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Chew 1505 CH2

The document defines key concepts in differentiation including: (1) The derivative of a function f(x) at a point a as the limit of the difference quotient as h approaches 0; (2) A function is differentiable if its derivative exists at every point in its domain; (3) Geometrically, the derivative represents the slope of the tangent line to a curve at a point. It also covers rules of differentiation like the power, product, quotient and chain rules. Methods for finding maxima, minima and points of inflection are presented along with indeterminate forms and L'Hopital's rule.

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48 views

Chew 1505 CH2

The document defines key concepts in differentiation including: (1) The derivative of a function f(x) at a point a as the limit of the difference quotient as h approaches 0; (2) A function is differentiable if its derivative exists at every point in its domain; (3) Geometrically, the derivative represents the slope of the tangent line to a curve at a point. It also covers rules of differentiation like the power, product, quotient and chain rules. Methods for finding maxima, minima and points of inflection are presented along with indeterminate forms and L'Hopital's rule.

Uploaded by

lzyabc597
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 66

CH 2 - Differentiation

2.1 Derivative
2.1.1 Definition of Derivative
be given
at the point a
is defined to be
f ( x) f (a)
lim
, denoted by f '(a),
xa
xa
f ( a + h) f ( a )
f
a
=
'(
)
lim
provided the limit exists
h
h 0

An equivalent formulation of derivative is

f ( a + h) f ( a )
f '(a ) = lim
h 0
h
Suppose we let y = f ( x)
We may use the notation

dy
dy
= =
(a ) f '(a )
dx x = a dx
2

2.1.2 Differentiable functions


If f(a) exists,
we say : f is differentiable at the point a.
If f is differentiable at every point in
the domain,
we say : f is differentiable in the domain
3

2.1.3 Geometrical meaning

Search tangent or derivative animation by


internet, we can understand the derivative
better
http://www.ima.umn.edu/~arnold/calculus/seca
nts/secants2/secants-g.html

y = f(x)

Problem Find the slope


of the tangent to the curve
y = f(x) at P(a, f(a)).

The slope of PQ
= tan

The slope of the tangent


to the curve y = f(x) at
P(a, f(a)) is :

If f(a) exists, then f(x) is smooth


at the point a.

Some cases where f(a) fails to exist


Discontinuity

Corner

Cusp

Vertical
tangent

Limit, Continuity & Differentiability


f (a) exists
=> f is continuous at a
=> lim f ( x) = f(a) exists
xa

The converses are in general not true.


9

We will not prove


the following formulae

Formulae

Functions Derivatives Functions Derivatives


k
0
sin x
cos x
cos x
sin x
tan x
cot x
sec x
sec x tan x
csc x
csc x cot x

10

Note
(sin x)

y = sin x sin y = x
1

11

2.1.4 Example
Find equations of the lines which are tangent
2
and normal to the curve
=
y x=
at x 1 resp.
y

=
f '( x) 2=
x, f '(1) 2

The slope of the tangent is f '(1) = 2


(1,1)

The equation of tangent is

y 1
= f=
'(1) 2
x 1
1
1
=

The slope of the normal is


f '(1)
2
The equation of normal is y 1 = 1
x 1
2
0

-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8

12

2.1.5 Rules of Differentiation


Given: f & g are differentiable functions &
k a constant.
Linearity
(i) (k f)(x) = k f (x)
(ii) (f g)(x) = f (x) g(x)

13

Product
(u(x) v(x)) = u(x) v(x) ?

Newton

Leibniz

No, No

14

Rules of Differentiation
Product Rule

Quotient Rule

15


(Ans: 80; 2007/08 Sem 1 Mid-Term Test)

16

The Chain Rule

17

The Chain Rule

2.1.6 Remark

dy dy du
=

dx du dx

18

2006/07 Sem 1 Mid-Term Test

2008/09 Sem 1 Mid-Term Test

(Ans. 53)

19

2.2 Other Types of Differentiation


2.2.1 Parametric Differentiation
If x & y are given by
y = u(t)
x = v(t),
we have

The equations
x = cos t
y = sin t
describe a unit
circle.

