Dimple Jacket Heat Transfer Estimation

JACKETS
Photo courtesy of Paul Mueller Co.
and
FRICTION
in DIMPLE
HEAT TRANSFER
Energy Transfer and Conversion
Use these correlations to determine the

overall heat-transfer coefficient and the
frictional pressure drop in dimple jackets.
John Garvin,
Madison Technical Software Inc.
imple jackets are frequently used

to heat or cool process vessels in
the chemical process industries
(CPI). Among their advantages:
They are relatively inexpensive to fabricate. Relatively light-gauge stainless steel can be used for
cooling medium pressures of 6 to 8 bar, since the
jacket is supported on a grid of plug welds. Dimple
jackets have far better heat-transfer characteristics
than conventional jackets due to the turbulence generated by the dimples. Heat transfer can be augmented by increasing jacket velocities through the use of
jacket baffles. For differential heating or cooling,
jackets can be segmented into zones. Dimple jackets
can be fitted to both cylindrical and dished portions
of a process vessel.
Unlike for other jacket types (e.g., half-pipe, conventional, baffled conventional, agitated convention-
al), generalized prediction methods for heat transfer

and frictional pressure drop in dimple jackets have
not been available. This article presents correlations
that are suitable for general use.
Database and correlations

Correlations for heat transfer and pressure drop
in dimple jackets are derived by analyzing other hydraulically similar nonuniform ducted flows. Flows
in dimple jackets, continuous fin-tube exchangers,
and pin-fin exchangers are all examples of nonuniform ducted flows. They are characterized by flow
through banks of rods, tubes, dimples, or similar obstructions confined between parallel plates.
Heat-transfer and pressure-drop correlations were
obtained from Refs. 13 for pin-fin plate-fin surfaces, finned circular tubes, and finned flat tubes
(1), pin-fin exchangers (2), and fin-tube exchangers
CEP
April 2001
www.aiche.org/cep/
73
Energy Transfer and Conversion
(3). The data were validated and experimentally derived

based on known test conditions.
The Coburn heat-transfer factor is given by the following correlation:
j = 0.0845(w/x)0.368(Amin/Amax)0.383Re0.305
(1)
All fluid properties are evaluated at bulk flow conditions. The equation is valid for Reynolds numbers from
1,000 through 50,000, with an average absolute error of
9.8% and a maximum error of 30% over 116 data points.
From a knowledge of the Coburn j-factor, the jacketside film coefficient can immediately be calculated by:
j = Nu/RePr0.33
major manufacturer of dimple jackets. The j-values from

the vendor were an average of 1520% lower than the values predicted by the correlation over the normal range of
operation. The deviation was largest at low jacket velocities (less than 0.5 m/s). At high flow rates (average jacket
velocities greater than 1.5 m/s), there was good agreement
between the vendors data and the correlation.
Flow coefficient correlation

No useful correlation for the flow coefficient, K, for
Reynolds numbers less than 5,000 could be developed. For
Re > 5,000, Eq. 4 can be used, with an average absolute
error of 10.6% and a maximum error of 25% over 62
datapoints.
(2)
K
Nu = hd0/k
(3)
This correlation was compared with proprietary heattransfer information for dimple jackets obtained from a
Nomenclature
Any consistent set of units may be used. Refer to Figure 1 for
clarification of dimple jacket geometry.
Amin
Amax
A
c
de
d0
d1
d2
f
hj
hjf
hw
hv
j
k
K
Nu
Pmin
Pr
Q
Re
U
Vmax
w
x
z
Pt
T
74
= minimum flow area = z(w d0)

= maximum (unrestricted) flow area = zw
= heat-transfer area
= specific heat of jacket fluid
= equivalent diameter of minimum flow area = 4Amin/Pmin
= mean or equivalent external diameter of dimple = (d1 + d2)/2
= smaller dimple diameter
= larger dimple diameter
= Fanning friction factor = deK/(4x)
= film coefficient in dimple jacket
= fouling coefficient in dimple jacket
= coefficient for vessel wall
= film coefficient in vessel
= Coburn heat-transfer factor = Nu/RePr1/3
= thermal conductivity of jacket fluid
= flow coefficient = Pt/(Vmax2/2) = 4fx/de
= Nusselt number = hjd0/k
= perimeter of minimum flow area
= Prandtl number = c/k
= heat-transfer rate
= Reynolds Number =d0Vmax/
= overall heat-transfer coefficient
= maximum jacket velocity = Q/Amin
= transverse center-to-center distance between adjacent dimples
= center-to-center distance between dimples parallel to flow
= height of minimum flow area
= pressure drop per dimple row
= temperature difference between jacket and vessel fluids
= density of jacket fluid
= viscosity of jacket fluid
www.aiche.org/cep/
= 0.135 + 0.937(w/z)0.575 (Amin/Amax)2.10Re0.33 (4)
April 2001
CEP
With a knowledge of the flow coefficient K, the pressure

drop per dimple (and total pressure drop across the jacket)
can be calculated from:
K = Pt /(Vmax2/2)
(5)
Additional allowances for entry and exit losses should

