Aminoglycosides

Streptomycin is an antibiotic (antimycobacterial) drug, the first of a class of drugs

called aminoglycosides to be discovered, and it was the first effective treatment for tuberculosis. It is
derived from the actinobacterium Streptomyces griseus. Streptomycin is a bactericidal antibiotic.
Adverse effects of this medicine are ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, fetal auditory toxicity, and
neuromuscular paralysis.
Form: Powder for injection
Dosage: 1g
Streptomycin Dosage and Route of Administration
Intramuscular Route Only

Adults: The preferred site is the upper outer quadrant of the buttock, (i.e., gluteus maximus),
or the mid-lateral thigh.

Children: It is recommended that intramuscular injections be given preferably in the mid-lateral

muscles of the thigh. In infants and small children the periphery of the upper outer quadrant of
the gluteal region should be used only when necessary, such as in burn patients, in order to
minimize the possibility of damage to the sciatic nerve.

The deltoid area should be used only if well-developed such as in certain adults and older
children, and then only with caution to avoid radial nerve injury. Intramuscular injections
should not be made into the lower and mid-third of the upper arm. As with all intramuscular
injections, aspiration is necessary to help avoid inadvertent injection into a blood vessel.

Injection sites should be alternated. As higher doses or more prolonged therapy with
Streptomycin may be indicated for more severe or fulminating infections (endocarditis,
meningitis, etc.), the physician should always take adequate measures to be immediately
aware of any toxic signs or symptoms occurring in the patient as a result of Streptomycin
therapy.

1. TUBERCULOSIS: The standard regimen for the treatment of drug susceptible tuberculosis
has been two months of INH, rifampin and pyrazinamide followed by four months of INH and
rifampin (patients with concomitant infection with tuberculosis and HIV may require treatment
for a longer period). When Streptomycin is added to this regimen because of suspected or
proven drug resistance (see INDICATIONS AND USAGEsection), the recommended dosing for
Streptomycin is as follows:
Daily
Children
Max
Adults
Max

Twice Weekly

Thrice Weekly

20-40 mg/kg

25-30 mg/kg

25-30 mg/kg

1g

1.5 g

1.5 g

15 mg/kg

25-30 mg/kg

25-30 mg/kg

1g

1.5 g

1.5 g

Streptomycin is usually administered daily as a single intramuscular injection. A total dose of

not more than 120 g over the course of therapy should be given unless there are no other
therapeutic options. In patients older than 60 years of age the drug should be used at a
reduced dosage due to the risk of increased toxicity.

Gentamicin, sold under brand names Garamycin among others, is an antibiotic used to treat many
types of bacterial infections. This may include bone infections, endocarditis, pelvic inflammatory
disease, meningitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and sepsis among others. It is not effective
for gonorrhea or chlamydia infections. It can be given intravenously, by injection into a muscle,

or topically. Topical formulations may be used in burns or for infections of the outside of the eye. In
the developed world it is often only used for two days until bacterial cultures determine what
antibiotics the infection is sensitive to. The dose required should be monitored by blood testing.
Gentamicin can cause inner ear problems and kidney problems. The inner ear problems can include
problems with balance and problems with hearing. These problems may be permanent. If used
during pregnancy it can cause harm to the baby. It appears to be safe for use during breastfeeding.
Gentamicin is a type of aminoglycoside. It works by stopping the bacteria from making protein which
typically kills the bacteria.
Gentamicin was discovered in 1963. It is made from the bacteria Micromonospora
purpurea. Gentamicin is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most
important medications needed in a basic health system. It is available as a generic medication. It
wholesale cost is between 0.05 and 0.58 USD per day.

Routes of Administration and Dosage:It is given IM or IV . Adults: 1 mg/kg body wg 8 hrly IM.
Children 6 months-10 yrs: 2- 2.5 mg/kg 8th hrly. Children over 10yrs : 1.5mg/kg 8 hrly.

Carbapenems
Doripenem is an antibiotic that fights bacteria.
Doripenem is used to treat severe infections of the stomach, bladder, or kidneys.
Doripenem may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Dosage: Applies to the following strength(s): 500 mg ; 250 mg
Route: The route of administration of doripenem is either intravenous or intramuscular
Form: injection, powder, for solution

Ertapenem is an antibiotic that fights bacteria.

