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    Agaricales

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    The fungal order Agaricales contains many familiar mushroom species. It has over 33,000 described species across 413 genera and 33 families. Agaricales range from common mushrooms to poisonous and hallucinogenic varieties. Molecular studies show some gilled fungi are more divergent than previously thought. Agaricales have a worldwide distribution and life cycle involving mycelium, fruiting bodies, spores, and symbiotic relationships with plants. They play important ecological roles in nutrient cycling.

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    Agaricales

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    Anonymous 4FVm26mbcO
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    The fungal order Agaricales contains many familiar mushroom species. It has over 33,000 described species across 413 genera and 33 families. Agaricales range from common mushrooms to poisonous and hallucinogenic varieties. Molecular studies show some gilled fungi are more divergent than previously thought. Agaricales have a worldwide distribution and life cycle involving mycelium, fruiting bodies, spores, and symbiotic relationships with plants. They play important ecological roles in nutrient cycling.

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    The fungal order Agaricales contains many familiar mushroom species. It has over 33,000 described species across 413 genera and 33 families. Agaricales range from common mushrooms to poisonous and hallucinogenic varieties. Molecular studies show some gilled fungi are more divergent than previously thought. Agaricales have a worldwide distribution and life cycle involving mycelium, fruiting bodies, spores, and symbiotic relationships with plants. They play important ecological roles in nutrient cycling.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    184 views4 pages

    Agaricales

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous 4FVm26mbcO
    The fungal order Agaricales contains many familiar mushroom species. It has over 33,000 described species across 413 genera and 33 families. Agaricales range from common mushrooms to poisonous and hallucinogenic varieties. Molecular studies show some gilled fungi are more divergent than previously thought. Agaricales have a worldwide distribution and life cycle involving mycelium, fruiting bodies, spores, and symbiotic relationships with plants. They play important ecological roles in nutrient cycling.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    Agaricales

    The fungal order Agaricales, also known as gilled mushrooms (for their distinctive gills) or euagarics, contains some of the most familiar types of mushrooms.
    The order has 33 extant families, 413 genera, and over
    13000 described species,[4] along with ve extinct genera known only from the fossil record.[1][5] They range
    from the ubiquitous common mushroom to the deadly
    destroying angel and the hallucinogenic y agaric to the
    bioluminescent jack-o-lantern mushroom.

    were named the Agaricoid, Tricholomatoid, Marasmioid,


    Pluteoid, Hygrophoroid and Plicaturopsidoid clades.[6]
    Some notable fungi with gill-like structures, such as
    chanterelles, have long been recognized as being substantially dierent from usual Agaricales. Molecular studies
    are showing more groups of agarics as being more divergent than previously thought, such as the genera Russula
    and Lactarius belonging to a separate order Russulales,
    and other gilled fungi, including such species as Paxillus
    involutus and Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca showing a closer
    anity with Boletes in the order Boletales.

