Heartbeat & Monitor
Heartbeat & Monitor
Heartbeat & Monitor
INTRODUCTI
ON
1.1. BACKGROUND
Heart beat rate means the number of heartbeats per unit time,
usually expressed as beats per minute (bpm). The human heart pounds to
pump oxygen rich blood to the muscles and carry cell waste products away
from the tissues. Heartbeat rate can vary according to the demand of the
muscles to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes such as during
exercise or sleep. It also varies significantly between individuals based on
age, fitness and genetics. This means that the heart must beat faster to
deliver more oxygen rich blood. During exercise routines, the heartbeat rate
gives a strong indication of how effective the exercise is to the body.
The patient monitoring systems is one of the major improvements in
the global health care program because of its advanced technology. A
patient monitoring system measures the heartbeat and body temperature by
using embedded technology. This advancement in technology is highly
needed because many sick patients at the hospitals die because of high
fever and heart attacks. The trend of cardiovascular disease has shown that
heart beat rate plays a key role in determining the possibility of a heart attack
while an increase in the body temperature can induce fever on a patient. Heart
diseases such as heart attack, coronary heart disease, congestive heart
failure, and congenital heart disease are the leading causes of death for men
and women in many countries. Most of the time, the aged people of the
society are more prone to heart disease problems than the younger ones. For
people who live alone with no one to monitor their health condition, this
device offers an opportunity to them for a constant monitoring of their
health status, it is developed to monitor and alert the doctors about the
heartbeat and temperature condition of a patient. It is developed to give
patients a timely and proper heath care.
These days it is not easy for doctors and the nurses to remain close to
a patients bed side to monitor their heath condition. In the past, a huge and
fixed monitoring device was used (only in the hospitals) to know the health
status of a patient when on a bed. These monitoring devices are only
available in the hospitals and are constantly on the patients body. Many of
them are not user friendly so it is important that the doctors and family
members will have a handy device that can always monitor their patients
when they are not around. One of the vital things to monitor on a patient is
the body temperature. This has to do with the measurement of the body's
ability to generate and get rid of heat. Temperature monitoring is one of chief
indicators of the normal functioning of health. The nature of the human body is
to keep its temperature within a narrow, safe range in spite of large variations
in temperatures outside the body. Normal human body temperature depends
upon the place in the body, from which the measurement is made, and the
time and level of activity of the person. The typical body temperature is 37.0
C 0.4C (98.6 F 0.7F). When the body temperature is high, the blood
vessels within the skin expand (dilate) to carry the excess heat to the patients
skin surface. One may begin to sweat, and as the sweat evaporates, it helps to
cool his/her body. When one is too cold, the blood vessel narrows (contracts)
so that blood flow to the skin is reduced to conserve body heat. This may
cause an involuntary shivering in some people due to cold which is a rapid
contraction of the muscles. This extra muscle activity helps to generate more
heat. Under normal condition, thus keeping one's body temperature within a
narrow, safe range. Body temperature is regulated by neural feedback
mechanism which operate primarily
through the
hypothalamus. The
hypothalamus contains not only the control mechanisms, but also the key
temperature sensors. Under control of these mechanisms, sweating begins
almost precisely at a skin temperature of 37C and increases rapidly as the
skin temperature rises above this value. The heat production of the body
under these conditions remains almost constant as the skin temperature
rises. If the skin temperature drops below 37C a variety of responses are
initiated to conserve the heat in the body and to increase heat production.
These includes: Vasoconstriction to decrease the flow of heat to the skin,
Cessation of sweating, shivering to increase heat production in the muscles,
Secretion of nor epinephrine, epinephrine, and thyroxin to increase heat
production.
Another vital thing to monitor in a patient is the heartbeat rate. It is
very important that the heartbeat is to be normal. That is 72 BPM. If there is
any abnormality, then the patient is in distress. Heartbeat rate means the
number of heartbeats per unit of time. The normal heartbeat rate of a resting
person is about 70 bpm for adult males and 75 bpm for adult females. The
average heartbeat per minute for 25-year old ranges between 140-170 beats
per minute while for a 60-year old it is typically between 115-140 beats
per minute and body temperature is 37 degree Celsius or 98.6 Fahrenheit. .
