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    History of England. Prehistory & Antiquity

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    Odovinca Alina
    England was first settled by humans over 500,000 years ago. Celtic tribes migrated there between 1500-500 BCE and the Romans invaded in 43 CE, controlling much of the country. The Romans founded many cities before abandoning Britain in the 5th century. Germanic tribes like the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes then invaded and established kingdoms. Vikings later invaded, with the Danes founding the Danelaw in the northeast. In 1066, William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invaded and became the first Norman king of England after defeating King Harold at the Battle of Hastings.

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    History of England. Prehistory & Antiquity

    Uploaded by

    Odovinca Alina
    72 views2 pages
    England was first settled by humans over 500,000 years ago. Celtic tribes migrated there between 1500-500 BCE and the Romans invaded in 43 CE, controlling much of the country. The Romans founded many cities before abandoning Britain in the 5th century. Germanic tribes like the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes then invaded and established kingdoms. Vikings later invaded, with the Danes founding the Danelaw in the northeast. In 1066, William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invaded and became the first Norman king of England after defeating King Harold at the Battle of Hastings.

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    History of England

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    England was first settled by humans over 500,000 years ago. Celtic tribes migrated there between 1500-500 BCE and the Romans invaded in 43 CE, controlling much of the country. The Romans founded many cities before abandoning Britain in the 5th century. Germanic tribes like the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes then invaded and established kingdoms. Vikings later invaded, with the Danes founding the Danelaw in the northeast. In 1066, William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invaded and became the first Norman king of England after defeating King Harold at the Battle of Hastings.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    72 views2 pages

    History of England. Prehistory & Antiquity

    Uploaded by

    Odovinca Alina
    England was first settled by humans over 500,000 years ago. Celtic tribes migrated there between 1500-500 BCE and the Romans invaded in 43 CE, controlling much of the country. The Romans founded many cities before abandoning Britain in the 5th century. Germanic tribes like the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes then invaded and established kingdoms. Vikings later invaded, with the Danes founding the Danelaw in the northeast. In 1066, William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invaded and became the first Norman king of England after defeating King Harold at the Battle of Hastings.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

    PART 1
    Prehistory & Antiquity
    England was settled by humans for at least 500,000 years. The first modern humans (homo sapiens) arrived
    during the Ice Age (about 35,000 to 10,000 years ago), when the sea levels were lower and Britain was
    connected to the European mainland. It is these people who built the ancient megalithic monuments
    of Stonehenge and Avebury.
    Between 1,500 and 500 BCE, Celtic tribes migrated from Central Europe and France to Britain and mixed
    with the indigenous inhabitants, creating a new culture slightly distinct from the Continental Celtic one. This
    was the Bronze Age.
    The Romans tried a first time to invade Britannia (the Latin name of the island) in 55 BCE under Julius
    Caesar, but weren't successful until 43 CE, during the reign of Emperor Claudius. In 122 CE, Emperor
    Hadrian built a wall in the north of Britannia to keep the barbarian Pics at bay.
    The Romans controlled most of present-day England and Wales, and founded a large number of cities that still
    exist
    today. London, York, St
    Albans, Bath, Exeter, Lincoln, Leicester, Worcester, Gloucester, Chichester, Winchester, Colchester, Manches
    ter, Chester, Lancaster, were all Roman towns, as in fact were all the cities with names now ending in -chester,
    -cester or -caster, which derive from Latin castrum ("fortification").
    The Anglo-Saxons
    The Romans progressively abandoned Britannia in the 5th century as their Empire was falling apart and
    legions were needed to protect Rome.
    With the Romans gone, the Celtic tribes started fighting with each others again, and one of the local chieftain
    had the not so brilliant idea to request help from the some Germanic tribes from the North of present-day
    Germany and South of Denmark. These were the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, who arrived in the 5th and 6th
    centuries.
    However, things did not happen as the Celts had expected. The Germanic tribes did not go back home after the
    fight, and on the contrary felt strong enough to seize the whole of the country for themselves, which they did,
    pushing back all the Celtic tribes to Wales and Cornwall, and founding their respective kingdoms of Kent (the
    Jutes), Essex, Sussex and Wessex (the Saxons), and further north East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria (the
    Angles). These 7 kingdoms, which rules over all England from about 500 to 850 AD, were later known as the
    Anglo-Saxon heptarchy.
    The Vikings
    From the second half of the 9th century, the Norse from Scandinavia started invading Europe, the Swedes
    taking up Eastern Europe, Russia (which they founded as a country) and the Byzantine Empire, the
    Norwegians raiding Scotland and Ireland, discovering and settling in the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland
    (and were in fact the first Europeans to set foot in America in 1000 AD), while the Danes wrought havoc
    throughout Western Europe, as far as North Africa.

    The Danes invaded the North-East of England, from Northumerland to East Anglia, and founded a new
    kingdom known as the Danelaw. Another group of Danes managed to take Paris, and obtain a grant of land
    from the King of France in 911. This area became the Duchy of Normandy, and its inhabitants were the
    Normans (from 'North Men' or 'Norsemen', another term for 'Viking').
    The Normans
    After having settled in their newly acquired land, the Normans, adopted the French feudal system and French
    as official language.
    During that time, the Kings of Wessex had resisted and eventually vanquished the Danes in England in the
    10th century. But the powerful Canute the Great (995-1035), king of the newly unified Denmark and Norway
    and overlord of Schleswig and Pomerania, led two other invasions on England in 1013 and 1015, and became
    king of England in 1016, after crushing the Anglo-Saxon king, Edmund II.
    Edward the Confessor (1004-1066) succeeded to Canute's two sons. He nominated William, Duke of
    Normandy, as his successor, but upon his death, Harold Godwinson, the powerful Earl of Wessex, crowned
    himself king. William refused to acknowledge Harold as King and invaded England with 12,000 soldiers in
    1066. King Harold was killed at the battle of Hastings (by an arrow in the eye, as the legend as it), and
    William the Conqueror become William I of England. His descendants have sat on the throne of England to
    this day.
    William I (1027-1087) ordered a nationwide survey of land property known as the Domesday Book, and
    redistributed land among his vassals. Many of the country's medieval castles were built under William's reign
    (eg. Dover, Arundel, Windsor, Warwick, Kenilworth, Lincoln...).
    The Norman rulers kept their possessions in France, and even extended them to most of Western France
    (Brittany, Aquitaine...). French became the official language of England, and remained it until 1362, a bit after
    the beginning of the Hundred Years' War with France. English nevertheless remained the language of the
    populace, and the fusion of English (a mixture of Anglo-Saxon and Norse languages) with French and Latin
    (used by the clergy) slowly evolved into modern English.

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