White Paper

An Introduction of EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier)

An Introduction of EDFA
(Erbium Doped Fiber
Amplifier)
A White Paper

By :
1. Arifiana Satya Nastiti (1101134488)
2. Nadia Aisyah Permata Putri (1101130258)
3. Sheira Banu Nasution (1101130334)

Faculty of Electrical Engingeering

Telkom University
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An Introduction of EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier)

Contents

1.

Introduction / Background ...................................................................................................... 32

2.

Functions of EFDA ................................................................................................................. 2

3.

Working Principles of EDFA ....................................................................................................5

4.

Characteristics of EDFA ...........................................................................................................7

5.

Performance Parameters of EDFA ............................................................................................12

6.

Advancements of EDFA ...........................................................................................................13

7.

Implementations of EDFA in Optical Networks .......................................................................16

8.

Advancements of the Implementations of EDFA in Optical Networks ....................................19

8.

References ................................................................................................................................. 22

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1. Introduction / Background [1] [2]

Internet and data traffic grows tremendously. It created a high demand for transmission
bandwidth of dense wavelength-division-multiplexed (DWDM) optical communication systems.
Since the silica-based transmission fibers have a wide-band operating window ranging from
14001700 nm, optical amplifiers with a wider amplification bandwidth are required to cover the
full range of the DWDM systems.
EDFA is an optical amplifier which has an important role in optical communication
systems, especially for a long transmission distance. It supports the transmission of data with a
large capacity in backbone network. EDFA has enabled the optical signals in an optical fiber to
be amplified directly in high bit rate systems beyond Terabits. EDFA made by doping the silica
fiber with erbium ions can operate in a broad range within the 1550 nm window at which the
attenuation of silica fiber is minimum and therefore it is ideal for the optical fiber communication
systems operating at this wavelength range.

2. Functions of EDFA [3] [4]

An optical amplifier amplify optical signal directly without electric and electric optical
transformation. An ideal optical amplifier could support multi-channel operation over as wide as
possible a wavelength band, provide flat gain over a large dynamic gain range, have a high
saturated output power, low noise, and effective transient suppression. Several benefits of optical
amplifiers as the following:
a. Support any bit rate and signal format
b. Support the entire region of wavelengths
c. Increase the capacity of fiber-optic links by using WDM
d. Provide the capability of all-optical networks, not just point-to-point links

The invention of EDFA in the late eighties was one of the major event in the history of
optical communications. To provide new life to the optical fible transmission window centred at

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1.55 m and consequent research into technologies that alow high bit-rate transmission over long
distance. High bit-rates were also possible with the aid of different dispersion compensation
schemes. The basic configuration incorporating the EDFA in an optical fibre link is shown on
Figure 1.1. The signals and pump are combined through a WDM coupler and launched into en
erbium-doped fibre. The amplified output signals can be transmitted through 60-100km before
further amplification is required.
In general the EDFA has a narrow high gain peak centred close to 1532nm and a board
peak with lower gain centred at 1550nm. The initial WDM schemes used few wavelength
(typically 4) across the board flat amplification region. In order to take advantage of the whole
amplification band provided bt the EDFA gain spectrum early equalisation schemes where
employed. However, the use of an increased number of channels in present DWDM optical
networks requires a flat gain sprectrum across the whole usable bandwidth.
In order to further increase the capacity of DWDM optical fibre networks, research efforts
have been made to increase the amplified bandwidth either by shifting the gain sprctrum of
conventional EDFAs to longer wavelegths or by using new dopants and glasses to provide
amplification at different wavelength band or by using Raman amplifiers. EDFAs have been used
successfully in WDM transmission systems as all-optical lumped amplifiers at whitch the gain is
boosted at a point of the transmission line. This technology can increase of transmission capacity
of current and future WDM networks.