20

2.2.2 Example
x = a(t sin t)
y = a(1 cos t).

Let
Then

dx d
=
[ a(t sin t )]
dt dt
dy d
=
[ a(1 cos t )]
dt dt

2 sin( t ) cos( t )
2

2 t
2 sin ( )
2
21

2.2.3 Implicit Differentiation


This method is used when the dependence of x
& y is given implicitly by F(x, y) = 0.
2.2.4 Example
Given
Solution

x + y a
2

dy
=
0 Find dx
d

d 2
( x + y2 a2 ) =0
dx
dx
d 2 d 2 d 2 d
0
x +
y a =
dx
dx
dx
dx
dy
2x + 2 y 0 =
0
dx
dy
x
=
dx
y

22

2.2.5 Example

2 y = x 2 + sin y

23

2.2.6 Example
dy
=
y x , x > 0. Find
Let
dx
Solution =
ln y ln=
x x x ln x
x

d
d
ln y = ( x ln x)
dx
dx
1 dy
d
d
= ln x x + x ln x
y dx
dx
dx
1 dy
1
= ln x + x
y dx
x
dy
= y (ln x +=
1) x x (ln x + 1)
dx

24

Q:

Ans. y/(x + 3y)

Ans. 5/(128)
25

Ans. -4ln2

26

2.2.7 Higher Order Derivatives


Let y = f(x). Then

The nth derivative is denoted by

27

2.2.8 Example
Let f(x) = x . Compute

28

2.3 Maxima & Minima


2.3.1 Local & absolute extremes

f
f
f
f

has local (relative) maximum values at a, d & g.


has local (relative) minimum values at c, e & b.
has the absolute maximum value at d.
has the absolute minimum value at b.
29

Note (1) a & b are end points of the domain,


(2) f(c) = f(e) = f(g) = 0,
(3) f(d) doesnt exist.
(2.3.2 & 2.3.3)
NOT end pt of D
Let f be a function with domain D. An interior
point c in D is called a critical point of f if
f(c) = 0 or f(c) doesnt exist.
Finding extreme values of f
check
(1) critical points of f
& (2) end points of D.
30

2.3.4 Example
Let

2(x+1), x < 0
f(x) =
2(x1), x > 0
f(0) doesnt exist
Critical points: x = 1, 0, 1.
31

Note
A function may not have a local extreme
at a critical point.

32

2.4 Increasing and Decreasing Functions


Let f : I (interval) .
f is increasing on I if
v < u => f(v) < f(u)
(v, u in I)
f is decreasing on I if
v < u => f(v) > f(u)
(v, u in I)
33

Test for Monotonic


(increasing/decreasing) Functions
f(x) > 0 for any x in I => f is increasing on I
f(x) < 0 for any x in I => f is decreasing on I
2.4.3 Example
See Lecture Notes

34

Example

f '( x) =
x 2 ( x 1)(5)( x 3 / 5)

f(x) (+)(-)(-) (+)(-)(-) (+)(-) (+) (+)(+)(+)


decreasing
increasing
f(x)
increasing
increasing
35

2.4.4 First Derivative Test


Assume c in (a, b), a critical point of f. If
(i) f(x) > 0 for x in (a, c), & f(x) < 0 for x in
(c, b), then f(c) is a local maximum;
(ii) f(x) < 0 for x in (a, c), & f(x) > 0 for x in
(c, b), then f(c) is a local minimum.
LM

) (

Lm
)
36

Let

Conclusion:

37

2.5 Concavity
2.5.1 & 2.5.3 Definition and example

Let y = f(x) = x , x in .
Then
f(x) = 3x > 0 for all x.

Concave up
(CU)
Shape
looks like

slope of the tangent =f(x)>0

x2

Note that
< 0, x < 0
f"(x) = 6x

Slope tan decreasing

> 0, x > 0

Concave
down (CD)

Shape looks like

x2

Slope tan increasing


38

2.5.2 Concavity Test


Let I be an open interval. The curve y = f(x)
defined on I is
CU on I if f is increasing on I (f"(x) > 0 on I)
CD on I if f is decreasing on I (f"(x) < 0 on I)
CU
CD

Slope tan decreasing

Slope tan increasing


39

2.5.4 &2.5.5 Points of Inflection & Examples


Let f: I & c in I. We call c a point of
inflection of f if f is continuous at c & the
concavity of f changes at c.
Note f(c) may not exist

concavity of f changes at

concavity of f changes at
40

South Buona Vista road

famous (or infamous) hilly winding road


buona vista means "good sight" in Italian

How many inflection pts there?

