ANALYSIS OF PERMANENT-MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS

GENERATOR WITH VIENNA RECTIFIER FOR WIND

ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the

Requirement for the award of the

Degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVES

By

MANEM HAREESH

13MPE0084
Under the Guidance of

Dr. M. KOWSALYA

Professor

School of Electrical Engineering

VIT University

VELLORE 632014, Tamil Nadu, India

MAY 2015
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project work titled ANALYSIS OF PERMANENT-MAGNET

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR WITH VIENNA RECTIFIER FOR WIND ENERGY
CONVERSION SYSTEM submitted by Manem Hareesh Reg.No13MPE0084 is in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
DEGREE, is a record of bonafide work done under our guidance. The contents of this Project
work, in full or in parts, have neither been taken from any other source nor have been
submitted to any other Institute or University for award of any degree or diploma and the
same is certified.

Dr. M. KOWSALYA

Internal Guide

The thesis is satisfactory / unsatisfactory

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Approved by

Dean

School of Electrical Engineering

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to Management of VIT University for providing me an opportunity to

complete my studies and accomplish my degree.

I am thankful to Dr.Partha sharathi Mallick, Dean, SELECT, Program Chair N.Rajasekar

for their valuable suggestions and consistent encouragement and provided me this
opportunity

I extend my sincere thanks to my guide, Dr.M.Kowsalya, Professor, SELECT for her

valuable supervision and encouragement. Her suggestions and support at all times have not
only helped me throughout my project but have also provided me a deeper knowledge into
the field of Electrical engineering.

I express my gratitude to my parents and my family for always having faith in me and
motivating me to do better. I thank my friends for their priceless support, encouragement. I
would like to thank all teachers who have taught me and made me capable of standing where
I am.

Last but not least, I would like to thank all the faculty and staff members of SELECT who
are ever ready to help with a greeting smile. The accomplishment of this project work would
not have been possible without the contribution of all these people.

MANEM HAREESH
Reg. No: 13MPE0084

iii
 ABSTRACT
This project dissects a topology comprising of a permanent-magnet synchronous
generator and a Vienna rectifier for a wind energy conversion system. A novel hysteresis
current control idea for three-stage three-level PWM rectifiers is introduced. The proposed
control is based on a virtual association of the output centre point and the mains star point
and achieves to a decoupling of the three stages. This control procedure, other than having
the benefits of a traditional hysteresis control, the novel control idea is examined and
contrasted with routine current control strategies. Besides, the current control is digitally
executed and trial results for controlling the Vienna Rectifier are exhibited. Simulation results
reveal that this setup is profitable. Test results are given to exhibit the achievability of the
proposed framework.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract iv
Table of contents v
List of figures viii
List of tables x
List of abbreviations xi
List of symbols xii

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 HISTORY OF ENERGY 1
1.1.1 RENEWABLE ENERGY(EIND POWER) 1
1.1.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE OF WIND 2
ENERGY
1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2

1.3 MOTIVATION 3
1.4 OBJECTIVE 4
1.5 THESIS OVERVIEW 4

CHAPTER-2 PMSG WITH VIENNA FOR WECS 6

2.1 DEFINITION OF A WIND TURBINE 8
2.1.1 DYNAMIC MODEL OF WECS 8
2.2 PMSG AND MPDELLING OF PMSG 10
2.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO GENERATORS 10
2.2.2 SYMMETRIC MACHINE STRUCTURE 11
2.2.3 PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE 12
2.2.4 ADVANTAGES OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS 13
2.2.5 PERMANENT SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE DRIVEN 13
WIND TURBINE
2.3 MODELING OF PERMANENT MAGNET DRIVE 14
SYSTEM
2.3.1 DETAILED MODELLING OF PMSG 14
2.3.2 PARKS TRANSFORMATION AND D-Q MODELLING 16

v
 2.3.3 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF PMSM 16
2.3.4 POWER AND TORQUE ANALYSIS OF PMSG 17
2.4 VIENNA RECTIFIER 18
2.4.1 INTRODUCTION TO VIENNA RECTIFIER 18
2.4.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF VIENNA 19
2.4.3 WORKING OF VIENNA RECTIFIER 19
2.4.4 EXPLANATION 20
2.4.5 THREE PHASE OPERATION OF VIENNA RECTIFIER 21
2.4.6 OPERATING PRINCIPAL OF VIENNA 22

