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Quiz2 Sol

This document contains a topology quiz with 3 problems. Problem 1 asks to show that every metric on a set X is equivalent to a bounded metric. Problem 2 asks to prove that a function between metric spaces is continuous if sequences that converge in the domain map to convergent sequences in the codomain. Problem 3 has two parts: (a) proves that Cauchy continuous functions are continuous, and (b) gives an example of a Cauchy continuous function that is not uniformly continuous.

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22 views

Quiz2 Sol

This document contains a topology quiz with 3 problems. Problem 1 asks to show that every metric on a set X is equivalent to a bounded metric. Problem 2 asks to prove that a function between metric spaces is continuous if sequences that converge in the domain map to convergent sequences in the codomain. Problem 3 has two parts: (a) proves that Cauchy continuous functions are continuous, and (b) gives an example of a Cauchy continuous function that is not uniformly continuous.

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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MAS331 Topology Quiz 2

ID:

Name:

Instruction: For each problem, you will receive 1 point if you write I dont know and leave
the remaining space blank. For Problem 3, you will receive 0.5 points per subproblem instead.

1 Let X be a set. A metric d on X is bounded if {d(x, y) | x, y X} is bounded above.


6 Points Show that every metric on X is equivalent to a bounded metric.
Solution
Let d be a given metric on a set X. Define d0 : X X R as d0 (x, y) = min{1, d(x, y)}, x, y
X.(2 points) For every x, y X, we have d0 (x, y) 0 as d(x, y) 0 and 1 0. Also, x = y
implies d0 (x, y) = min{1, 0} = 0, and d0 (x, y) = min{1, d(x, y)} = 0 implies d(x, y) = 0, so
that x = y. For every x, y X, d0 (x, y) = min{1, d(x, y)} = min{1, d(y, x)} = d0 (y, x). Let
x, y, z be given. If d(x, y) > 1 or d(y, z) > 1, then d0 (x, y) = 1 or d0 (y, z) = 1, and so d0 (x, z)
1 d0 (x, y) + d0 (y, z). Otherwise, d0 (x, y) d(x, z) d(x, y) + d(y, z) = d0 (x, y) + d0 (y, z).
Hence, d0 is a metric on X. (2 points) Note that d0 is bounded since d0 (x, y) 1 for every
x, y X. Now we show that d and d0 are equivalent. Let  > 0 and x X be given. For
each r > 0, let Br (x) and Br0 (x) denote the open balls of radius r centered at x in (X, d) and
(X, d0 ), respectively. Let = min{1, }. If y B (x), then d0 (x, y) d(x, y) < , so
that y B0 (x). If y B0 (x), then d0 (x, y) < 1, so that d(x, y) = d0 (x, y). This implies
d(x, y) < , and hence y B (x). Therefore, d is equivalent to d0 , which is a bounded
metric. (2 points)

2 Show that a function f : X Y between metric spaces is continuous at a X if for


6 Points any sequence {an } that converges to a, the sequence {f (an )} converges to f (a).
Solution
Suppose not. Then, there exists some  > 0 and a sequence {an } satisfying d(an , a) <

1
n

and

d(f (an ), f (a))  for each n N. By Archimedean property, the sequence {an } converges to
a. Then by hypothesis, {f (an )} converges to f (a). This yields a contradiction.

MAS331 Topology Quiz 2

ID:

Name:

3 A function f : X Y between metric spaces X and Y is Cauchy continuous if for


8 Points any Cauchy sequence {xn } in X, the sequence {f (xn )} is a Cauchy sequence in Y .
(a) Prove that every Cauchy continuous function is continuous. [4 points]
(b) Show that there is a Cauchy continuous function which is not uniformly continuous. [4 points]
Solution
(a) Assume that {xn } is a sequence in X converging to a point x in X. Define a new sequence
{zn } in X as follows:
(
zn =

xn/2

if n is even

if n is odd

Then {zn } is Cauchy. (Let  > 0 be given. Then there is N N such that d(xn , x) < /2
for every n N . For every n, m 2N , we have d(zn , zm ) d(zn , x) + d(zm , x) <
(/2) + (/2) = , and hence the sequence {zn } is Cauchy.) As f is Cauchy continuous, the
sequence {f (zn )} is also Cauchy. This implies that {f (xn )} converges to f (x). (Let  > 0 be
given. Then there is an even N N such that d(f (zn ), f (zm )) <  for every n, m N . For
every n N/2, we have z2n = xn and z2n+1 = x, so that d(f (xn ), f (x)) < . Hence {f (xn )}
converges to f (x).) Therefore, by Lemma 1.13 (or Problem 2), the function f : X Y is
continuous.
(b) Consider f : R R defined by f (x) = x2 . (1 points) For any Cauchy sequence {xn }, it
is convergent by completeness of R. As f is continuous, {f (xn )} is also convergent, and
hence {f (xn )} is Cauchy. Therefore f is Cauchy continuous. (1 points) However, we have
f ( 1 + 2 ) f ( 1 ) > 1 for every > 0, and hence f is not uniformly continuous. (2 points)

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