Centroid and Center of Gravity Problems 1 PDF

Chapter 5: Distributed Forces: Centroids
and Centers of Gravity
hjchoi@cau.ac.kr
School of Mechanical
Engineering
Contents
Introduction
Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus
Center of Gravity of a 2D Body
Sample Problem 5.7
Centroids and First Moments of Areas

and Lines
Distributed Loads on Beams
Centroids of Common Shapes of Areas

Centroids of Common Shapes of Lines
Center of Gravity of a 3D Body:

Centroid of a Volume
Composite Plates and Areas
Centroids of Common 3D Shapes
Sample Problem 5.1
Composite 3D Bodies
Determination of Centroids by
Integration
Sample Problem 5.12
Sample Problem 5.9
Sample Problem 5.4

Engineering
5-2
Introduction
The earth exerts a gravitational force on each of the particles
forming a body. These forces can be replace by a single equivalent
force equal to the weight of the body and applied at the center of
gravity for the body.
The centroid of an area is analogous to the center of gravity of a
body. The concept of the first moment of an area is used to locate
the centroid.
Determination of the area of a surface of revolution and the
volume of a body of revolution are accomplished with the
Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus.
Determination of the area of a surface of revolution simplifies
the analysis of beams subjected to distributed loads
Engineering
5-3

:
.
concentrated forces does not exist in the exact sense
R : Resultant of
distributed forces
internal forces
Stress : internal distributed

forces in solids
(Center of gravity ) :

Engineering
5-4

Center of gravity of a plate
Fz
Center of gravity of a wire
W = DW1 + DW2 + L + DWn
: W
dW .
My
x W = xi DWi = x1 DW1 +x2 DW2 + L + xn DWn

x W = x dW
Mx
( x , y ) :
yW = yi DWi = y1 DW1 + y2 DW2 + L + yn DWn

yW = y dW
Engineering
5-5
Centroids and First Moment of Areas and Lines

Centroid of a line
Centroid of an area
3
3
specific weight() g = r g (lb/ft or N/m )
x W = x dW x (gAt ) = x (g t )dA
x A = x dA = Qy
( r g ) = (kg/m 3 )(m/sec2 ) = N/m 3

x W = x dW x (g La ) = x (g a )dL
x L = x dL
y A 1
yL = y dL
yA = y dA = Qx
x A 1
\x =
1
xdA ,
y=
1
ydA
( x , y ) : A C
\x =
1
xdL ,
y=
1
ydL
( x , y ) : L C
Engineering
5-6
First Moments of Areas and Lines

An area is symmetric with respect to an axis BB
if for every point P there exists a point P such
that PP is perpendicular to BB and is divided
into two equal parts by BB.
The first moment of an area with respect to a
line of symmetry is zero.
If an area possesses a line of symmetry, its
centroid lies on that axis.
If an area possesses two lines of symmetry, its
centroid lies at their intersection.
An area is symmetric with respect to a center O
if for every element dA at (x,y) there exists an
area dA of equal area at (-x,-y).
The centroid of the area coincides with the
center of symmetry.
Engineering
5-7
Engineering
5-8
Engineering
5-9
Centroids of Common Shapes of Lines
Engineering
5 - 10
Composite Plates and Areas

Composite plates
X W = x W
Y W = y W
Composite area
X A = xA
Y A = yA
Engineering
5 - 11
Sample Problem 5.1

SOLUTION:
Divide the area into a triangle, rectangle,
and semicircle with a circular cutout.
Calculate the first moments of each area
with respect to the axes.
For the plane area shown, determine

the first moments with respect to the
x and y axes and the location of the
centroid.
Find the total area and first moments of

the triangle, rectangle, and semicircle.
Subtract the area and first moment of the
circular cutout.
Compute the coordinates of the area
centroid by dividing the first moments by
the total area.
Engineering
5 - 12
Sample Problem 5.1
Find the total area and first moments of the

triangle, rectangle, and semicircle. Subtract the
area and first moment of the circular cutout.
Q x = +506.2 103 mm 3
Q y = +757.7 103 mm 3
Engineering
5 - 13
Sample Problem 5.1

Compute the coordinates of the area
centroid by dividing the first moments by
the total area.
x A + 757.7 103 mm 3
X =
=
A 13.828 103 mm 2
X = 54.8 mm
y A + 506.2 103 mm 3
Y =
=
A 13.828 103 mm 2
Y = 36.6 mm
: 5.3, 5.13, 5.20