Normally it is difficult to keep track of the abnormalities in the heartbeat
count of by manual means. Patients are not well versed with the manual
treatments, which the doctors normally use for tracking the count of the
heartbeat. Thus, there must be some kind of device which would help patients
and their family member to keep track of their health by themselves. This
sole reason is why this project presents a heartbeat and temperature
monitoring device using radio frequency (RF.). The concept of developing an
RF. based patient monitoring device is to have a simple home and hospital
based pulse and body temperature monitoring device for sick persons that
are in critical condition and needs to be constantly or periodically
monitored by clinician or family.
1.2. WHAT IS A PATIENT
HEARTBEAT
AND
Abstract
Introduction
Literatur
e
Review
Summary
and
conclusion
System
System
implementation
& testing
design
Methodolog
y and system
analysis
threshold value given for the device is between 20 to 120 pulses per minute
for heart beat indication and 18 degrees Celsius to 38 degrees Celsius for
temperature.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. MEDICAL MONITORING DEVICE
Medical monitor devices are of integrated technology and are found in
the area of electronics, computers, material and information Engineering. It
plays an important role in the medical/patient simulation system. With the
help of the medical monitoring systems, a doctor can get an up to date
information of a patient. In any modern society, the physical condition and
safety of patients has attracted more and more attention. Patients, who are
merely over conscious of their health are easily susceptible to the
unexpected situations, such as contraction of diseases/infections as well as
some kind of sickness because they take their health issues for granted. Thus,
for a good guarantee of the patients daily life, a monitor designed for this
purpose is needed. This monitoring device requires wearable bracelet bangle
connected to the device from where the body temperature and heart condition
is monitored. This study aims at the designing of a patient monitoring device
with good stability, wearable, low power consumption, low cost and high anti
jamming ability, which enables the doctors to acquaint themselves with the
real-time condition of their patients.
Today, many treadmills and elliptical machines often have these monitors
built in them to check the rate of the heartbeat at any given time. These
monitoring devices are also very important to cyclists and athletes because it
prevent them from over training or under training. The very first monitoring
device with heartbeat rate (without a body temperature detector) was
invented in 1975 by writer, lecturer and inventor Gregory Lekhtman.
Lekhtman continues to design fitness electronic devices for his international
award winning company, Biosig Instruments Incoporated. He has also
collaborated with fitness equipment manufacturers such as Sony, Polar and
Nordic Track. By 1977, improvements were made on the original heart rate
monitor, and the Polar Electro Company produced the first wireless heart rate
monitor. It was specifically used in training the Finnish National Cross
Country Ski team. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, heart rate monitors
were available in stores abroad for consumers.
2.3. FUNCTIONS OF THE PATIENT HEALTHCARE MONITORS
Patient heart rate monitors can perform many functions beyond
tracking of heart rate in real time. One of the features is that when one enters
an information and programming of choice within the machine, the monitor
can average the persons heartbeat rate and estimate how many calories the
person burns per hour. The information obtained can be downloaded into a
computer for tracking purposes. On cardiovascular machines like the
treadmill or elliptical trainer, once information is entered like age and
program, the machine can adjust the body resistance until it reaches the
desired zone for the heartbeat rate. One of the existing patients monitoring
system demonstrated below in this literature review is a technique that
measures the heartbeat rate by sensing the change in blood volume in a
finger artery (or mostly wrist artery) while the heart is pumping blood. The
system consists of an infrared LED that transmits an IR. signal through
the fingertip or wrist of the subject, a part of which is reflected by the blood
cells. The reflected signal is detected by a photo diode sensor. The changing
blood volume with heartbeat results in a train of pulses at the output of the
photo diode, the magnitude of which is too small to be detected directly by a
microcontroller. A two-stage high gain, active low pass filter is designed for
the system using two operational amplifiers (Op-Amps) to filter and
amplify the signal to appropriate voltage level so that the pulses can be
counted by the microcontroller, (PIC16F628A). Finally, the detected heart
rate was displayed on a three (3)-digit seven- segment display. The
schematic circuit diagram of the system is shown in figure 2.1 below.
The IR. Diode transmits an infrared light into the fingertip (placed over
the sensor unit), and the photodiode senses the portion of the light that is
reflected back. The intensity of reflected light depends upon the blood
volume inside the fingertip blood vessel. Thus, each heartbeat slightly alters
the amount of reflected infrared light that can be detected by the photodiode.
With a proper signal conditioning, this little change in the amplitude of the
reflected light can be converted into a pulse. The pulses can later be counted
by a microcontroller to determine the heartbeat rate. A circuit diagram of the
signal conditioning of the system is as shown below:
becomes
input. In
other
"differential amplifier".