be made.
Proprietary pressure-drop data from three manufacturers showed significant scatter about this correlation. There
was good agreement with one firms dimple plate data,
however.
Sample calculation
Figure 1 defines the geometry of a dimple jacket.
A stainless steel vessel with a 1,000-mm internal diameter, 1,000-mm tan-to-tan measurement, and 7-mm
wall has a dimple jacket fitted to 75% of its cylindrical
portion. The dimples are laid out on a square 75-mm
pitch (i.e., x = w = 0.075 m). Dimple diameters d1 and
d2 are 30 mm and 60 mm, respectively. The dimple
depth is 25 mm (i.e., z = 0.025 m). There is a single
baffle fitted in the jacket. The jacket is supplied with
250 L/min of chilled water at 5C. The vessel is filled
with water at 80C. Assuming a vessel-side film coefficient of 2,400 W/m2K, calculate the overall heat-transfer coefficient and heat-transfer rate for clean and
fouled conditions.
Flow rate per dimple. On entry to the jacket, the 250
L/min splits into two flows of 125 L/min, one passing
clockwise around the jacket and the other passing counterclockwise. These flows meet at the far side of the vessel, reverse in direction around the jacket baffle, and flow
toward the outlet. The overall height of the jacket is 750
mm split into two passes by the jacket baffle. There are
five dimples (5 mm 75 mm) across each pass of 375
mm, resulting in 125/5 = 25 L/min per dimple =
0.0004167 m3/s.
Minimum
Flow Area
d2
Dimple
Plug Weld
d1
Vessel
Wall
Section A - A
Flow
Figure 1. Dimple jacket geometry.
Literature Cited
1. Kays, W. M, and A. L. London, Compact Heat Exchangers,
3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York (1984).
2. Theoclitus, G., Heat Transfer and Flow Friction Characteristics
of Nine Pin-Fin Surfaces, Transactions of the ASME, Journal of
Heat Transfer, pp. 383390 (Nov. 1996).
3. Rich, D. G., The Effect of Fin Spacing on the Heat Transfer and
Friction Performance of Multi-Row, Smooth Plate Fin-and-Tube
Heat Exchangers, Paper presented at ASHRAE Annual Meeting,
Louisville, KY (June 2428, 1973).
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Paul Mueller Co. (Springfield, MO), Brighton
Corp. (Cincinnati, OH), and Alloy Crafts Co. (Delphi, IN) for providing some
of the data upon which this work is based.
Physical properties. For water at 5C, = 1,000 kg/m3,

= 1.507 cP = 0.001507 kg/ms, k = 0.5758 W/mK, and
Pr = 11.04. For stainless steel, k = 16 W/mK.
Geometry and Reynolds number. d0 = (0.030 + 0.060)/2
= 0.045 m. Amin = 0.025 (0.075 0.045) = 0.00075 m2.
Amax = 0.025 0.075 = 0.001875 m2. Amin/Amax = 0.40. w/x
= 1. Vmax = 0.0004167/0.00075 = 0.556 m/s. Re =
(0.045)(1,000)(0.556)/ 0.001507 = 16,604.
Jacket film coefficient. The Coburn j-factor is given by
the correlation j = 0.0845(1)0.368(0.40)0.383(16,604)0.305 =
0.0662. The jacket film coefficient is then hj = Nu k/d0 =
(jRePr0.33)k/d0 = (0.0662 16,604 [11.04]0.33)
(0.5758/0.045) = 3132 W/m2K = 551 Btu/ft2hF.
Vessel wall coefficient. hw = 16/0.007 = 2,286 W/m2K =
403 Btu/ft2hF.
Jacket fouling coefficient. A typical jacket-side fouling
coefficient for chilled-water duty is hjf = 1,000 Btu/ft2hF
= 5,680 W/m2K.
Overall coefficient. The overall heat-transfer coefficient
under clean conditions is given by 1/U = 1/hj + 1/hw + 1/hv
= 1/3,132 + 1/2,286 +1/2,400. U = 852 W/m2K = 150
Btu/ft2hF.
With design fouling in the jacket (the vessel is assumed
to be clean), 1/U = 1/hj + 1/hjf + 1/hw + 1/hv = 1/3,132 +
1/5,680 + 1/2,286 + 1/2,400. U = 741 W/m2K = 131
Btu/ft2hF.
Rate of heat transfer. The mean chilled water temperature = 7.5C (the chilled water temperature rises 5C
across the jacket). The vessel temperature is 80C. The
jacket heat-transfer area is (1)(0.75) = 2.36 m2. Note that
the total dimple jacket area is included in the heat-transfer
area; the area occupied by the plug welds is also effective
for heat-transfer purposes because of the fin effect.
With no fouling in the jacket, Qclean = UAT =
852(2.36)(80 7.5) = 145 kW.
With design fouling in the jacket, Qfouled = 741(2.36)(80
CEP
7.5) = 127 kW.
< Discuss This Article! >

To join an online discussion about this article
with the author and other readers, go to the
ProcessCity Discussion Room for CEP articles
at www.processcity.com/cep.
J. GARVIN is president of Madison Technical Software Inc., Westwood, MA

(E-mail: madison@iol.ie). He has over 25 years of experience in the
design and management of chemical and biochemical projects and has
worked as a design engineer and project manager for a range of
engineering and technology companies in Ireland and the U.S. For
Madison Technical Software, he has written and sold commercial
chemical engineering software on physical properties, heat transfer,
and combustion for clients throughout the U.S., Western Europe, and
East Asia. Currently, he is director of process and project engineering
for Callaghan Engineering, Dublin, Ireland.
CEP
April 2001
www.aiche.org/cep/
75

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JACKETS

Photo courtesy of Paul Mueller Co.

Energy Transfer and Conversion

Use these correlations to determine the

imple jackets are frequently used

al), generalized prediction methods for heat transfer

Database and correlations

Energy Transfer and Conversion

(3). The data were validated and experimentally derived

major manufacturer of dimple jackets. The j-values from

Flow coefficient correlation

= minimum flow area = z(w d0)

= 0.135 + 0.937(w/z)0.575 (Amin/Amax)2.10Re0.33 (4)

With a knowledge of the flow coefficient K, the pressure

Additional allowances for entry and exit losses should

Figure 1. Dimple jacket geometry.

Physical properties. For water at 5C, = 1,000 kg/m3,

< Discuss This Article! >

J. GARVIN is president of Madison Technical Software Inc., Westwood, MA

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