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Use of DRI in EAFs
Gregory L. Dressel
Dressel Technologies
Pawleys Island, SC
Part III: Slag Practices and Oxygen/Carbon Injection when Melting Direct
Reduced Iron
Introduction
When melting DRI or HBI in an EAF, a well designed slag
combined with proper oxygen and carbon injection practices leads
to higher yields, lower energy consumption, reduced refractory
wear and consistent tap to tap times. Dissolved hydrogen and
nitrogen contents in liquid steel are lowered due to the boil
caused by using DRI when combined with a good foaming slag.
Depending on the percentage of DRI used in the charge, the
slag and oxygen/carbon injection practices must be substantially
different as compared to a furnace melting 100% scrap. DRI is
very unlike scrap from the standpoint of metallic content.
Scrap is inherently composed of iron. While many non-metallic
materials may be mixed into a pile of scrap, the intrinsic
pieces of steel scrap usually have around a 98 to 99% metallic
iron content.
DRI or HBI has a 79 to 89% metallic iron content. The
remainder of the DRI or HBI is made up of FeO, carbon,
phosphorous, sulfur and gangue. A slag must be designed to
neutralize the acid material contained in the gangue to protect
the basic lined EAF; to remove the phosphorous from the melt;
and to promote foaming. Knowledge of the DRI FeO and carbon
content is essential when designing the oxygen and carbon
injection practices. DRI can be classified as either
carburizing or decarburizing.
Slag Additions when Melting DRI
An operator needs to estimate the chemical composition of
all raw materials put into the EAF during the melt: scrap, DRI
or HBI, quick lime, dolomitic lime, injectable coke or graphite,
oxygen and charge carbon. The desired tap carbon, temperature
and phosphorous levels should also be known. As a rule of thumb,
EAF slag FeO levels are approximated by the formula: % FeO =
10% + 1/%C.
gregdressel@dresseltech.com
All tonnage electric arc furnaces melting DRI or HBI have

a basic lining. This is due to the need to remove phosphorous
and sulfur from the melt. With this in mind an operator needs
to make a basic slag in the EAF.
Depending on the nature of the operation, the basicity
ratio, CaO/SiO2, may range from 0.9 to 2.5. Factors such as
yield, energy and refractory consumption, slag foaming and slag
weight are affected by the basicity. Slag composition during a
melt varies with time due to the continuous charging of quick
lime and dolomitic lime simultaneously with DRI or HBI and
increasing FeO content from oxygen injection.
As a general rule, slag needs to be fluid to work in the
EAF. A highly viscous slag containing solid lumps of lime does
not react with the liquid steel melt nor does it foam. Except
in certain instances, the use of calcium fluoride, CaF2, (Spar)
as a slag liquifier should be avoided in the EAF due to the
excessive wear it causes to the EAF refractory lining.
In designing a slag composition an operator must first
determine all the contributors of silicon or silica. Sources
can include the DRI or HBI, ash in the coal charges or coke
breeze injectants, steel scrap, iron castings, quick lime and
dolomitic lime additions. In the case of silicon contained in
iron castings or steel scrap, the operator needs to convert the
Si to SiO2 by the following formula: wt. Si x 60/28 = wt. SiO2.
Next the weights of all silica additions are summed. When
initially adding DRI or HBI an operator should begin with a
desired basicity around 1.8 (CaO/SiO2). The total CaO addition
is determined as follows: wt. SiO2 x desired basicity = wt.
CaO. A series of trials should be conducted which include slag
chemistry analysis. Based on the data, fine tuning of a good
computer driven charge model will help to manage slag
chemistries after the initial trials.
If MgO is not added to the slag, it will be leached from
the furnace refractory lining and dissolved into the slag. After
determining the basisity, one should design into the slag a 6 to
12 % MgO addition.1 Direct heating of the slag by the electric
arc in the EAF enables the slag to shape up quickly. The MgO
can be obtained from dolomitic lime or MgO fines blown into the
slag.
By knowing the quick lime and dolomitic lime compositions

an operator can then calculate the flux addition weights.*
Depending on the charge weight of DRI or HBI, SiO2 gangue
content, aim tap phosphorous levels and slag FeO percentage, the
total lime addition to the EAF may range from 25 to 70 kg/tap
ton.
Slag of sufficient volume to cover the arc during foaming
needs to be available in the EAF. Foaming slag has a specific
gravity 1/3 that of normal slag. This leads to a threefold
increase in slag height so that minor decreases in the slag
weight will not lead to an exposed arc during foaming
operations.
When melting, it is important to keep the slag in the EAF
until foaming causes the slag to spill out of the furnace door.
Early slag coming out of the EAF represents lost energy and
yield. Tilting the EAF 3 to 5 degrees towards the tapping pit
will minimize premature slag spillage.
Oxygen and Carbon Injection Practices
DRI as an iron bearing raw material is unique in that it
carries its own supply of both carbon and oxygen. At a weight
ratio of 3 units carbon to 4 units oxygen the material can be
said to have a stoichiometrically balanced carbon content. At a
C/O weight ratio greater than 0.75 the DRI is carburizing while
at a ratio less than 0.75 the DRI is decarburizing.
As a quick rule of thumb, at 298 K (25oC or 77oF) 1 nm3
oxygen gas will oxidize 1 kg of carbon.
Example 1.
Fe(total)%
92.1
Fe Metallic %
87.5
C%
1.5
Based on this composition the DRI contains 1.31 % oxygen