Linear Output
In the above system design, a signal conditioning circuit consists of two
identical active low pass filters with a cut-off frequency of about 2.5 Hz. This
means that the maximum measurable heart rate is about 150 bpm. The
operational amplifier IC used in this circuit is MCP602, a dual op-amp chip
from Microchip. It operates at a single power supply and provides rail-to-rail
output swing. The filtering is necessary to block any high frequency noise
present in the signal. The gain of each filter stage is set to 101, giving the
total amplification of about 10000. A 1uF capacitor at the input of each stage is
required to block any unwanted DC component in the signal. The equations for
calculating gain and cut-off frequency of the active low pass filter are shown in
the circuit diagram. The two-stage amplifier/filter provides sufficient gain to
boost the weak signal coming from the photo sensor unit and converts it into a
pulse. An LED connected at the output blinks every time a heartbeat is
detected. The output from the signal conditioner goes to the T0CKI input of
PIC16F628A. The display unit of the system comprises of a 3-digit, common
anode, seven segment module that is driven using multiplexing technique. The
segments a-g are driven through PORT-B pins RB0-RB6, respectively. The
units, tens and hundreds digits are multiplexed with RA2, RA1, and RA0
port pins. A tact switch input is connected to RB7 pin. This is to start the
heart rate measurement. Once the start button is pressed, the microcontroller
activates the IR. transmission in the sensor unit for 15 sec. During this interval,
the number of pulses arriving at the T0CKI input is counted. The actual heart
rate would be 4 times the count value, and the resolution of measurement would
be four. The IR. transmission is controlled through RA3 pin of PIC16F628A
microcontroller. The microcontroller runs at 4.0 MHz using an external crystal.
A regulated +5V power supply is derived from an external 9V battery using an
LM7805 regulator IC.
2.1 PRESENT DESIGN
There are some systems present in the market but all are having some
defect. What makes this project different form the past existing products is its
wireless communication and method of monitoring of patients. This project can
monitor the patient and utilize a radio frequency (RF.) module for a free
CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS
3.1 SYSTEM DESIGN
A patient monitoring system-using RF. is meant to detect abnormal pulses
and temperature on a patients body. The system methodology includes using a
radio frequency (RF.) module to transmit a warning signal to a receiver where
a specialist (doctor), nurse or anyone can be alerted to attend to the patient.
The system repeatedly alerts the concerned persons until the patient recovers.
This system has the advantages of high stability, wearable, low power
consumption, high anti-jamming ability and seldom region limit because of the
RF. This proposed method is designed using top to ground design
implementation techniques. The two main parts of the system design is the
detection module and the RF. communication module. The detection module
must be placed on the patients hand while the RF. communication module will
always be with the specialist (doctor) or the patients family members, so that
whenever there is abnormality on the patients temperature, they can easily be
informed to control the situation.
The detection module mainly includes physical signal detection module
designed like a wristwatch or bracelet. Due to the wrist type sensor (physical
signal detection module), it is convenient for patients to operate and take with
them comfortably. The wireless detection module consists of the patients
wrist type body sensor, an analog to digital converter (ADC), a clock pulse
circuit, a microcontroller (MCU) and a regulated 9 volts battery power supply
(PSU) as shown in the system design structural chart shown in figure 3.1
bellow:
CLO
CK
PULSE
ADC UNIT
PSU
MCU
The first step in the system design procedure was to gather the required
information for the quoted system design specifications. The exact system
components to be used were calculated and placed on a computer aided
design software (Proteus 7) used for the design simulation of the paper design. A
code written in assemble language program using MIDE was used to actualize
the design program. The program is written based
on AT89C2051 specific
instructions.
3.2 SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.2.1 Sensor unit
The patient wrist type body sensor is made of LM35 integrated circuit. The
LM35 is used to acquire signal more especially, the body temperature of the
patient while a microcontroller processes it. The three common sensors used for
this
particular
task
are
thermistors,
thermocouples
and
resistance
R max = 780k
R= square root of (R min*R max) = Square root of (1.50k
* 780k ).
The value of the variable resistor (RP 4.7K) in the sensor unit as shown in
the schematic circuit diagram above (Figure 3.3) is used to set a maximum
limit of sensor control points. When the body temperature exceeds the limit, a
warning sound occurs; the alert sound attracts the users attention. The
warning sound is also sent to the doctor or the family members of the patient
using RF.