Ertapenem is used to treat severe infections of the skin, lungs, stomach, pelvis, and urinary tract. It is
also used to prevent infection in people having certain types of surgery.
Ertapenem may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Dosage: Applies to the following strength(s): 1 g
Form: injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution
Route: Intravenous or Intramuscular Use

Cephalosporins
Cefditoren pivoxil is used for:
Treating certain bacterial infections.
Cefditoren pivoxil is a cephalosporin antibiotic. It works by killing sensitive bacteria.

Dosage: 200 mg ; 400 mg

Route: by mouth
Form: tablets

Cefepime is used for:

Treating certain bacterial infections.
Cefepime is a cephalosporin antibiotic. It works by killing sensitive bacteria.
Dosage: 500 mg ; 1 g ; 2 g ; 1 g/50 mL ; 2 g/50 mL ; 2 g/100 mL
Route: Intravenous, Intramuscular
Form: injection, powder, for solution

Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic in a group of drugs called fluoroquinolones (flor-o-KWIN-o-lones).
Ciprofloxacin fights bacteria in the body.
Ciprofloxacin is used to treat different types of bacterial infections. It is also used to treat people who
have been exposed to anthrax.
Dosage: 100 mg ; 250 mg ; 500 mg ; 750 mg ; 200 mg/100 mL-5% ; 400 mg/200 mL-5% ; 250 mg/5
mL ; 500 mg/5 mL ; 10 mg/mL ; 1000 mg
Route: Intravenous, oral
Form: IV solution, concentrate

Ofloxacin is an antibiotic that is used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the fluoroquinolone
class of antibiotics. Ofloxacin stops the multiplication of bacteria by inhibiting the reproduction and
repair of their genetic material (DNA). The FDA approved ofloxacin in December 1990. Ofloxacin is
used to treat pneumonia and bronchitiscaused by Haemophilus
influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. It also is used in treating skin infections caused
by Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. Ofloxacin is used to treat sexually
transmitted diseases, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, but is not effective against syphilis. Ofloxacin
is used often to treat urinary infections, cystitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and prostate infections
caused by E. Coli. Some strains of Streptococcus, Enterococcus, andanaerobic bacteria are resistant to
ofloxacin.
Dosage: 200 mg ; 300 mg ; 400 mg ; 40 mg/mL ; 20 mg/mL ; 4 mg/mL
Route: oral
Form: tablet, film coated

Penicillins and Penicillinase Resistant Anti-biotics

Penicillin V is an antibiotic in the penicillin group of drugs. It fights bacteria in your body.
Penicillin V is used to treat many different types of infections caused by bacteria, such as ear
infections,.

Penicillin V may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Dosage: 250 mg; 500 mg ; 125 mg/5 mL ; 250 mg/5 mL
Route: oral
Form: tablet

Ampicillin is used for: Treating infections caused by certain types of bacteria.

Ampicillin is a penicillin antibiotic. It works by killing sensitive bacteria by interfering with formation of
the bacteria's cell wall while it is growing. This weakens the cell wall and it ruptures, resulting in the
death of the bacteria.
Dosage: 250 mg ; 500 mg ; 125 mg/5 mL ; 250 mg/5 mL ; 125 mg ; 1 g ; 2 g ; 10 g
Route: intramuscular or direct intravenous injection
Form: injection, powder, for solution

Sulfonamides
Sulfadiazine is an antibiotic that fights bacteria.
Sulfadiazine is used to treat many different types of infection, such as urinary tract infections, ear
infections, meningitis, malaria, toxoplasmosis, and others.
Sulfadiazine may also be used for purposes not l
Dosage: 500 mg; sodium
Route: oral
Form: tablets

Sulfasalazine affects a substance in the body that causes inflammation, tissue damage, and diarrhea.
Sulfasalazine is used to treat moderate to severe ulcerative colitis.
Sulfasalazine is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis in children and adults who have used other
arthritis medicines without successful treatment of symptoms.
Sulfasalazine may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Dosage: 500 mg
Route: oral
Form: tablet

Tetracyclines

Minocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic that fights bacteria in the body.

Minocycline is used to treat many different bacterial infections, such as urinary tract infections,
respiratory infections, skin infections, severe acne, gonorrhea, tick fever, chlamydia, and others.
Minocycline may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Dosage: 50 mg/5 mL ; 50 mg ; 100 mg ; 75 mg ; 45 mg ; 90 mg ; 135 mg ; 65 mg ; 115 mg ; 55 mg ;
80 mg ; 105 mg
Route: intravenous, oral
Form: oral powder

Doxycycline is a tetracycline antibiotic. It fights bacteria in the body.