CHAPTER-3 STEADYSTATE ANALYSIS OF VIENNA RECTIFIER 27

3.1 STEADY STATE ANALYSIS 27
3.2 INTRODUCTION TO STATE SPACE 28
3.2.1 STATE SPACE MODELLING OF CONVERTER 29
3.3 STEADY STATE OPERATING REGIME 30
3.4 DESIGN CRITERIA 31
3.4.1 INDUCTOR DESIGN 31
3.4.2 CAPACITOR DESIGN 31
3.5 HYSTERSIS BASED CONTROL OF VIENNA 32
3.5.1 CONTROL UNIT 32
3.5.2 ADVANTAGES OF HYSTERSIS CONTROLL 33
3.5.3 DISADVANTAGE OF HYSTERSIS CONTROL 33
3.6 HYSTERSIS CONTROL 34

CHAPTER-4 SYSTEM MODELLING 35

4.1 MODLELING OF WT AND PMSG 35
4.2 SIMULATION VIENNA RECTIFIER 37
4.2.1 VIENNA WITH THREE PHASE SOURCE 37
4.2.2 VIENNA CLOSED LOOP 37
4.2.3 VIENNA CLOSED LOOP WITH PMSG 38
4.3 SIMULATION RESULTS 39
4.3.1 OPEN LOOP RESPONSE OF VIENNA 39
4.3.2 CLOSED LOOP RESPONSE OF VIENNA 39

vi
 4.3.3 VIENNA HYSTERSIS CONTROL WITH PMSG LOAD 40
VOLTAGE

CHAPTER-5 HARDWARE AND RESULTS 41

5.1 VIENNA RECTIFIER POWER STAGE DESIGN 41
5.2 DSPACE AND RTI IN SIMULINK 42
5.2.1 SYSTEM REQUIRMENTS 42
5.2.2 RTI AND STRUCTURE OF RTI PROGRAM 43
5.2.3 DPSACE PULSES FOR VIENNA 45
5.3 COMPONENTS DETAILS 46
5.4 HARDWARE CIRCUIT 47
5.5 HARDWARE RESULTS 48
5.6 COMPARING VIENNA AND SIX SWITCH CONVERTER 50

CHAPTER-6 CONCLUSION 53
6.1 COMPARISON OF VIENNA WITH SIX SWITCH 53
CONVERTER
6.2 CONCLUSION 54
6.3 FUTURE WORK 54
PUBLICATIONS 55
REFFERENCES 56
APPENDIX 58
BREIF BIO DATA OF THE CANDIDATE 60

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No Name of the figure Page No