Figure 2.1 Basic configuration incorporating the EDFA in an optical fibre link
Advantages & Disadvantages of EDFA
Advantages

EDFA has high pump power utilization (>50%)

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Directly and simultaneously amplify a wide wavelength band (>80nm) in the 1550nm
region, with a relatively flat gain

Flatness can be improved by gain-flattening optical filters

Gain in excess of 50 dB

Low noise figure suitable for long haul applications

Disadvantages

Size of EDFA is not small

It can not be integrated with other semiconductor deviecs

3. Working Principles of EDFA

[5] [6]

Figure 1.2 Physical Appearance of EDFA

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At the heart of EDFA technology is the Erbium Doped Fiber (EDF), which is a
conventional Silica fiber doped with Erbium. When the Erbium is illuminated with light energy
at a suitable wavelength (either 980nm or 1480nm) it is excited to a long lifetime intermediate
state (see Figure 1), following which it decays back to the ground state by emitting light within
the 1525-1565 nm band. If light energy already exist within the 1525- 1565nm band, for example
due to a signal channel passing through the EDF, then this stimulates the decay process (so called

stimulated emission), resulting in additional light energy. Thus, if a pump wavelength and a
signal wavelength are simultaneously propagating through an EDF, energy transfer will occur via
the Erbium from the pump wavelength to the signal wavelength, resulting in signal amplification.
Figure 3.2 The energy levels of the Erbium with the EDFA
The energy levels of the Erbium with the EDF. The Erbium can be either pumped by
980nm light, in which case it pass through an unstable short lifetime state before rapidly
decaying to a quasi-stable state, or by 1480nm light in which case it is directly excited to the
quasi-stable state. Once in the quasi-stable state, it decays to the ground state by emitting light in
the 1525-1565nm band. This decay process can be stimulated by pre-existing light, thus resulting
in amplification.

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Wavelength:
Amplification
Output power:

An Introduction of EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier)

C-Band and L-Band

20 - 40 dB
14 - 23 dBm

Figure 3.1 Working Principle of EDFA

4. Characteristics of EDFA[8]

Figure 4.1 Gain for an erbium-doped fiber amplifier. The pump wavelength is 1480 nm, the
fiber length is 30 meters, and the input signal power is -30 dBm. [From Optical Amplifiers,

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Mikhael N. Zervas and Gerlas van den Hoven, Chapter 5 in Fiber Optics Communication
Devices, Norbert Grote and Herbert Venghaus, Editors, (Springer, Berlin, 2001) p. 169]
4.1 Pump Wavelength
Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers can be optically pumped at a variety of optical
wavelengths for which the erbium ions have strong absorption. Figure 8a shows
absorption peaks for erbium ions in glass fiber. EDFAs are most commonly pumped at
980 nm and 1480 nm. We illustrate how pumping works in with the energy diagram of
Figure 8b. A photon at 980 nm pumps an erbium ion from its ground state to an excited
state that is labeled 4I11/2. The excited ion rapidly decays to a metastable (long lived,
lifetime ~ 10 ms) upper amplification level labeled 4I3/2. During the amplification
process, a photon with wavelength near 1550 nm stimulates the erbium ion back to the
ground state while producing a second photon.

Figure 4.2 (a) Absorption for an erbium-doped glass fiber. The absorption in the region
from 400 to 600 nm has been divided by 10. [from Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers:
Fundamentals and Technology, P. C. Becker, N. A. Olsson, and J. R. Simpson,
(Academic Press San Diego, 1999), p. 112] (b) Optical transitions between energy
levels that result in the absorption pictured in (a).
A 1480 nm photon excites an erbium ion from the ground level to the upper
portion of the upper amplification level. The excited ion decays rapidly to the lower
portion of this level. Then a photon with wavelength near 1550 stimulates a transition to
the ground state, producing a second photon. When choosing the wavelength for the
pump, it is important to note that pumping with 1480 nm light is more efficient and gives

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higher gain. On the other hand, pumping with 980 nm light produces a less noisy
amplifier.
4.2 Gain Saturation