    History, classication and phylogeny

    Also, some other quite distinctive fungi, the puballs, and


    some clavaroid fungi, e.g. Typhula, and the Beefsteak
    fungus have been recently been shown to lie within the
    In his three volumes of Systema Mycologicum published Agaricales.
    between 1821 and 1832, Elias Fries put almost all of The term agaric had traditionally referred to Agaricales,
    the eshy, gill-forming mushrooms in the genus Agaricus. which were dened as exactly those fungi with gills.
    He organized the large genus into tribes, the names of Given the discoveries described above, those two catemany of which still exist as common genera of today. gories are not synonymous (although there is a very large
    Fries later elevated several of these tribes to generic level, overlap between the two groups).
    but later authorsincluding Gillet, Karsten, Kummer,
    Qulet, and Staudemade most of the changes. Fries
    based his classication on macroscopic characters of the 2 Distribution and habitat
    fruit bodies and color of the spore print. His system had
    been widely used as it had the advantage that many genAgarics are ubiquitous, being found across all continents.
    era could be readily identied based on characters obMost are terrestrial, their habitats including all types of
    servable in the eld. Friess classication was later chalwoodland and grassland, varying largely from one genus
    lenged when microscopic studies of basidiocarp structo another. Agarics were long thought to be solely terresture, initiated by Fayod and Patouillard, demonstrated
    trial, until the 2005 discovery of Psathyrella aquatica, the
    [4]
    several of Friess groupings were unnatural. In more reonly gilled mushroom known to fruit underwater.[12]
    cent history, Rolf Singers inuential work The Agaricales
    in Modern Taxonomy, published in four editions span- Agaricals are known from ve monotypic genera found
    ning from 1951 to 1986, used both Friess macroscopic fossilized in amber. The oldest records are from two
    characters and Fayods microscopic characters to reorga- Cretaceous age genera; the Albian age (approximately
    nize families and genera; his most recent classication in- 100 Ma) Palaeoagaracites antiquus from Burmese amcluded 230 genera within 18 families.[7] Singer treated ber and the slightly younger Turonian New Jersey Amthree major groups within the Agaricales sensu lato: ber species Archaeomarasmius leggeti.[1] The three other
    the Agaricales sensu stricto, Boletineae, and Russulales. species, Aureofungus yaniguaensis, Coprinites dominiThese groups are still accepted by modern treatments cana and Protomycena electra are known from single
    based on DNA analysis, as the euagarics clade, bolete specimens found in the Dominican amber mines of
    Hispaniola.[5]
    clade, and russuloid clade.[8]
    Molecular phylogenetics research has demonstrated that
    the euagarics clade is roughly equivalent to Singers Agaricales sensu stricto.[9][10][11] A recent (2006) large-scale
    study by Brandon Matheny and colleagues used nucleic
    acid sequences representing six gene regions from 238
    species in 146 genera to explore the phylogenetic grouping within the Agaricales. The analysis showed that most
    of the species tested could be grouped into six clades that

    3 Characteristics
    Basidiocarps of the agarics are typically eshy, with a
    stipe, often called a stem or stalk, a pileus (or cap) and
    lamellae (or gills), where basidiospores are produced.
    This is the stereotypical structure of a mushroom.
    1

    GENERA INCERTAE SEDIS

    When the environmental conditions are favorable and the


    mycelium is at the proper stage of development, one or
    more fruit bodies are produced by the fungus. The actual conditions necessary for fruit body formation and
    spore production are not clearly understood. Humidity,
    light, temperature, aeration, and nutrition are all factors
    thought to be important in fruit body formation. The genetic makeup and the general physiology of the fungus
    hyphae are also important in the initiation and formation
    of young fruit bodies and their development to a mature
    stage. The spores produced by a fruit body are released
    when it is mature. When they land in a suitable environment, the spores germinate and the hyphae grow to
    initiate the life cycle anew.[13]

    5 Genera Incertae sedis

    Cortinarius archeri

    Life cycle

    The fungus fruit body is the spore-producing stage of the


    life cycle. Most fungi reproduce by spores and the fruit
    bodies are developed specically for the production and
    dispersal of spores. The spores produced by fruit bodies
    are usually the result of sexual reproduction.[13]
    Setchelliogaster is a genus of gasteroid fungi in the Agaricales
    The fruit body is the visible part of the growing fun- that is incertae sedis with respect to familial placement.
    gus. It is supported by and develops from an extensive
    network of thread-like laments called hyphae. Hyphae There are several genera classied in the Agaricales that
    are often collectively termed the mycelium; the food- are i) poorly known, ii) have not been subjected to DNA
    absorbing part of the fungusas opposed to the spore- analysis, or iii) if analysed phylogenetically do not group
    producing fruit body of the fungusis called the veg- with as yet named or identied families, and have not
    etative mycelium. The individual hyphae that compose been assigned to a specic family (i.e., Incertae sedis with
    the mycelium absorb nutrients and water from the sub- respect to familial placement). These include:
    stratum in which they are growing. When the nutrient
    Aureofungus Hibbett, Manfr. Binder & Zheng
    supply is adequate and environmental conditions are faWang (2003)
    vorable, some fungi may grow in the same location for
    several years. Fungi cannot make their own food, namely
    Brunneocorticium Sheng H.Wu (2007)
    carbohydrates, as can green plants. Some species are
    saprobic, obtaining nutrients from dead organic material,
    Cheilophlebium Opiz & Gintl (1856)
    whereas others are parasitic on living plants or animals or
    Cleistocybe Ammirati, A.D.Parker & Matheny
    even on other fungi. Many fungi, especially gilled mush(2007)
    roomes and boletes, have an extensive mycelium that lives
    in association with the roots of woody plants. This asso Cribrospora Pacioni & P.Fantini (2000)
    ciation, which is benecial to both the fungus and host
    Disporotrichum (anamorph) Stalpers (1984)
    plant, is termed a mycorrhiza.[13]