2.1 Power circuit of a Vienna rectifier 6

2.2 PMSG/Vienna rectifier WECS topology 7

2.3 Cylindrical rotor and Salient rotor structures 11

2.4 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine 12

2.5 d-q model has been developed on rotor reference frame 14

2.6 permanent magnet motor electric circuits without damper windings 16

2.7 Schematic diagram of Vienna rectifier 19

2.8 Conduction paths for phase-leg A 19

2.9 Three-phase source referenced to neutral 21

2.10 Phase S Moving to its Positive Side from Negative 23

2.11 When Phase R Moving to its Negative Side from Positive 23

2.12 When Phase T Moving to its Positive Side from Negative 24

2.13 Phase S Moving to its Negative Side from Positive. 24

2.14 When Phase R Moving to its Positive Side from Negative 25

2.15 When Phase T Moving to its Negative Side from Positive. 25

3.1 The three-phase/switch/level rectifier topology 27

3.2 Control unit based on Hysteresis controller 33

3.3 Hysteresis control of three-phase active rectifiers 34

4.1 The proposed system consists of Wind turbine, PMSG, Vienna 35

rectifier and hysteresis control

viii
4.2 Vienna Rectifier with Constant Input Voltage 37

4.3 Vienna with hysteresis controller 38

4.4 PMSG with Vienna controlled by hysteresis. 38

4.5 Vienna open loop Response 39

4.6 Closed loop response of Vienna rectifier 39

4.7 Vienna hysteresis control with PMSG load voltage 40

5.1 dSPACE DS1104 R&D Controller tools 43

5.2 Spwm generation in dSPACE 44

5.3 50 KHz SPWM Pulse from dSPACE RTI1104 46

5.4 Hardware execution of Vienna open loop 47

5.5 Vienna Rectifier Hardware Board 47

5.6 Simulation Result of Vienna open loop for Vin=55.5V(l-l) 48

5.7 Hardware result of Vienna open loop for VIN=55.5V (l-l) 48

5.8 Result of Vienna open loop for Vin =53.5V (l-l) 49

5.9 Hardware result of Vienna open loop for VIN=53.5V (l-l) 49

5.10 Input Vs Out put 51

5.11 Input Vs THD 51

5.12 Input voltage Vs Efficiency 52

ix
 LIST OF TABLES

Table. No Table name Page. No

2.1 Control Algorithm for the Vienna Rectifier 26

4.1 Wind turbine and PMSG Parameters 36

4.2 Vienna Rectifier Parameter 36

5.1 Slave pin configuration 45

5.2 Component Detailed tabulation 46

5.3 Hardware and simulation Result comparison 50

5.4 Input voltage Vs Output Voltage 51

5.5 Input voltage Vs THD 52

5.6 Input voltage Vs Efficiency 52

x
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

DC Direct current

PMSG PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

MATLAB MATrix LABoratory

WECS WIND ENERGY CONVERTION SYSTEMS

PWM PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

AC ALTERNATING CURRENT

SCIG SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION GENERATOR

RTI REAL TIME INTERFACE

xi
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

m Mass of air particles

Vw Wind velocity

E Kinetic energy stored in the wind

t Period of time in air particles

Air density

A Swept area of the wind turbine rotor

RO Radius of wind blade

Power in the wind

w Rotational speed of the wind turbine

Tip speed ratio

Cp Power coefficient

Pitch angle

r Rotor electrical speed

m Rotor mechanical speed

Ld,Lq Stator inductances in d and q axis

Vd ,Vq Stator voltages in d and q axis

Id ,Iq Stator currents in d and q axis

P Pole pair

m Amplitude of the flux

Rs Resistance of the stator windings.

, Back emfs in the dq-axes

, Dq-axes flux linkages

h Width of the hysteresis band

Si,Si Control signals

xii
Tem Electromagnetic torque

Pm Mechanical power

J Inertia

Fs Switching frequency

L Inductor

C Capacitor

xiii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 HISTORY OF ENERGY:

The word energy originates from the ancient Greek word energeia, which means
activity or operation. In modern days, energy is defined as the ability to do work. At
1918, Amalie Emmy Noether, a German mathematician who is considered to be one of the
most influential scientists, proved the existence of conservation law. The Noethers theorem
has become a fundamental tool of modern calculus variation and theoretical physics,
including the law of conservation energy. According to Noethers theorem, the total amount
of energy remains constant overtime in an isolated system. This means energy can either
move within the system or be transformed to another type of energy. So any type of energy
can be converted to Electrical energy. Over the past few decades, fossil fuel has dominated
the energy source market. The widespread use of this energy resource has quickly developed
into an exploitation, which in turn led to a significant increase of carbon emission in the last
50 years. This momentous emission rate growth has been contributing to the acceleration on
global warming process. As the awareness towards global warming increases, so does the
demand for clean renewable energy. The thesis is focusing on utilizing wind energy as a
mean of alternative energy that is sustainable.

1.1.1 RENEWABLE ENERGY (WIND POWER):

With the growing awareness of global warming, energy experts increasingly promote
the usage of clean and sustainable energy. In recent years, the society demand has gradually
shifted towards clean and renewable energy. Those popular renewable sources are wind, sea,
sun, biomass; etc. Wind energy is one of the renewable energies which have been attracting a
lot in recent years. Wind, a ubiquitous form of energy has been utilized by people for more
than two thousand years. A Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) converts kinetic
energy from wind to usable form of power. Wind energy can be converted to mechanical
power by windmills to grind corn or transfer water from low-lying districts since ancient
time. The first WECS was built in Persia. Wind energy was converted to electrical power so
that the energy can be managed more easily. Wind power ranks second in power
consumption among all the renewable energy sources.

1
1.1.2 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF WIND ENERGY:
The very essence of wind energy itself is pollution-free and inexhaustible energy
source. Pollution-free means that in the process of converting the raw wind into usable
energy, the system does not emit anything considered as pollution. As an energy source, wind
energy is free and does not affect by the inflation of fuel cost. Furthermore, wind farm is one
of the fastest power systems to be built, compared to 8-10 years of nuclear power plant.

The drawback, however, wind occurrence is intermittent, almost close to

unpredictable. This erratic behaviour made wind power to be less desirable by the utility.
This may cause voltage instability in weaker grids, due to rapid and reoccurring changes. In
addition, wind turbine installation requires landscape altering. This leads to oppositions due
to cultural reason or unique landscape condition. Furthermore, large tracts of land needed to
generate large amount of electricity. However, as the forecasting technology developed, the
intermittent nature of wind is compensated. As the awareness to use clean energy increases,
less opposition has been given by the society towards the wind turbine.
To connect the generated wind power to the DC grid there is a need of rectifier, there
are so many topologies for this converters like Diode rectifier, six switch converters, simple
boost type converter, diode rectifier with PWM regenerative braking rectifier etc. In these
Current distortions, THD problem is there to fix that some harmonic reduction techniques and
implementations are used. So there is a scope for rectifier which will be having less THD and
less current distortion.
1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY:

The literature survey is done to find a new topology where harmonic distortion and current
distortion are less in the WECS.