Figure 4.3 Simulated gain versus signal input level for an EDFA with 10 meters of
optical fiber, pumped with 50 mW at 980 nm. [from Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers:
Fundamentals and Technology, P. C. Becker, N. A. Olsson, and J. R. Simpson,
(Academic Press San Diego, 1999), p. 282]
The gain of an optical amplifier is not unlimited. This is intuitively obvious.
Given a finite pump power, the power added to an optical signal certainly cannot exceed
the pump power. As the power in the input signal is increased, there must be a power at
which the amplifier gain decreases. We call this effect gain saturation. Gain saturation
is exhibited in the curves shown in Figure 9. The input of -40 dBm (100 nW) is called a
small signal input because the level is lower than what is required to saturate the
amplifier gain.

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Figure 4.4 Gain as a function of amplifier output.

4.3 Polarization Sensitivity and WDM Crosstalk
It is desirable that the gain for an optical amplifier not depend on the polarization
of the input signal. Polarization sensitivity can complicate an optical communication
system by introducing an unpredictable variation in optical power. Polarization sensitivity
can be mitigated by preparing amplifier input in a state of specified polarization, but this
comes at the cost of additional optical components. Erbium doped fiber amplifiers are not
polarization sensitive. Another highly desirable property of EDFAs is that they can
amplify multiple signals simultaneously, without crosstalk between the signals, provided
the signals are separated in wavelength . This allows EDFAs to be used in wavelength
division multiplexed (WDM) optical communication systems, where data is transmitted
down a single optical fiber on multiple signals that are closely spaced in wavelength.

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Figure 4.5 Simultaneous amplification of 16 optical signals by a chain of 4 EDFAs.

[From Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers: Fundamentals and Technology, P. C. Becker,
N. A. Olsson, and J. R. Simpson, (Academic Press San Diego, 1999), p. 290; after B.
Clesca et al. Electron. Lett. Vol. 30, pp. 586-587]
The property of erbium doped fibers that makes them suitable for WDM
communications is the relatively slow response of the optical gain to variations in optical
signal power. It general it is possible for power fluctuations in a data stream to modulate
an amplifiers gain so as to distort the data in a second stream. Fortunately, the data rates
of typical optical communication signals are typically greater than a gigabit per second,
and the gain of an EDFA responds only to the average power of the signal.
4.4 Amplifier Noise
Characteristic

EDFA

Amplification Band

Dopan Dependant

Bandwith

20 nm, More for multiple dopants

Gain

20 dB or more; depends on ion

concentration, fiber length and pump
config

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Saturation Power

Depends on gain and material constants

Wavelength

980 nm or 1480 nm for EDFA

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Table 1. Characteristics of EDFAs.

Wavelength

1.55 m

Bandwith

30-40 nm

Gain

30-45 Db

Pump Power

20-100 Mw

Pump Wavelength

980 nm, 1480 nm

3 dB Saturation Power

5-10 Db

Polarization Sensitivity

No

WDM Crosstalk

No

Noise Figure

4-6 dB
Table 2. Typical values for characteristic of EDFAs.

5. Performance Parameters of EDFA [7]

5.1 Power Pumping
In the optical signal amplification performed by doped Fiber Amplifier on
principally utilize the power of pumping laser (laser pumping power) given to an element
that is mixed into the optical fiber. Elements used is Erbium. Pumping power can lead to
a level of erbium ion excitation energy higher. The higher the pumping power so the more
ions excited and vice versa given amount of pumping power must consider the suitability
of the area reinforcement work, because the amplifier will show opimal performance if
operated on a non saturation state (unsaturated Rhegium).
5.2 Long of EDF
Long associated with the EDF erbium ion population affixed to the core fiber. To
obtain a maximum reinforcement on a fiber optic link then the EDFs long election
should be adjusted to the EDFs optimum length. Long of EDF is optimum depends on
the size of the pump input power, during a long value the inversion of the medium can