Engineering
5 - 14
Determination of Centroids by Integration

x A = xdA = x dxdy = xel dA
yA = ydA = y dxdy = yel dA
x A = xel dA
= x ( ydx )
yA = yel dA
y
= ( ydx )
2
Double integration to find the first moment

may be avoided by defining dA as a thin
rectangle or strip.
x A = xel dA
a+x
[ (a - x )dx]
=
2
yA = yel dA
= y [(a - x )dx ]
x A = xel dA
=
2r
1
cosq r 2 dq
3
2
yA = yel dA
=
2r
1
sin q r 2 dq
3 School of2Mechanical
Engineering
5 - 15
Sample Problem 5.4

SOLUTION:
Determine the constant k.
Evaluate the total area.
Using either vertical or horizontal
strips, perform a single integration to
find the first moments.
Determine by direct integration the
location of the centroid of a parabolic
spandrel.
Evaluate the centroid coordinates.
Engineering
5 - 16
Sample Problem 5.4

SOLUTION:
Determine the constant k.
y = k x2
b = k a2 k =
y=
b
a2
x2
or
b
a2
x=
a
b1 2
y1 2
Evaluate the total area.

A = dA
a
b x3
b 2
= y dx = 2 x dx = 2
a 3 0
0a
ab
=
3
a
Engineering
5 - 17
Sample Problem 5.4

Using vertical strips, perform a single integration
to find the first moments.
a
Q y = xel dA = xydx = x 2 x 2 dx
0 a
a
b x4
a 2b
= 2
=
4
a 4 0
2
a
y
1 b
Q x = yel dA = ydx = 2 x 2 dx
2
02a
a
b2 x5
ab 2
= 4 =
2a 5 0 10
Engineering
5 - 18
Sample Problem 5.4

Or, using horizontal strips, perform a single
integration to find the first moments.
b 2
a+x
a - x2
(a - x )dy =
Q y = xel dA =
dy
2
2
0
1 b 2 a 2
= a 2 0
b
a
b
y dy =
Q x = yel dA = y (a - x )dy = y a - 1 2 y1 2 dy
b
a 3 2
ab 2
= ay - 1 2 y dy =
10
b
0
b
Engineering
5 - 19
Sample Problem 5.4

Evaluate the centroid coordinates.
xA = Q y
ab a 2b
x
=
3
4
3
x= a
4
yA = Q x
ab ab 2
y
=
3
10
y=
3
b
10
Engineering
5 - 20
Surface of revolution is generated by rotating a

plane curve about a fixed axis.
Area of a surface of revolution is

equal to the length of the generating
curve times the distance traveled by
the centroid through the rotation.
A = 2p yL
Engineering
5 - 21
Body of revolution is generated by rotating a plane

area about a fixed axis.
Volume of a body of revolution is
equal to the generating area times
the distance traveled by the centroid
through the rotation.
V = 2p y A
Engineering
5 - 22
Sample Problem 5.7

SOLUTION:
Apply the theorem of Pappus-Guldinus
to evaluate the volumes or revolution
for the rectangular rim section and the
inner cutout section.
Multiply by density and acceleration
to get the mass and acceleration.
The outside diameter of a pulley is 0.8
m, and the cross section of its rim is as
shown. Knowing that the pulley is
made of steel and that the density of
steel is r = 7.85 103 kg m 3
determine the mass and weight of the
rim.
Engineering
5 - 23
Sample Problem 5.7

SOLUTION:
Apply the theorem of Pappus-Guldinus
to evaluate the volumes or revolution for
the rectangular rim section and the inner
cutout section.
Multiply by density and acceleration to
get the mass and acceleration.
)(
m = rV = 7.85 103 kg m 3 7.65 10 6 mm 3 10 -9 m 3 mm
2
W = mg = (60.0 kg ) 9.81 m s
: 5.35, 5.42, 5.59
m = 60.0 kg
W = 589 N
Engineering
5 - 24
Distributed Loads on Beams
W = wdx = dA = A
0
(OP )W = xdW
L
(OP ) A = xdA = x A
0
A distributed load is represented by plotting the load

per unit length, w (N/m) . The total load is equal to
the area under the load curve.
A distributed load can be replace by a concentrated

load with a magnitude equal to the area under the
load curve and a line of action passing through the
area centroid.
Engineering
5 - 25
Sample Problem 5.9