H. Kannan et al., [1] analyses a new and simple state model of a three-phase, three-
switch, three-level, fixed-frequency pulse width modulated rectifier is presented. The
modelling approach uses the state-space averaging technique in continuous current mode.
The averaging process is applied on two time intervals: the switching period for average
current evaluation, and the mains period for average voltage computation. A basic
mathematical model of the converter is established and a simplified time-invariant model is
then deduced using the rotating park transformation. The numerical results show the
reliability of the proposed model.

2
 Chongming qiao et al., [2] presents a general control approach to a achieve power
factor correction for three phase boost rectifiers with centre tapped or split dc output
capacitors. These rectifiers fan be decoupled into a series-connected dual-boost topology
during each 60 of line cycle although they have different configurations. Simulation and
experimental results are present to verify the theoretical values.

Johann W. Kolar et al., [3] analyses the development of guidelines for the practical
application of a new power module realizing a bridge leg of a three-phase/switch/level
Vienna rectifier system with low effects on the mains. This helps in calculating the average
values of switching and conduction losses of the system. Also the reduction of the efficiency
caused by the total semiconductor losses is determined. Finally the overall efficiency of the
Vienna system is realized.

Jacobus Hendrik Visser et al.,[4] analyses that the VIENNA rectifier is able to convert
a generator type input, with variable input voltage amplitude and variable frequency, to a
constant DC-bus voltage whilst controlling the input current to be sinusoidal and in phase
with the input voltage. The rectifier was able to maintain a constant DC voltage at the output
for input voltages as low as half the rated input voltage and for an equivalent output power of
half the rated output power. This suggests that the VIENNA rectifier, controlled as a dual-
boost rectifier, is suitable for applications that require power factor corrections and
simultaneously operate from a wide input voltage range.

1.3 MOTIVATION:

AC-DC converters find application in every day-life as a front-end to DC-DC and DC-
AC converters. In low power with low cost applications, the AC to DC conversion is very
often merely a diode bridge rectifier with capacitor voltage filter. However, bridge
rectification inherently draws non-sinusoidal current from the mains, which make it
inadequate for high power applications due to the high current stress on components. For
high power applications, the sinusoidal current must be actively shaped by using a boost type
front-end converter.
For medium power converters, a single-phase input is adequate and the front-end is
usually a single-switch non-isolated boost topology that boosts the unregulated mains input to
a voltage higher than the rectified line voltage. The switch is controlled in such a manner that
the current drawn from the mains source is in phase with the mains voltage (effectively

3
sinusoidal). The zero phase angle between the mains voltage and the current, translates into a
high power factor which, in turn, ensures that the source is not loaded reactively. For higher
power outputs it is advantageous to use a three-phase input to lower the component stresses
and to reduce component size (e.g. the filter capacitor). The three phase active rectifier is
based on the concept of the single-phase active rectifier and draws sinusoidal current from all
three phases.
Wind generators as an energy source and electric vehicles as transportation medium
become more popular, the need arises to efficiently convert the energy provided to a usable
source and the same time conserve energy by reducing reactive power consumption, current
distortion and THD. This will serve as a possible solution for fulfilling this need.
1.4 OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this project is to develop an interface between a three-phase AC
generator operating at variable speed (e.g. wind generators, micro hydro generators) and a
constant voltage DC-bus. The interface is required to ensure high energy efficiency by
reducing reactive power consumption, as well as maintaining a constant DC-bus voltage. The
rectifier must thus ensure that a power factor of close to 1 is achieved at the source input.
This implies that the input current is both sinusoidal and in-phase with the input voltage,
assuming that the input voltage is also sinusoidal. The interface is to be based on the
VIENNA rectifier.
The goals of this project are:
1. To Design Permanent-magnet synchronous generator, which is driven by a wind
turbine is connected to Vienna rectifier.
2. To design and model a maximum-efficiency control strategy within the feasible
operating region for Vienna rectifier, which is connected to PMSG driven by a wind
turbine.
3. To Simulate and Hardware experimentation on a small-scale prototype open loop
Vienna rectifier.
1.5 THESIS OVERVIEW:
The thesis is organized into 6 chapters namely the introduction, methodology, steady
state analysis Design, simulations and results analysis, conclusion and references.
Chapter-1 discusses the reviews of the literature which includes motivation of the
project and objective.

4
 Chapter-2 consists of a detailed description about wind energy conversion systems
(WECS), the advantage of using direct driven PMSG in renewable energy conversion and
finally the topology, operation of Vienna rectifier is explained.
Chapter-3 shows the research methodology of each design stage. The details of the
topology of the proposed are discussed in this chapter with the operations of the system. The
brief review of the proposed control strategy implemented to control Vienna rectifier.
Chapter-4 displays the simulation results and analyzes the closed loop performance of
the three-phase three-level rectifier. The simulation design and the results of each stage will
be observed.
Chapter-5 is a summary of simulation results and tests performed on an experimental
Prototype and comparing them with the simulation results.
Conclusion of this thesis is covered in Chapter-6 and photographs of the experimental
prototype.