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reach the largest pump power. In addition to the pump power, the optimum length of EDF
also depends on the length wave signal. Large pump absorption coefficient and
absorption coefficient signal is depending on pump wavelength and the signal used.
5.3 Wavelength of Pump
Pump wavelength typically used in EDFA amplifier is 980 nm and 1480 nm. At a
wavelength of 980 nm serves as the laser system three levels whereas in 1480 nm laser
system as two levels. Three-tier system means that the electrons excited erbium at basic
level to the level of excitation and non-radiative decay quickly to the upper level. While
the two-level laser system is where the electrons are excited erbium directly from the
ground level to the upper level and strengthening occurs when the electrons return from
the upper level to the ground level. Analysis of the effect of wavelength done to
determine the effectiveness of the use of the wavelength of the pump.

6. Advancements of EDFA
6.1 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
DWDM is a fiber optic transmission technique that employs light wavelengths to
transmit data parallel-by-bit or serial-by-character. DWDM, an optical technology used to
increase Band width over existing fiber optic backbones. Dense wavelength division
multiplexing systems allow many discrete transports channels by combining and
transmitting multiple signals simultaneously at different wavelengths on the same fiber.
In effect, one fiber is transformed into multiple virtual fibers [11].
A key advantage to DWDM is that it's protocol and bitrate independent. DWDMbased networks can transmit data in IP, ATM, SONET, SDH and Ethernet. Therefore,
DWDM-based networks can carry different types of traffic at different speeds over an
optical channel. Voice transmission, e-mail, video and multimedia data are just some
examples of services which can be simultaneously transmitted in DWDM systems [11].

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Figure 6.1 Arsitechture of DWDM

There are several wavelength input signal from input source to the transponder which
converts it to DWDM wavelength. This DWDM wavelength is multiplexed with signals
to form a composite signal. This signal is then amplified and fed to fiber. OADM is used
to add/ drop bit streams of particular wavelength. Before the signal reaches the demultiplexer it is again amplified. This signal is then de-multiplexed to DWDM
wavelengths. Thus the signal is fed to client end.
A basic DWDM system consists of following components :
1. Transmitters/ Receivers:
DWDM transmitters consist of a large number of transmission LASERs are multiplexed
into a single fiber. A large number of individual lasers with different wavelengths are
used to create individual channels of DWDM system.
2. Optical amplifiers (EDFA):
The optical signal (light) can be amplified directly using optical amplifiers without first
converting it to the electrical signal. These amplifiers add gain or boost the amplitude of
optical signals by simulating the photons of signal with extra energy. EDFA are the
repeaters that amplify the optical signal. The silica based optical fibers are doped with
erbium to improve the power of wavelength.

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Figure 6.2 Performance of EDFA

3. DWDM Multiplexers / De-multiplexers:
Multiple wavelengths are combined to be transmitted on one fiber and these form a
composite signal. At the receiver end this composite signal is again separated into
individual wavelengths using de-multiplexer. Optical multiplexer and de-multiplexer are
passive components. Since the process of this multiplexing and demultiplexing is optical
thus there is no need of external power source.

Figure 6.3 Performance of Multiplexer and Demultiplexer

6.2 Advantages of DWDM
Following are the advantages of DWDM:
1. It has unlimited transmission capacity due to multi data transmission network.

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2. It is flexible as it is protocol and bit rate independent.

3. Data transparency and high reliability.
6.3 Disadvantages of DWDM
Following are the disadvantages of DWDM:
1. Amplifiers are used to improve power and gain thus system becomes expensive.
2. Attenuation loss due to impurities in core or cladding of fiber.
3. Since multiple optical signals are multiplexed together thus insertion loss occurs.
4. Splicing and connector losses are also observed which affect the system performance.