SOLUTION:
The magnitude of the concentrated load
is equal to the total load or the area under
the curve.
The line of action of the concentrated
load passes through the centroid of the
area under the curve.
A beam supports a distributed load as
shown. Determine the equivalent
concentrated load and the reactions at
the supports.
Determine the support reactions by

summing moments about the beam
ends.
Engineering
5 - 26
Sample Problem 5.9

SOLUTION:
The magnitude of the concentrated load is equal to
the total load or the area under the curve.
F = 18.0 kN
The line of action of the concentrated load passes
through the centroid of the area under the curve.
X =
63 kN m
18 kN
X = 3.5 m
Engineering
5 - 27
Sample Problem 5.9

Determine the support reactions by summing
moments about the beam ends.
M A = 0 : B y (6 m ) - (18 kN )(3.5 m ) = 0
B y = 10.5 kN
M B = 0 : - Ay (6 m ) + (18 kN )(6 m - 3.5 m ) = 0

Ay = 7.5 kN
Engineering
5 - 28
Center of Gravity of a 3D Body: Centroid

of a Volume
Center of gravity G
r
r
- W j = (- DW j )
r
r
r
r
rG (- W j ) = [r (- DW j )]
r
r
r
r
rGW (- j ) = ( r DW ) (- j )
W = dW
r
r
rGW = r dW
Results are independent of body orientation,

x W = xdW
yW = ydW
z W = zdW
For homogeneous bodies,

W = g V and dW = g dV
x V = xdV
yV = ydV
z V = zdV
Engineering
5 - 29
Centroids of Common 3D Shapes
: 5.71, 5.77,5.113
Engineering
5 - 30
Composite 3D Bodies
Moment of the total weight concentrated at the
center of gravity G is equal to the sum of the
moments of the weights of the component parts.
X W = xW
Y W = yW
Z W = zW
For homogeneous bodies,

X V = xV
Y V = yV
Z V = zV
Engineering
5 - 31
Sample Problem 5.12

SOLUTION:
Form the machine element from a
rectangular parallelepiped and a
quarter cylinder and then subtracting
two 0.03-m- diameter cylinders.
Locate the center of gravity of the

steel machine element. The diameter
of each hole is 1 cm.
Engineering
5 - 32
Sample Problem 5.12
Engineering
5 - 33
Sample Problem 5.12
X = xV
Y = yV
Z = zV
V = (5.024 10 ) (63.347 10 )
-7
-3
V = (- 13.52 10 ) (63.347 10 )
-7
-7
V
=
25
.
22
10
-3
) (63.347 10 )
-3
Engineering
5 - 34

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Chapter 5: Distributed Forces: Centroids

and Centers of Gravity

Center of Gravity of a 2D Body

Sample Problem 5.7

Centroids and First Moments of Areas

Distributed Loads on Beams

Centroids of Common Shapes of Areas

Center of Gravity of a 3D Body:

Composite Plates and Areas

Centroids of Common 3D Shapes

Sample Problem 5.1

Sample Problem 5.12

Sample Problem 5.9

Sample Problem 5.4

Center of Gravity of a 2D Body

concentrated forces does not exist in the exact sense

Stress : internal distributed

Center of Gravity of a 2D Body

Center of gravity of a wire

W = DW1 + DW2 + L + DWn

x W = xi DWi = x1 DW1 +x2 DW2 + L + xn DWn

yW = yi DWi = y1 DW1 + y2 DW2 + L + yn DWn

Centroids and First Moment of Areas and Lines

( r g ) = (kg/m 3 )(m/sec2 ) = N/m 3

First Moments of Areas and Lines

Centroids of Common Shapes of Areas

Centroids of Common Shapes of Areas

Centroids of Common Shapes of Lines

Composite Plates and Areas

Sample Problem 5.1

For the plane area shown, determine

Find the total area and first moments of

Sample Problem 5.1

Find the total area and first moments of the

Sample Problem 5.1

: 5.3, 5.13, 5.20

Determination of Centroids by Integration

Double integration to find the first moment

Sample Problem 5.4

Evaluate the centroid coordinates.

Sample Problem 5.4

Evaluate the total area.

Sample Problem 5.4

Sample Problem 5.4

Sample Problem 5.4

Surface of revolution is generated by rotating a

Area of a surface of revolution is

Body of revolution is generated by rotating a plane

Sample Problem 5.7

Sample Problem 5.7

m = rV = 7.85 103 kg m 3 7.65 10 6 mm 3 10 -9 m 3 mm

: 5.35, 5.42, 5.59

Distributed Loads on Beams

A distributed load is represented by plotting the load

A distributed load can be replace by a concentrated

Sample Problem 5.9

Determine the support reactions by

Sample Problem 5.9

Sample Problem 5.9