5
 CHAPTER 2

PERMANENT-MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

WITH VIENNA RECTIFIER FOR WIND ENERGY
CONVERSION SYSTEM

Wind turbine technology has developed rapidly over the past decade into one of the
most mature renewable power generation technologies. Compared to other wind turbine
systems used for commercial power generation, the accelerated evolution of the direct-driven
wind turbine (WT) with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (D-PMSG) can be
attributed to its simple structure, low cost of maintenance, high conversion efficiency and
high reliability [1].PMSG-based WECS use back-to-back full-scale power converters
(generator-side and grid-side converter) to interface with the power system. For the
generator-side converter, uncontrolled three-phase diode rectifiers and six-switch two-level
PWM converters have been utilized[2],[3].However, due to higher generator current
distortion induced by the diode rectifier, the six-switch converter is the prevailing choice.
The three-phase/three-switch/three-level PWM rectifier commonly called the
Vienna rectifier; whose power circuit are shown in Fig.2.1 has been applied mostly as a
power supply module and as an active front-end stage in motor drives. The Vienna rectifier
can generate three voltage levels (line to dc-link neutral) with only three power switches, thus
simplifying the control, reducing cost (although more diodes are needed), and improving
power quality. In addition, it results in reduced blocking voltage stress on the power
semiconductors, which can enhance reliability.

Fig.2.1 Power circuit of a Vienna rectifier.

6
Recently, the Vienna rectifier has been proposed as the generator-side converter for either
SCIG- or PMSG-based WECS. The proposed a PMSG/Vienna rectifier configuration for a
WECS, as shown in Fig. 2.2. The Vienna rectifier is used as the generator-side converter,
which is commonly a six-switch two-level converter. Because the Vienna rectifier is a
unidirectional converter, it cannot be used as a grid-side interface. Rather, a conventional six-
switch converter or a multilevel converter can be used.

Fig2.2. PMSG/Vienna rectifier WECS topology

The VIENNA rectifier offers the same or less input current harmonic distortion than the
other topologies

The VIENNA rectifier, with its three-level output, allows any DC-DC converter to be used
at the rectifier output (half-bridge, full-bridge or any other topology) and, with constant
switching frequency control, no additional circuitry is required to balance the two output
capacitors.

7
 The VIENNA rectifier has only three switches, which are significantly fewer than other
rectifiers with the same performance (in terms of harmonic distortion);

The VIENNA rectifier requires less control.

2.1 DEFINITION OF A WIND TURBINE:

A wind turbine is a machine for converting the kinetic energy in the wind into
mechanical energy. If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as a pump
or grinding stones, the machine is called a windmill. If the mechanical energy is then
converted to electricity, the machine is called a wind generator.
2.1.1 DYNAMIC MODEL OF WECS:
In order to investigate the effectiveness of the energy conversion in wind energy
conversion systems, first the available energy stored in the wind needs to be determined.
Actually, the energy in the wind can be treated as the kinetic energy of a large amount of air
particles with a total mass, m, moving at a wind velocity, ,. Assuming that all the air
particles are moving at the same speed and direction before impacting the rotor blades of the
wind turbine, the potential available kinetic energy stored in the wind can be expressed
according to the following expression:

1
= 2 2 (2.1)

Where, E, is the kinetic energy of the moving air particles, and, m, is the total mass of
the air particles, while, , is the velocity of the air particles (wind speed). Since the air
particles are moving at a speed, , the total mass,m, of the particles for a period of time, t,
can be rewritten as follows:

= = 2 (2.2)

Where, , is the air density, and A is the swept area of the wind turbine rotor. Here Ro
is the radius of the wind turbine rotor. Substituting expression (2.2) into (2.1), the kinetic
energy of the air particles can be expressed as follows:

1
= 2 2 3 (2.3)

From expression (2.3), the actual wind power at any instant of time can be represented as:

1
= = 2 2 3 (2.4)

The maximum input power of the WECS can be expressed as

8
 1
Pwind Ro2Vw3
2
Where Ro is the wind turbine blade radius; is the wind speed; and is the air

density.
The wind turbine input torque Twind can be described as

1
Twind Pwind Ro2Vw3 (2.5)
w 2

Where, , is the potentially available power in the wind. From expression (2.4),
we can observe that the wind power is proportional to the cube of the wind speed, which
means that a small increase of the wind speed will result in a large increase of the wind
power. Moreover, the power can also be increased by enlarging the wind turbine rotor radius
since the power is proportional to the square of this rotor radius. This is the reason that more
and more large scale wind turbine systems (up to 10MW) are being investigated and
contemplated nowadays.

