NMAT

Chemistry Review

Model
Billiard Ball Model
(Dalton)
Raisin Bread Model
(Thomson)
Nuclear Model
(Rutherford)

Description

Electron
spin

Atoms are hard indestructible spheres

ms

+1/2, -1/2

Atoms are spheres of positive particles

where negative particles are
embedded
Atoms are mostly empty space
Nucleus at the center
Electrons move in outer space

Bohr Model of Hydrogen

Atom

Electrons move in circular orbits

Quantum Mechanical
Model

Electrons move in 3D space around the

nucleus

Daltons Atomic Theory
a. All matter is composed of atoms which are extremely
small and indivisible particles.
b. All atoms of a given element are identical with the
same size, mass, and chemical properties.
c. Atoms of different elements combine with each other
in a definite ratio of small whole numbers to form the
same compound.
d. During a chemical reaction, atoms are either
combined, united or rearranged. None are created or
destroyed.

!! !!!"#$

For Element X,
A = atomic weight
Z = proton number

a. Isotopes: same Z but different A
b. Isotones: different Z and A but same neutron count
c. Isobars: same A but different Z

Average atomic mass
= [(% rel. abundance)(isotopic mass)]1 + [(% rel.
abundance)(isotopic mass)]2

Quantum
Symbol
Value
Description
number
Overall energy of an
Principal
n
1,2,3
atomic orbital
Angular
momentum

0, 1,2 .. (n-1)
0 = s 2 = d
1 = p 3 = f

Magnetic

ml

-I -1, 0, 1 +l

Orientation of electron
magnetic moment in a
magnetic field

a. (n+l) rule

b. Aufbaus principle

c. Hunds rule of
maximum multiplicity

d. Paulis exclusion
principle

EN difference
Bonding
Species

Electron Transfer
1.7
Electrostatic
(Ionic)
Ions

Electron Sharing
<1.7
Covalent
Molecules

Elemental Analysis
Molecular Formula: actual number of atoms present in
one molecule
Empirical Formula: simplest proportion of atoms
present
a. Assume any amount is present, and determine the
mass of each element in the compound.
b. Divide by atomic mass to calculate the number of
Determines angular moles per element present.
c. Determine the simplest proportion of moles in the
momentum and orbital
molecule. The result will be the empirical formula.
shape
Determines angular d. If given the molecular mass, divide it by the
molecular mass of the empirical formula to get the
momentum vector and
that would result in the molecular formula of the
orientation of orbital ifactor
n
compound.
space

Chemical Equations

a. Synthesis
b. Decomposition
c. Single Displacement
d. Double Displacement
e. Oxidation - reduction

Phases of Matter

d. Osmotic pressure

Concentration units
Unit
Molarity

Molality

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
a. Vgas <<< Vcontainer
b. Pressure: collision of gas molecules on the container
walls
c. Perfectly elastic collisions
d. Negligible IFA
e. Average kinetic energy absolute temperature of gas

Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT, where R = 0.08206 L-atm/mol-
K

Law

Constant

Equation

Boyles Law

T, n

P1V1=P2V2

Charles Law

P, n

V1/T1 = V2/T2

Avogadros Law

T, P

n1/V1 = n2/V2

Combined Gas
Equation

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

Gas Density

---

PM = RT

*T = C + 273.15
**at STP (0C, 1 atm), 1 mol of any gas has a volume of
22.413 L

Solutions
Solubility: amount of solute that dissolves in a fixed
quantity of solvent at a given temperature
Factors that affect solubility:
a. Nature of solute and solvent
b. Temperature
c. Pressure
d. Concentration of solutions
Colligative properties:
a. Vapor pressure lowering
b. Boiling point elevation
c. Freezing point depression

Equation

Notes

No. of moles
M = -----------------------
Liter of solution
No. of moles
m = -----------------------
kg of solvent

Same as Formality (F)

Affected by changes in
temperature
Independent of changes
in temperature

Normality

Equivalent weight of solute

N = -----------------------
Liter of solution
*Eq. Wt. = (mass)(factor)/MW

N = M(factor)
+
Acid: H produced in rxn
-
Base: OH produced in rxn
Salt: Total +/- charge
-
Redox: e lost/gained

p-Scale

pX = - log [X in M]

pH = - log [H ]

Dilution: process of lowering the concentration of a
solution by the addition of a solvent
Titration: technique in determining the concentration of
an unknown sample using a known reaction,
concentration and volume of titrant
M1V1 = M2V2

Chemical Thermodynamics
Universe = System + Surroundings
A. Zeroth Law of Thermal Equilibrium
B. First Law of Thermodynamics: Law of Energy
Conservation
U = q + w
H = U + (PV)
Q = mCt
C. Second Law of Thermodynamics
For a reaction to be spontaneous, Suniverse > 0
G = H TS
For physical transformations: S = qr/T
D. Third Law of Thermodynamics
S(0 K, pure crystal) = 0

Chemical Kinetics
Theories: Collision Theory

Transition State Theory
Factors: a. Nature of reactants

b. Surface area

c. Catalyst

d. Temperature

e. Concentration

Chemical Equilibrium
Observation: amount of products and reactants are
constant

Kinetics: Rate of forward reaction is equal to rate of

reverse reaction
Le Chateliers Principle: When a system at equilibrium is
put under stress, the system will adjust to relieve the
stress

Equilibria
Strong

Equation

NONE

AB(s) A

-
(aq) + B (aq)
+

Weak acid

HA H + A

Weak base

B + H2O BH + OH

Salts of
weak acids

A + H2O HA + OH

Salts of
weak base

BH B + H

Ionization
of water

H2O H + OH

Organic Chemistry
INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

All the elements

Mainly C, H, O, N, S, P, X

Ions
Ionic bond

Molecules
Covalent bond

No side reactions

Has side reactions nearly always

Generally fast rates of

reaction at room temp.

Generally slow rates of reaction

at room temp.

Soluble in water

Soluble in organic solvents

High MP and BP

Low MP and BP

Nonvolatile

Usually volatile

Organic
compound
Alkane

Functional
group
CC

Alkene
Alkyne
Amine

Suffix

Prefix

-ane

alkyl-

C=C

-ene

---

CC

-yne

---

NH2

-amine

amino-

Alcohol

OH

-ol

hydroxy-

Ketone
Aldehyde

CO
CHO

-one
-al

oxo-
oxo-

Amide
Acid halide

CONH2
COX

-amide
-anoyl halide

---
---

Ester

COO

-oate

---

Sulfonic acid

SO3H

-sulfonic acid

sulfo-

Carboxylic acid
Anhydrides

COOH
COOCO

-oic acid
-oic anhydride

---
---

Isomerism

Definition

Chain

Different points of attachment

Different position of substituent or

Position
bonds
Functional
Different functional groups
Different arrangement by rotation
Conformational
about bonds
Different arrangements caused by
Geometric
geometric restrictions
Same physical properties except on
Optical
the effect on plane polarized light

Biomolecules
Protei Carbohydrat
Nucleic

Lipids
ns
es
acids
Uni Amino Monosaccha
A, T, G, C, U
None
ts
acids
ride
Peptid
Bon
Glycosidic
Phosphodie
e
Ester
d
bond
ster
bond
Enzym
Hormo
Use
Energy
Genetics
e
nes