tied to the unreduced Fe. The weight ratio of carbon to oxygen
is 1.15 so this material is carburizing. If the furnace is
charged with 60 tonne of DRI, approximately 288 nm3 oxygen gas
will be needed to completely oxidize the 308 kg of excess carbon
in the DRI.
Example 2.
Note:
Fe(total)%
93.2
All tons are metric
Fe Metallic %
83.2
C%
1.1
Based on this composition the DRI contains about 2.85 %

oxygen tied to the unreduced Fe. The weight ratio of carbon to
oxygen is 0.39 so this material is decarburizing. In this
example, if the furnace is charged with 60 tons of DRI an
additional 622 kg carbon will be needed in solution to reduce
all of the FeO in the DRI to Fe.
As the DRI is melted, CO gas is formed. This causes a
natural boiling action, which leads to the removal of dissolved
nitrogen and hydrogen. If the slag on top of the melt is fluid
it will foam.
In many cases, the oxygen supplied by the FeO far exceeds
the requirements of the intrinsic carbon contained in the DRI.
This will necessitate the addition of carbon to the bath. Some
melt shops may initially charge from 500 to 1500 kg of coal or
nut coke to the liquid heel at the start of the melt. This is a
good practice provided that the heel is of sufficient volume to
absorb the charge carbon.
If the DRI is decarburizing, then the injection of carbon
directly into the liquid steel bath becomes imperative. During
the course of the melt, coke breeze or graphite particles, 0.1
to 3.0 mm, are injected into the bath. Carbon must be added to
reduce the FeO to Fe. This is an endothermic reaction.
Consumable lances are the preferred mechanism for injecting
carbon and oxygen when melting heats containing 60 % or greater
DRI. Depending on the EAF hearth geometry and initial charge
weight, DRI continuous feeding may start when the liquid bath
level is 700 mm or more below the door breast. While water
cooled lances are very good for melting scrap, a consumable
lance can extend far into the EAF and inject carbon and oxygen
below the slag/metal interface.
If excess carbon is injected the operator can
simultaneously blow oxygen into the bath to cause an exothermic
reaction and form CO gas. This promotes early slag foaming and
an energy saving of 2 to 4 kWh per nM3 O2 gas.
In an excellent report, IMEXA steel reports injecting
carbon at 25 kg/min carbon per lance and using a total amount of
3000 nM3 O2 gas based on a 220 ton tap weight. At the end of the
melt the carbon injection rate per lance is increased to 30
kg/min.2
When foaming starts in the EAF a dramatic drop in sound

occurs. Based on measurements made by the writer, the sound
level may drop from 127 dB down to 104 dB. An operator should
reduce the carbon injection rate when the sound decreases.
Controlling the rate of carbon injection (foaming) based on
sound intensity can be easily automated with the use of a dB
meter.
References:
1.
2.
William T. Lankford,Jr., et. al., ed., The Making Shaping

and Treating of Steel, 10th Edition, United States Steel
Corp, 1985, Figure 16-4, pg 804.
R.D. Morales, et. al.,The Slag Foaming Practice in EAF and
Its Influence on the Steelmaking Shop Productivity, ISIJ
International, Vol. 35 (1995) No. 9, pp.1054-1062.
Biographical Information
Gregory L. Dressel, P.Engr. is a metallurgist working in private
practice. Mr. Dressel provides consulting services to suppliers
and steelmakers in starting up new equipment or improving
existing operations. He consults on raw material selection,
operator training, melting practices, ladle refining, continuous
casting and quality engineering. He can be contacted by E-Mail:
gregdressel@dresseltech.com or phone and fax at +1 843 237-8337.

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Use of DRI in EAFs

All tonnage electric arc furnaces melting DRI or HBI have

By knowing the quick lime and dolomitic lime compositions

Based on this composition the DRI contains 1.31 % oxygen

All tons are metric

Based on this composition the DRI contains about 2.85 %

When foaming starts in the EAF a dramatic drop in sound

William T. Lankford,Jr., et. al., ed., The Making Shaping

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