    7.1

    Cited texts

    Hemistropharia Jacobsson & E. Larss. (2007)[14]


    Mesophelliopsis Bat. & A.F.Vital (1957)
    Palaeoagaracites Poinar & Buckley (2007)
    Panaeolina Maire (1933)
    Panaeolus (Fr.) Qul. (1872)
    Phlebophyllum R.Heim (1969)
    Plicatura Peck (1872)
    Sedecula Zeller (1941)
    Setchelliogaster Pouzar (1958)
    Trichocybe Vizzini (2010)

    See also
    List of Agaricales families

    References

    [1] Poinar GO, Buckley R (2007). Evidence of mycoparasitism and hypermycoparasitism in Early Cretaceous
    amber. Mycological Research. 111 (4): 503506.
    doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.02.004. PMID 17512712.
    [2] Underwood LM. (1899). Moulds, mildews and mushrooms: a guide to the systematic study of the Fungi and
    Mycetozoa and their literature. New York, New York:
    Henry Holt. p. 97.
    [3] Agaricales Underw. 1899. MycoBank. International
    Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
    [4] Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008).
    Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK:
    CABI. p. 12. ISBN 0-85199-826-7.
    [5] Hibbett DS, Binder M, Wang Z, Goldman Y (2003). Another Fossil Agaric from Dominican Amber. Mycologia. 95 (4): 685687. doi:10.2307/3761943. JSTOR
    3761943. PMID 21148976.(subscription required)
    [6] Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, Aime MC, Moncalvo JM, Ge ZW, Slot JC, Ammirati JF, Baroni TJ,
    Bougher NL, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ, Kerrigan RW, Seidl
    MT, Aanen DK, DeNitis M, Daniele GM, Desjardin DE,
    Kropp BR, Norvell LL, Parker A, Vellinga EC, Vilgalys
    R, Hibbett DS (2006). Major clades of Agaricales: a
    multilocus phylogenetic overview (PDF). Mycologia. 98
    (6): 98295. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982. PMID
    17486974.
    [7] Singer R. (1986). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy
    (4th ed.). Koenigstein Knigstein im Taunus, Germany:
    Koeltz Scientic Books. ISBN 3-87429-254-1.