3.3 WIRELESS DETECTION MODULE
The wireless detection module is used to transmit the acquired values as
detected by the sensor. These physical parameters or value will be converted from
analog signal to digital data for further processing. The digital data after been
processed by the microcontroller unit is then transmitted into the air by an RF.
module. At the receiving end, the job of the RF. communication module
(receiver unit) is to detect those incoming digital values from the air and
demodulate (transform) the signal into sound. The output sound produced is by
an output transducer called buzzer. A buzzer is an electrical component that
converts electrical signal into sound. The most fundamental choice to be made
in the design of the wireless detection module is the selection of its operating
frequency. The RF. signal must comply with government regulations and wireless
standards. Currently, frequencies used for wireless systems include 315 MHz,
433 MHz, 868 MHz (for Europe and Nigeria), 915 MHz (North America), and
the 2.45-GHz Industrial-Scientific- Medical (ISM) band. The 2.45-GHz band
Input
The microcontroller determines the number of times the output will sound
the buzzer {alarm}. This decision is vital to avoid fake alert from the sensor unit.
The output of the microcontroller is connected to a transistor as shown in figure
3.5 as buffer. The transistor is an amplifier known as ransiator buffer.
Pin description
Vcc: Supply voltage.
GND: Ground.
On the other hand, when this pin goes low, the transistor BC547 is
switched off and no current flow through the transistor. The collector voltage then
equals to that of VCC (+5V). Thus, the potential at the point of RF. power
connected to the power supply of transmitting module is high and switches
on the transmitting module. Therefore, power can be saved for a long running
the sensor node activities. The RF. module switches ON only when there is
signal at the sensor unit.
3.5 POWER SUPPLY UNIT
The power supply unit is a regulated 5v supply powered from a 9 volts
battery. The battery "cycle" is one complete discharge and recharge cycle. It
usually discharges from 100% to 20%, and then back to 100%. The battery life
is directly related to how deep the battery is cycled each time. If the
batterys is discharged to 50% every day, it will last about twice as long as if it is
cycled to 80% depth of discharge (DOD). If cycled only 10% DOD, it will last
about 5 times as long as one cycled to 50%. The battery powers the project
through an LM7805 DC voltage regulator, which keeps the output voltage
supply constant. A voltage regulator has only three legs as shown below:
heat sink
Name
Voltage
Lm 7805
+ 5 volts
Lm 7809
+9 volts
Lm7812
+12 volts
Lm 7905
-5 volts
Lm 7909
-9 volts
Lm 7912
-12 volts
The LM78xx series of voltage regulators are designed for positive inputs
while LM79xx series are used for negative input.
3.6 ALARM UNIT
The alarm unit of this device is a buzzer connected to the microcontroller
output at the RF. communication module. A transistor amplifier is used to
strengthen the signal of the microcontroller before it gets to the buzzer. A 4.7K
and 2.2k resistor is used to bias the base of the transistor. The collector of the
transistor is connected to the positive supply through the buzzer, while the
emitter terminal is connected to the negative terminal. Figure 3.8 shows the
1k
P2.728
vcc
VCC
VCC
Buzzer
4.7k
P2.6 27
2k
GND
3.7.2 Capacitor:
Capacitors are two-terminal electrical component separated by a dielectric
(insulator) and used for storing electric charges. It consists of metal foils
separated by a layer of insulating film. When there is a potential difference
(voltage) across the insulated films, a static electric field develops across the
dielectric, causing positive charge to attract on one plate and negative charge on
the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is
characterized by a single constant value. Capacitance is measured in farads.
Capacitors are widely used for blocking direct current while allowing
alternating current to pass. In this project, it is used as a filter network, for
smoothening the output of the power supply and preventing radio frequency
interface.
3.7.3 Resistors:
A resistor is a linear, passive, two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a
"off") type.
3.7.5 Transistor:
A transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or
switch electronic signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a
semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an
external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's
terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals.
Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling
(input) power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is
the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and its presence is
ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. The bipolar junction transistor (BJT)
was the first type of transistor to be mass- produced. Bipolar transistors are so
named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The
three terminals of the BJT are named- emitter, base, and collector. The BJT
consists of two p-n junctions: the baseemitter junction and the basecollector
junction, separated by a thin region of semiconductor known as the base region
(two junction diodes
wired
together
without
sharing
an
intervening
recombine at the junction), and electrons are injected into the base region.