Doxycycline is used to treat many different bacterial infections, such as acne, urinary tract infections,
intestinal infections, eye infections, gonorrhea, chlamydia, periodontitis (gum disease), and others.
Doxycycline is also used to treat blemishes, bumps, and acne-like lesions caused by rosacea. It will not
treat facial redness caused by rosacea.
Some forms of doxycycline are used to prevent malaria, to treat anthrax, or to treat infections caused
by mites, ticks, or lice.
Dosage: hyclate 100 mg ; hyclate 50 mg ; 100 mg ; 25 mg/5 mL ; 50 mg/5 mL ; monohydrate 150
mg ; 20 mg ; monohydrate 50 mg ; monohydrate 75 mg ; monohydrate 100 mg ; hyclate 75 mg ; 40
mg ; hyclate 150 mg ; hyclate 200 mg ; 200 mg ; monohydrate 150 mg tablet with cleanser ;
monohydrate 150 mg capsule with cleanser ; 100 mg with vitamins and minerals ; hyclate 100 mg
capsule with cleanser ; hyclate 50 mg capsule with cleanser and ocular lubricant.
Route: oral, intravenous
Form: capsule

Antimycobacterials
Ethambutol is used for: Treating tuberculosis (TB) infections of the lung along with other medicines. It
may also be used to treat other conditions as determined by your doctor.
Ethambutol is an antibacterial agent. It works by stopping the growth of TB cells, which results in cell
death.
Dosage: 100 mg ; 400 mg
Route: oral
Form: tablet, film coated

Dapsone is an anti-infective medicine that fights bacteria.

Dapsone is used to treat dermatitis herpetiformis (a skin condition) and leprosy.

Dapsone may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Dosage: 100 mg; 25 mg
Route:oral
Form: tablet

Other Antibiotics
Erythromycin belongs in a group of drugs called macrolide antibiotics. Macrolide antibiotics slow the
growth of, or sometimes kill, sensitive bacteria by reducing the production of important proteins
needed by the bacteria to survive.
Erythromycin is used to treat or prevent many different types of infections caused by bacteria.
Erythromycin may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Dosage: 250 mg ; 333 mg ; stearate 500 mg ; ethylsuccinate 400 mg ; lactobionate 1 g ; lactobionate
500 mg ; 500 mg ; ethylsuccinate 200 mg/5 mL ; ethylsuccinate 400 mg/5 mL ; ethylsuccinate 100
mg/2.5 mL ; ethylsuccinate 200 mg ; stearate 250 mg ; estolate 125 mg/5 mL ; estolate 250 mg/5 mL ;
estolate 250 mg ; gluceptate 1 g ; estolate 500 mg ; ethylsuccinate ; stearate
Route: oral
Form: tablet, film coated

Aztreonam is an antibiotic that fights severe or life-threatening infection caused by bacteria.

Aztreonam is used to treat severe infections of the blood, urinary tract, lower respiratory tract, skin,
stomach, or female reproductive organs.
Aztreonam may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Dosage: 1 g/50 mL ; 2 g/50 mL ; 500 mg ; 1 g ; 2 g ; 75 mg
Route: intravenous, intramuscular injection.
Form: solution, inhalation, powder for injection

New Classes of Antibiotics and Adjuncts

Linezolid is an antibiotic that fights bacteria in the body. Linezolid is also an MAO (monoamine
oxidase) inhibitor.
Linezolid is used to treat different types of bacterial infections, such as pneumonia, skin infections, and
infections that are resistant to other antibiotics.
Linezolid may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Dosage: 2 mg/mL; 600 mg ; 100 mg/5 mL ; 2 mg/mL-NaCl 0.9%

Route: oral, intravenous

Form: injection, solution

Thalidomide is used to treat and prevent moderate to severe skin lesions caused by leprosy. It is also
used together with another medicine called dexamethasone to treat multiple myeloma (bone marrow
cancer).
Dosage: 50 mg ; 100 mg ; 150 mg ; 200 mg
Route: Oral
Form: Capsule
Thalomid: 50 mg, 100 mg
Thalomid: 150 mg, 200 mg [contains fd&c blue #2 (indigotine)]