    [8] Hibbett DH, Thorn RG. Basidiomycota: Homobasidiomycetes. In McLaughlin DJ, McLaughlin EG, Lemke
    PA. The Mycota. VIIB. Systematics and Evolution.
    Springer-Verlag. pp. 12168. ISBN 978-3-540-580089.
    [9] Hibbett DS, Pine EM, Langer E, Langer G, Donoghue
    MJ (1997).
    Evolution of gilled mushrooms and
    puballs inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of
    the United States of America. 94 (22): 120026.
    doi:10.1073/pnas.+94.22.12002.
    [10] Moncalvo JM, Lutzoni FM, Rehner SA, Johnson J, Vilgalys R (2000). Phylogenetic relationships of agaric
    fungi based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences (PDF). Systematic Biology. 49 (2): 278305.
    doi:10.1093/sysbio/49.2.278. PMID 12118409.
    [11] Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Johnson JE,
    James TY, Catherine Aime M, Hofstetter V, Verduin SJ,
    Larsson E, Baroni TJ, Greg Thorn R, Jacobsson S, Clmenon H, Miller OK (2002). One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 357400. doi:10.1016/S10557903(02)00027-1. PMID 12099793.
    [12] Frank JL, Coan RA, Southworth D (2010). Aquatic
    gilled mushrooms: Psathyrella fruiting in the Rogue River
    in southern Oregon. Mycologia. 102 (1): 93107.
    doi:10.3852/07-190. PMID 20120233.
    [13] Alexopolous et al., pp. 50843.
    [14] Jacobsson S, Larsson E (2007). "Hemistropharia, a new
    genus in Agaricales. Mycotaxon. 102: 23540.

    7.1 Cited texts


    Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996).
    Introductory Mycology. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN
    0-471-52229-5.

    8 External links
    Mushroom Expert The Gilled Mushrooms (Agaricales)
    Tree of Life: Agaricales

    9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

    Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

    9.1

    Text

    Agaricales Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricales?oldid=754770758 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Azhyd, Dominus, GTBacchus, Ellywa, Jpatokal, Taxman, Rei, Eugene van der Pijll, Chris 73, Altenmann, Naddy, Everyking, Gdr, Onco p53, PDH, Pethan,
    Burschik, Chmod007, MeltBanana, Summer Song, Circeus, Pearle, Mrio e Drio, Kz9dsr0t387346, HenkvD, Oghmoir, Stemonitis,
    Pekinensis, Mondhir~enwiki, Tabletop, Kbdank71, Rjwilmsi, Heah, N.hong.phuc, FlaBot, Eubot, Chobot, Gdrbot, Bgwhite, YurikBot,
    Wavelength, Peter G Werner, Anomalocaris, E rulez, BOT-Superzerocool, Wsiegmund, Tsiaojian lee, Od Mishehu, Persian Poet Gal,
    Abyssal, Kingdon, Salamurai, JzG, Gobonobo, Kevmin, SimonasWikiBotLT~enwiki, A. Parrot, Bendzh, Sasata, Tawkerbot2, Katya0133,
    Casliber, Thijs!bot, Headbomb, Ste4k, SiobhanHansa, JJ Harrison, Adrian J. Hunter, Highdensity, Peter coxhead, Wiki wiki1, Schmloof,
    Dacman6688, Useight, VolkovBot, CWii, TXiKiBoT, Heliocybe, Sylverfysh, Oxymoron83, ClueBot, Jmgarg1, Mycologyauthor, Johnuniq,
    Addbot, Jncraton, Ka Faraq Gatri, SamatBot, Ettrig, Luckas-bot, Tirithel, Citation bot, Xqbot, D'ohBot, Craig Pemberton, Citation bot 1,
    Tom.Reding, Makki98, EmausBot, Look2See1, Dcirovic, AvicBot, Deutschgirl, Helpful Pixie Bot, Dgrootmyers, BG19bot, Snow Rise,
    Obfuscateme, Srednuas Lenoroc, Caftaric and Anonymous: 32

    9.2

    Images

    File:Agaricus_campestris.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Agaricus_campestris.jpg License: CC


    BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
    File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
    File:Cortinarius_archeri.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Cortinarius_archeri.jpg License: CC BYSA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: JJ Harrison (jjharrison89@facebook.com)
    File:Red_Pencil_Icon.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Red_Pencil_Icon.png License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Peter coxhead
    File:Setchelliogaster_92786.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Setchelliogaster_92786.jpg License:
    CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This image is Image Number 92786 at Mushroom Observer, a source for mycological images.
    Original artist: Lord Mayonnaise
    File:Wikispecies-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA
    3.0 Contributors: Image:Wikispecies-logo.jpg Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi-

    9.3

    Content license

    Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

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