same diameter as the bowl, is placed on the flat bottom and wetted with
    the appropriate solvent to create a seal before starting the filtration.

    Buchner Funnel
    Side Arm Filter Flask

    Hose attachment to the


    vacuum aspirator
    Figure 3. Buchner Funnel on a side arm filter flask.

    The hose in the above figure is attaches the side arm of the filter flask to a vacuum aspirator in
    the hood or at the lab bench. This vacuum aspirator creates the suction that pulls liquid through
    the filter and filter paper.

    Figure 4. Vacuum Aspirator (front & rear views)

    Figure 5 shows the entire set-up consisting of a Buchner funnel, the side arm flask, and the
    vacuum aspirator. When the water aspirator is turned on the flow of water creates suction. The
    3

    Filtration Techniques

    Revised 8/6/12

    hose is part of the filtration system and should be heavy enough to prevent pinching or collapse
    under external atmospheric pressure.
    To filter a sample, turn on the aspirator and carry out the filtration in
    the same manner described for gravity filtration. (Note: NEVER pry
    off the funnel if the system is under vacuum! Water can flash back
    into the collection flask or the filter paper can be damaged
    resulting in the loss of filtered solid.) Turn off the water aspirator
    before carefully removing the wet filter paper without tearing.
    Reaction byproducts (either the solid or filtrate) should be placed
    into appropriate labeled containers in the hood.
    Figure 5.
    Vacuum Filtration Assembly

    Review Questions:

    Define Terms:
    a) filtrate
    b) supernatant liquid

    Why do we wet the filter paper when setting it into the funnel before filtering a solution?

    When using gravity filtration, air bubbles in the liquid in the funnel stem indicates what type
    of problem? If this problem is not corrected can solids leak through the funnel into the
    filtrate?

    When using gravity filtration, where should the funnel stem be placed? Why?

    For best results, should the solid be washed with a single large washing or with several small
    washings?

    What type of funnel should be used in gravity filtration? in vacuum filtration?

    When using vacuum filtration, why should you never pry off the funnel while the system is
    under vacuum?

    List some advantages and disadvantages of using:


    a) gravity filtration
    b) vacuum filtration

    c) water aspirator
    d) gravity filtration

    e) vacuum filtration

    Filtration Techniques

    Revised 8/6/12

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