However, the power expressed in expression (2.4) can only stand for the maximum
potential power which is available when the wind with velocity, , passes through the swept
area of the wind turbine with radius RO. In fact, only a portion of this potentially available
power can be captured by the wind turbine. In 1919, a German scientist Albert Betz had tried
to express the action of the air particles (the wind) passing through wind turbines. According
to Betz's idea, after impacting the rotor blades of the wind turbine, the velocity of the wind
decreases from to2 , this means that when the wind passes through the wind turbine
blades, there is still some kinetic power left in the wind. The relationship between the power
that is captured by the wind turbine and the potential maximum power in the wind can be
expressed as follows:

= (2.6)

Where w is the rotational speed of the wind turbine; and is the tip speed ratio, can
be defined as
Row
(2.7)
Vw

The wind turbine output power Pw and the wind turbine output torque Tw (i.e., input torque
to the PMSG) are defined by the following equations:

9
 1
PM R 2 C PVWIND
3
(2.4)
2
PM 1 2
TM R 5C P M3 (2.5)
M 2
Where Cp is the power coefficient; and is the pitch angle. The power coefficient Cp
is defined by the following equation
The mechanical torque got from the above mathematical statement is given as the
input to the wind generator. CP is communicated as the capacity of tip ratio
C P ( , ) C1 (C 2 / i C3 C 4 ) exp( C5 / i ) C 6 (2.8)

1 1 0.035
3 (2.9)
i 0.08 1
The coefficients from C1 to C6 are C1-0.5176, C2-116, C3-0.4, C4-5, C5-21 and C6-0.0068.
Beta is assumed.

2.2 PMSG AND MODELING OF PMSG:

2.2.1 INTRODUCTION:
The magnetic field of the rotor in permanent synchronous generator is produced by a
permanent magnet. PMSG have the potential to render some cost and reliability benefits over
conventional IG using wound electromagnets. Direct-driven design due to high power density
of PMSG allows the generator to operate at low rotational speed and hence eliminates the
gearbox. Gearbox is the most expensive part in wind turbine which requires scheduled
maintenance and very costly repairs. A gearbox failure usually leads to two to three times
more downtime than any other component failure [8].PMSG weighs less, has less mechanical
loss and requires less space than comparable IG because of this design. At variable speed,
output power of PMSG cannot be immediately send to AC power network. Grid integration
acts as a controller that ensures power at grid side is synchronized with the AC power
network.
A synchronous machine is an ac rotating machine whose speed under steady state
condition is proportional to the frequency of the current in its armature. The magnetic field
created by the armature currents rotates at the same speed as that created by the field current
on the rotor, which is rotating at the synchronous speed, and a steady torque results.
Synchronous machines are commonly used as generators especially for large power systems,
such as turbine generators and hydroelectric generators in the grid power supply. Because the

10
rotor speed is proportional to the frequency of excitation, synchronous motors can be used in
situations where constant speed drive is required. Since the reactive power generated by a
synchronous machine can be adjusted by controlling the magnitude of the rotor field current,
unloaded synchronous machines are also often installed in power systems solely for power
factor correction or for control of reactive KVA flow. Such machines, known as synchronous
condensers, may be more economical in the large sizes than static capacitors.
With power electronic variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) power supplies,
synchronous motors, especially those with permanent magnet rotors, are widely used for
variable speed drives. If the stator excitation of a permanent magnet motor is controlled by its
rotor position such that the stator field is always 90o (electrical) ahead of the rotor, the motor
performance can be very close to the conventional brushed dc motors, which is very much
favoured for variable speed drives. The rotor position can be either detected by using rotor
position sensors or deduced from the induced EMF in the stator windings. Since this type of
motors does not need brushes, they are known as brushless dc motors.
2.2.2 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE STRUCTURE:
The armature winding of a conventional synchronous machine is almost invariably on
the stator and is usually a three phase winding. The field winding is usually on rotor and
excited by dc current, or permanent magnets. The dc power supply required for excitation
usually is supplied through a dc generator known as exciter, machine which is often mounted
on the same shaft as the synchronous. Various excitation systems using ac exciter and solid
state rectifiers are used with large turbine generators. There are two types of rotor structures:
round or cylindrical rotor and salient pole rotor as illustrated schematically in the diagram
below. Generally, round rotor structure is used for high speed synchronous machines, such as
steam turbine generators, while salient pole structure is used for low speed applications, such
as hydroelectric generators. The pictures below show the stator and rotor of a hydroelectric
generator and the rotor of a turbine generator.