Because the base is narrow, most of these electrons will diffuse into the reversebiased (electrons and holes are formed at, and move away from the junction)
base- collector junction and be swept into the collector; perhaps one-hundredth of
the electrons will recombine in the base, which is the dominant mechanism in
the base current. By controlling the number of electrons that can leave the
base, the number of electrons entering the collector can be controlled. Collector
current is approximately (common-emitter current gain) times the base
current. It is typically greater than 100 for small-signal transistors but can be
smaller in transistors designed for high-power applications. Unlike the FET, the
CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
The final hardware design of this project was implemented on a strip
Vero-board. The Vero-board was inspected of wrong linkages in its line,
which may be a mistake from the manufactures. The holes of the board were
checked to be through for passing the terminals of the components for soldering.
An abrasive paper was used on the soldering section of the board for an easy
binding of the terminals on the board.
Components are usually placed on the plain side of the board, with their
leads protruding through the holes. The leads are then soldered to the copper
tracks on the other side of the board to make the desired connections, and any
excess wire is cut off, the continuous tracks is neatly cut as desired to avoid
continuity between conductors using a hand cutter made for the purpose or a
knife. The tracks may be linked up on either side of the board using wire. With
practice, very neat and reliable assemblies can be created, though such a
method is labor-intensive and therefore unsuitable for production. Vero-board is
also called strip board. It is a widely used type of electronic board used
mostly for the production of prototypes. It is characterized by features such
as: 0.1 inch (2.54 mm) regular (rectangular) grid of holes, with wide parallel
strips of copper cladding running in one direction all the way across one side
of the board. In using the board, breaks are made in the tracks, usually around
holes, to divide the strips into multiple electrical nodes.
and latter replaced to the RF. wireless module so that it can send an alert to
another location where the receiver is. A 9 volts battery was used to energize the
system and the microcontroller chip was programmed using assembly language
programming. The code are written in an editor called MIDE and burned in the
chip using a programming machine.
LDR1
C3
Q3
2N3702
10u
R3
1k
U1
TORCH_LDR
19
C2
18
Q2
10u
XTAL1
XTAL2
2N3392
9
X1
RST
CRYSTAL29
PSEN ALE EA
30
31
R2
39
P0.0/AD0
P0.1/AD1 38
P0.2/AD2 37
P0.3/AD3 36
P0.4/AD4 35
P0.5/AD5 34
P0.6/AD6 33
P0.7/AD7 32
R4
10k
P2.0/A8 21
P2.1/A9 22
P2.2/A10 23
P2.3/A11 24
P2.4/A12 25
P2.5/A13 26
P2.6/A14 27
P2.7/A15 28
C1
10u
1
P3.0/RXD 10
P1.0
2
P3.1/TXD 11
P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7
3
P3.2/INT0 12
AT89C51
4
P3.3/INT1 13
5
P3.4/T0 14
6
P3.5/T1 15
7
P3.6/WR 16
8
P3.7/RD 17
10k
Q1
2N3392
Q5
2N3702
BUZ1(1)
BUZ1
BUZZER
CHAPTER FIVE
SYSTEM TESTING AND PACKAGING
5.1 SYSTEM TEST
After the design and implementation phase, the system has to be tested for
durability, efficiency, and effectiveness and to ascertain if there is need to
modify the design. The system was first assembled using a breadboard. The
system was first powered (switched) ON and the patient sensor was placed on a
hot iron. As the temperature of the iron increased above 37 o C, an alarm was
sounded at the RF. communication module unit, indicating that the system is in
good working condition. Therefore, if a patients body temperature increases, the
sensor can detect it and trigger an alarm at the sensor receiver end. During the
breadboard practical experimentation, all components were properly inserted
into the breadboard from where some tests were carried out at various stages.
To ensure proper functioning of components, a test was carried out using a
digital multi-meter (DMM). Resistors were tested to ensure that they were within
the tolerance value. Faulty resistors were discarded .The LM7905 voltage
regulator was also tested, the resulting output was 5.02v, which is just a
deviation of 0.20v from the expected value of 5.00v.The RF. modules and
microcontrollers, were tested to ensure that they were all working properly.
Red probe
st
Collector
Base
nd
Emitter
Base
1 test on pins
2 test on pins
From the table above, the range between the expected value and the actual
value can be obtained. However, there may be a drift in value from the
expected data due to the tolerance of the transistor. The drift in the expected
value would not have any adverse effect on the device as long as the current
range was not exceeded as well as the operational voltage.