9
41

2.5.7 Second Derivative Test


f"(c) < 0 => f has local max at c
f(c) = 0
f"(c) > 0 => f has local min at c

42

Note
If f(c) = 0 & f"(c) = 0, then the test fails

In each case, f(c) = f"(c) = 0.


43

2.5.7 Example
y x 3 x + 2 defined on ( , )
Let =
3

Domain has no endpoints and


f is differentiable everywhere
Therefore local extrema can occur
only where y =' 3 x 2 3= 0
which means

y '' = 6 x

x = 1 and x = 1

y ''(1) =6 > 0, y ''(1) =6 < 0

y(1) 0 local =
mini y (1) 4 local maxi
44

2.6 Optimization Problems


2.6.1 Finding Absolute Extreme Values
AM

Am

STEPS

(1)Find all critical points in the interior.


(2)Evaluate f(c), where c is a critical or end point
(3)The largest & smallest of these values will be the
absolute max & min values respectively
45

2.6.2 Example
We are asked to design a 1000cm3 can shaped like a right
circular cylinder. What dimensions will use the least material?
The surface area is minimum

Solution
Let r be the radius of the circular base and h the height of the can.

46

A' = 4r

2000
r

A' ' = 4 +

4000
r3

=0

500 13
r =(
)

> 0,

Why? see next slide


47

500 13
r =(
)

r =
3

1000
h =
2
r

500

1000r
1000r
= = 2r
3
500
r
48

Ans. 50/17

49

Ans. 55000

50

2.7 Indeterminate Forms

x 1
lim
=0
x 1 9 x
x2 1
=2
lim
x 1 x 1

3x
3
x
= lim
lim
=
x 1 x 1
x 1+ x 1

0
ln x
lim
=? ( )
0
x 1 x 1

Forms:

0
0

0 1 0

51

2.7.1 LHpitals Rule


Suppose (1) f & g are differentiable
on an open interval I containing pt a,
(2) f(a) = g(a) = 0, &
(3) g(x) 0 for all x in I \ {a}.
Then
f ( x)
f ( x)
lim
= lim
x a g ( x) x a g ( x)

(1661- 1704)

52

2.7.2 Example
3 x sin x
3 cos x
(i ) lim0
=
x
x
1

=2
x =0

1 + x 1 (1/ 2)(1 + x)
(ii ) lim
=
x 0
1
x
(iii )

1/2

x =0

1
=
2

sin x
cos x 1
1 cos x
x sin x
lim
lim
= lim
=
= lim =
3
2
0
x
0
x
0
x 0
x

6x
6
6
3x
x

1 cos x
sin x
(iv) lim
=
lim
= 0
2
x 0
x 0
x+x
1 + 2x
53

Examples

1
ln x
= lim x = 1.
lim
x 1 x 1 x 1 1

sin x
cos x
= lim
= 1.
lim
x 0 x
x 0 1

54

lim

x 1

x 1 x 3 + x 2

= lim

2x

STOP HERE

x 1 3 x 2 + 1

WRONG

55

2.7.3, 2.7.4, 2.4.5 Other Forms

(change to 0/0 or /)

56

(change to 0/0 or /)

=0
57

1 , ,0

0
(change to 0/0 or /)

58

0/0 form

59

lim(ln y ) = 0

60

Notes
(1) The rule applies to the forms 0 0 & ONLY; & xa
may be replaced by x.
(2) Continue to differentiate f & g as long as we get the form
0 0 (or ).
(3) The rule doesnt apply when the numerator or
denominator has a finite nonzero limit.
(4) To apply the rule to f g, we do f '( x) / g '( x) not
( f ( x) / g ( x))'
(5) Convert the forms 0 & to 0 0 or by algebraic
manipulations before applying the rule.
0 0
1
(6) Convert the forms , ,0 to 0 0 or by first
taking ln.
END

61

Appendix
Show that
1 x
lim (1 + ) = e
x
x

62

Let = (lnx)

63

L H rule does not work here

64

Past Exam Question

65

Show that ln(1+x) < x for all x > 0

66

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