Fig 2.3: Cylindrical rotor and Salient rotor structures

11
2.2.3 PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE:
The diagram below illustrates the cross sections of two permanent magnet
synchronous machine. The development of advanced magnetic materials, power electronics
and digital control systems are making permanent magnet (PM) machine as an interesting
solution for a wide range of applications. The advantages of PMSM compared to other AC
machines are its simple structure, high-energy efficiency, reliable operation, high power
density and possibility of super high speed operation. Recent important applications of
permanent magnet synchronous machine are in the area of distributed generation, mainly in
wind and micro turbine generation systems. An advantage of a high speed generator is that
the size of the machine decreases almost in directly in proportion to the increase in speed,
leading to a very small unit. Super high speed PMSM is an important component of single
shaft MTG system. In a permanent magnet generator, the magnetic field of the rotor is
produced by permanent magnets. Other type of generator uses electromagnets to produce a
magnetic field in a rotor winding. The direct current in the rotor field winding is fed through
a slip-ring assembly or provided by a brushless exciter on the same shaft. Permanent magnet
generators do not require a DC supply for the neither excitation circuit nor do they have slip
rings and contact brushes. However, large permanent magnets are costly which restricts the
economic rating of the machine. The flux density of high performance permanent magnets is
limited. The air gap flux is not controllable, so the voltage of the machine cannot be easily
regulated. A persistent magnetic field imposes safety issues during assembly, field service or
repair. High performance permanent magnets, themselves, have structural and thermal issues.
Torque current MMF vectorically combines with the persistent flux of permanent magnets,
which leads to higher air-gap flux density and eventually, core saturation. In this, permanent
magnet alternators the speed is directly proportional to the output voltage of the alternator.

Fig 2.4: Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

12
2.2.4 ADVANTAGES OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
They are more stable and secure during normal operation and they do not
require an additional DC supply for the excitation circuit.
The permanent magnet synchronous generators avoid the use of slip rings,
hence it is simpler and maintenance free.
Higher power coefficient and efficiency. Synchronous generators are suitable
for high capacities and asynchronous generators which consume more reactive
power are suitable for smaller capacities.
Voltage regulation is possible in synchronous generators where it is not
possible in induction types. Condensers are not required for maintaining the
power factor in Synchronous generators, as it is required in induction
generators, closed gap induction.
2.2.5 PMSM DRIVEN WIND TURBINE:
An analytical model of a small PMSM is used to investigate the effect of controlling
the dc link voltage on the capture of maximum power. The model relates the dc link voltage
of the machine to its rotor speed. It neglects magnetic saturation. The effective air gap in a
PMSM with magnets mounted on the rotor surface can be considered constant and relatively
large. This is due to the relative permeability of the PM material being close to unity. The d
and q-axis synchronous reactance are consequently identical. The generator armature current
can be related to the torque and induced voltage as follows:
T Kt I a (2.10)

E Ke Ia (2.11)
Control over the rotor speed can be achieved simply by varying the generator terminal
voltage. The steady state terminal voltage of the generator can be determined for a machine
with negligible saliency can be expressed as:
2
V = E2 IaXs + IaRa sin IaX sin Ia Ra sin (2.12)

It is assumed that the generator is connected to a diode rectifier and assumed that the phase
voltage and fundamental component of the armature current of the generator are in phase.
Then the above equation can be written as
Va = E 2 Ia Ls 2 I a Ra (2.13)

The rectified dc-link voltage may be obtained using the standard equations for a three-phase
full-bridge diode rectifier taking the effect of commutation overlap into account as

13
 3 6
Vdc = V-2Vdiode (2.14)

Using above equations, it is possible to obtain a prediction for the dc-link voltage as a
function of the terminal phase voltage or mechanical speed and TSR. The figure shows the
optimum relation between the dc voltage and the rotor speed for the capture of maximum
power when the generator operates at the peak power coefficient Cp max and TSR.
Considering the previous equations, a sudden increase in wind speed will decrease both TSR
and Cp. An increase in the wind speed will result an increase in the torque transmitted from
the turbine to the generator. Then, the turbine will try to accelerate in response to an increase
in wind speed. An acceleration of the turbine will result in an increase in the commanded dc-
link voltage (i.e., dc-link voltage will increase in response to an increase in wind speed).
When the wind speed falls rapidly, a sudden decrease in wind speed will result in a high TSR
and Cp will decrease, decreasing the torque. With low applied torque to the generator, the
inductance and inertia of the system will result in a braking torque being applied, slowing the
generator and turbine. The reduction in speed will lower the dclink voltage.
2.3 MODELING OF PM DRIVE SYSTEM:
This chapter deals with the detailed modelling of a permanent magnet synchronous
motor. Closed loop control of the motor is developed using a PI controller in the speed loop.
Design of the speed controller is discussed.
2.3.1 DETAILED MODELLING OF PMSM:
Detailed modelling of PM motor drive system is required for proper simulation of the
system. The d-q model has been developed on rotor reference frame as shown in figure 2.3.
At any time t, the rotating rotor d-axis makes and angle r with the fixed stator phase axis and
rotating stator MMF makes an angle with the rotor d-axis. Stator MMF rotates at the same
speed as that of the rotor.