CHAPTER SIX
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
6.1 SUMMARY
Heartbeat rate and temperature monitor using radio frequency RF. as its
mode of communication is a highly sensitive device designed and constructed
with the sole aim of combating untimely death caused by cardio-vascular
arrest popularly known as heart attack and excessive body temperature which can
induce a lot of sickness on the body such as malaria, headache, ulcer and other
forms of illness which can be turbulent on the human health. The
microcontroller chip plays a key role in the operation of this device. It is
programmed to detect changes in the heartbeat condition and body temperature.
The alarm unit alerts the concerned persons on the situation of the patient at any
instant. The receiver decodes the alert signal and translates it into a readable
output for the doctor/family members of the patient to be able to understand.
The mechanism of the design is simple and handy to allow for mobility. This
device will go a long way in reducing unforeseen situation which claims the
lives of millions of people almost on weekly basis all over the world due to
inadequate/delay in healthcare delivery to patients with a fragile heat condition.
6.3 CONCLUSION
The planning, design, implementation/execution of this project has really
been a tough one. The configuration of the various units into one unit to
obtain a desired output of detecting the heartbeat rate through pulses from the
blood vessels on the wrist/thumb, and monitoring of the body temperature
took a lot of courage and the application of the technical (and theoretical)
initiative of the Engineering practice to execute. Thus, this device (integrated
with modern technology) have been initiated to help in regularizing the health
condition of most individuals by keeping track of their heartbeat rate condition
as well as a constant monitoring of their body temperature. Thus, alerting the
family members on the patients real time health situation using RF. as the mode
of communication interfaced with LM35 technique.
6.4 RECOMMENDATION
This project, though a prototype design, is recommended for use at the
hospitals and at homes for certain individuals who are prone to cardiac arrests or
any form of cardio-vascular infection/disease. Patients who occasionally
develop an excessive body temperature can as well make use of this device to
help them to know their temperature status at a given instant. Athletes,
footballers, cyclists and all those who involve themselves with tedious
activities can also make use of this device. For future development, the device
can be reconfigured and interfaced with the GSM modem and Bluetooth
technology.
REFERENCES
Allen J. (2007): Photoplethysmography and its application in clinical
physiological measurement, India, Wajal press Int.
Brown .W.C. (2011): The History of Transmission by Radio Waves, Artech
House press.
Burke, E. (2010): Precision Heart Rate Training, A self Guide. International
Conference, University of Toronto Canada. Prentice Hall.
Debra .M. (2008): Range of Heart Rates per Minute and Average Heart Rate for
Various Ages. http://www.smm.org/heart/lessons/lesson1.htm).
Drinnan .M. J, Allen. J and Murray .A. (2001): "Relation between heart rate and
pulse transit time during paced respiration", Physiol. Meas. Electronic
press.
Gardiol .F. E. (2001): Introduction to Microwaves, Dedham Mass Inc.
Jeong. C. (2006): A new method to estimate arterial blood pressure using Photoplethysmographic signal, Platinum press.
Mohammad .F. and Jamaluddin .B. (2008): Wireless Heart Rate Monitor,
Teknology press.
Mohd .F. O. (2011): Developing a Heartbeat Monitoring System Using PIC
Microcontroller. Thesis B. KUiTTHO pub.
Pter .C and Balzs .S. (2009): Development and Applications of A Home
Health Monitoring Device, Kuala Lumpur, Kuncicky works.
Sara .S. and Bill. Z. (2008): Photo-plethysmograph. IEEE International
conference extract. Vol. MTT-32, pp.1230-1242.
Shelley. K. H. and Stout .R. G., (2004): "The Use of Joint Time Frequency
Analysis of the Pulse Oximeter Waveform to Measure The Respiratory
APPENDIX A
SYSTEM COMPONENTS LIST
1. Vero Board and LM35
2. Connection Wire and IC sockets
3. Toggle switch
4. Light Emitting Diode
5. Soldering Iron
7. 9v battery
8. Rectifier Diodes
9. 2200uf /25V Capacitor
10. 10uf 16V Capacitor
11. 30pf capacitor
12. Resistors
13. 7805 Voltage Regulator
15. 16 MHz crystal oscillator, AT89S51 Micro controller
17 IC Base Socket (40 pins), Transistors
APPENDIX B
FEATURES OF THE
MICROCONTROLLER
Programmable serial channel
Compatible with MCS-51TM product
4Kbytes of in-system Reprogrammable flash memory - Endurance: 1,000
write/Erase cycles
Fully static operation:0Hz to 24MHz
Three-level program memory lock
128 x 8-bit internal RAM
32 programmable I/O lines
Two 16-bit timer/counters
Six interrupt sources
Low-power idle and power-down modes.
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