7. Implementations of EDFA in Optical Networks

By making it possible to carry the large loads that DWDM is capable of transmitting
over long distances, the EDFA was a key enabling technology. At the same time, it has
been a driving force in the development of other network elements and technologies.
Erbium is a rare-earth element that, when excited, emits light around 1.54 micrometers
the low-loss wavelength for optical fibers used in DWDM. A weak signal enters the
erbium-doped fiber, into which light at 980 nm or 1480 nm is injected using a pump laser.
This injected light stimulates the erbium atoms to release their stored energy as additional
1550-nm light. As this process continues down the fiber, the signal grows stronger. The
spontaneous emissions in the EDFA also add noise to the signal; this determines the noise
figure of an EDFA.
The key performance parameters of optical amplifiers are gain, gain flatness, noise
level, and output power. EDFAs are typically capable of gains of 30 dB or more and
output power of +17 dB or more. The target parameters when selecting an EDFA,
however, are low noise and flat gain. Gain should be flat because all signals must be
amplified uniformly. While the signal gain provided with EDFA technology is inherently
wavelength-dependent, it can be corrected with gain flattening filters. Such filters are
often built into modern EDFAs. Low noise is a requirement because noise, along with
signal, is amplified. Because this effect is cumulative, and cannot be filtered out, the

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signal-to-noise ratio is an ultimate limiting factor in the number of amplifiers that can be
concatenated and, therefore, the length of a single fiber link. In practice, signals can travel
for up to 120 km (74 mi) between amplifiers. At longer distances of 600 to 1000 km (372
to 620 mi) the signal must be regenerated. That is because the optical amplifier merely
amplifies the signals and does not perform the 3R functions (reshape, retime, retransmit).
7.1 Performance of EDFA-DWDM in Optisystem
Optisystem is a comprehensive simulation package developed by Optiwave. This
software enables users to plan, test, and simulate optical links in the transmission layer of
modern optical networks. A robust graphical user interface controls the optical
component layout, component models and presentation graphics. An extensive library of
active and passive components includes realistic, wavelength-dependent parameters.
Parameters sweeps allow us to investigate the effect of particular device specifications on
system performance. To know the implementation EDFA in optical networks, we must
to compare the simulation DWDM with EDFA and without EDFA in optisystem .

Figure 7.1 DWDM design in optisystem without EDFA

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Figure 7.2 DWDM Design in Optisystem with EDFA

The different performance in DWDM with EDFA and without EDFA can find in two
parameter value when the design simulated:
1. Value of optical power meter in transmitter and receiver.
2. Value of q factor that shown by BER.

Figure 7.3 The Value of Optical Power Meter with EDFA and without EDFA in Transceiver
The figure above explain value of optical power meter with EDFA and without EDFA in
transciever. On the left, value of optical power meter without EDFA. 3 dbm when signal
transmitted and 3 dbm when signal received. The power in transmitter and receiver was same
because there is no EDFA in this simulation. If the simulation not used EDFA, there is no
change or increase with power when the signal received. On the right, value optical power

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meter with EDFA in DWDM simulation. There is a high increase with value of power in
receiver. -2,125 dbm when signal transmitted and 13,581 when signal received. Significant
different in the power caused by EDFA. EDFA used to amplified the power when loss and
attenuation happened.

Figure 7.4 Display BER Analyzer and Value of Q Factor with EDFA and without EDFA
The figure 7.4 shown the display of BER Analyzer and value of q factor DWDM with EDFA
(right) and without EDFA (left). Q factor without EDFA 230,568 and Q factor with EDFA
108,74. Q factor explain the DWDM design is good or not. Minimum value of q factor is 9. Q
factor without EDFA is greater than with EDFA because there is no connector to connect the
fiber with EDFA that makes loss and attenuation on the fiber.

8. Advancements of the Implementations of EDFA in Optical

Networks
Hybrid Amplifier (EDFA-RAMAN)
Hybrid amplifier is a combination of Raman amplifier and erbium-doped fiber
amplifier (EDFA). Raman pumping with the power of up to 600 mW amplifies the
emission in the line before its input to EDFA and decrease an effective noise factor of the
amplifier. Due to lower noise factor it is possible to achieve larger distances between
amplifiers and decrease network operating costs. Inter-stage access for connection of
dispersion compensators can be optionally provided.
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Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technology offers a cost effective way to

increase the transmission capacity by transmitting closely spaced number of channels
over a single fiber. However, the number of different wavelength channels that can be
launched into a single fiber is severely restricted by the fiber-attenuation and
transmission bandwidth of fiber [12]. This problem can be resolved by widening the
bandwidth of the transmission link. Hybrid Raman/Er-doped fiber amplifier (HFA) is
one of the promising technologies to provide a widened and flattened gain-bandwidth
over the C-band (1530-1565 nm) and L-band (1565-1625 nm). A typical hybrid
Raman/Er-doped fiber amplifier is shown in Figure 8.1.

Figure 8.1 A typical hybrid Raman/Erbium-doped fiber amplifier. RPU stands for Raman
pumping unit
The use of hybrid Raman/Er-doped fiber amplifier provides an overall reduction of the
amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise at the receiver end. The hybrid fiber
amplifiers can be designed to minimize nonlinear impairments along transmission fiber
due to high path averaged signal power. Such nonlinear impairments are not desired
because they will degrade the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) at the receiver. An
optimal configuration of hybrid Raman/Er-doped fiber amplifier was reported with
successful exploitation of fiber nonlinear impairment and ASE noise to maximize the
output optical signal-to-noise ratio [13]. Low-noise Raman amplification can be applied
to enhance the system margin in WDM transmission systems. The enhanced margin can

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be utilized in several ways, such as to increase the separation between amplifiers, to

increase the overall reach of the transmission system, and to increase the spectral
efficiency of transmission.

Figure 8.2 Grafic of EDFA, Raman, and EDFA+Raman

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References
[1] X. S. Cheng, R. Parvizi, H. Ahmad dan S. W. Harun, Wide-Band Bismuth-Based ErbiumDoped Fiber Amplifi er With a Flat-Gain Characteristic, IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 1, p.
259, 2009.
[2] A. OKRAK dan A. ALTUNCU, GAIN AND NOISE FIGURE PERFORMANCE OF
ERBIUM DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIERS (EDFA), JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL &
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING , vol. 4, pp. 1111 -1112 , 2004.
[3] Noname, Tutorials Of Fiber Optic Products.Comparison Of Different Optical Amplifiers.
[4] C. F. G. Alegria, All-fibre devices for WDM optical communications, Optoelectronics
Research Centre University of Shouthampton, Shouthampton, 2001.
[5] Introduction to EDFA Technology, Salt Lake : Finisar Corporation, 2009.
[6] Pan Dacom Direkt, EDFA- and RAMAN-amplifiers, Optical Amplifier, 2012.
[7] Venkataramanan, Venkat, Optical Amplifiers, Institute for Optical Sciences, University
Toronto
[8] P. C. Becker, N. A. Olsson, and J. R. Simpson, Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers:
Fundamentals and Technology, (Academic Press San Diego, 1999).
[9] Banggur , Fischer Elisa Christiana, Akhmad Hambali, Mayko Sofyan Hadi, SIMULATION
ERBIUM DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIER (EDFA) IN FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM, Universitas Telkom, 2007.
[10] Simranjit Singh and R. S. Kaler, Flat-Gain L-Band Raman-EDFA Hybrid Optical
Amplifier for Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed System, IEEE Photonics Technology
Letters, Volume. 25, No. 3, February 1, 2013, pp. 250-252.
[11] Yan, Gao, et al. "PointtoPoint DWDM System Design and Simulation."Proceedings of
the 2009 International Symposium on Information Processing. 2009, pp. 090-092.
[12] G. P. Agrawal, Fiber Optic Communication Systems 3 rd Ed. John Wiley, NY, 2002.
[13] H. Afkhami et al. Wideband Gain Flattened Hybrid Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifier/Fiber
Raman Amplifier, Journal of the Optical Society of Korea, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 342-350, 2010.

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