Figure 2.5 Rotor reference frame d-q model

The model of PMSM without damper winding has been developed on rotor reference frame
using the following assumptions:
1) Saturation is neglected.

14
 2) The induced EMF is sinusoidal.
3) Eddy currents and hysteresis losses are negligible
4) There are no field current dynamics

The PMSGs are becoming an attractive generator in a wind turbine system due to the
above advantages. The d-q model using amplitude invariant transformation of the PMSG is
represented by the following expressions.
Voltage equations are given by:
Vq = R s Iq + r d + q (2.15)
Vd = R s Id r q + d (2.16)
Flux Linkages are given by:
q = Lq Iq (2.17)
d = Ld Id + f (2.18)
Substituting equations 4.8 and 4.9 into 4.6 and 4.7
= + + + (2.19)
= + + (2.20)
Arranging equations 4.10 and 4.11 in matrix form
+
= (2.21)
+

The developed torque motor is being given by

3 p
Te = ( ) (d Iq q Id ) (2.22)
2 2

The mechanical torque equation is

d m
Tl = Tl + Bm + J (2.23)
dt

Solving for the rotor mechanical speed from equation 2.23

Te T j Bm
m dt (2.24)
J
And
2
m = r (2.25)
p

In the above equations r is the rotor electrical speed m is the rotor mechanical speed.

15
2.3.2 PARKS TRANSFORMATION AND D-Q MODELLING:
The dynamic d-q modelling is used for the study of motor during transient and
steady state. It is done by converting the three phase voltages and currents to d-q-o variables
by using parks transformation. Converting the phase voltages Vabc to Vdq 0 variables in rotor

reference frame the following equations are obtained.

cos
( 120) cos
( + 120)
2 sin
( 120) sin
( + 120)
= (2.26)
3 1 1 1

2 2 2

Convert Vdq 0 to Vabc

1
= cos
( 120) sin
( 120) 1 (2.27)
cos
( + 120) sin
( + 120) 1

2.3.3 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF PERMANENT MAGNET MOTOR:

Equivalent circuits of the motors are used for study and simulation of motors, from
the d-q modelling of the motor using the stator voltage equations the equivalent circuit of the
motor can be derived. Assuming rotor d axis flux from the permanent magnets is represented
by a constant current source as described in the following equation.
f = Ldm if (2.28)

Figure 2.6 Permanent magnet motor electric circuits without damper windings

where Ld, Lq are stator inductances; Vd , Vq are stator voltages; I d , I q are stator

currents in d and q axis, r is the rotor speed, P is the pole pairs, m is amplitude of the flux

16
induced in the stator by the permanent magnets in the rotor, Rs is the resistance of the stator
windings.
2.3.4 POWER AND TORQUE ANALYSIS OF A PMSG:
For any PMSM, the electrical power input can be expressed in the abc reference frame
as follows:

= + + (2.29)

Or in the d-q axes reference frame as follows:

3
= 2 + (2.30)

As a part of the input power, in the motoring mode, the active power is the power that is
transformed to mechanical power by the machine, which can be expressed as follows:

3
= 2 + (2.31)

Where,

= = (2.32)

And

= + = (2.33)

Here and are the back EMFs in the d-q axes reference frame, and and are
the d-q axes flux linkages. Substituting expressions (2.32) and (2.33) into (2.31), the active
power can be re-expressed as follows:

3
= 2 (2.34)

Hence, the electromagnetic torque developed by a PMSM can be deduced as follows:

3
=

=2 (2.35)
2
2

Or

3
= 2 + (2.36)
2

17
 Where, p is the number of poles in the machine.

2.4 VIENNA RECTIFIER:

2.4.1 INTRODUCTION TO VIENNA RECTIFIER:

The VIENNA rectifier and most of the current research focuses on this type of
rectifier and variants. From the various converter/control topologies discussed VIENNA
rectifier with constant switching frequency was chosen as the suitable rectifier for converting
a generator type input, due to following grounds.

The VIENNA rectifier offers the same or less input current harmonic distortion than the
other topologies

The VIENNA rectifier, with its three-level output, allows any DC-DC converter to be used
at the rectifier output (half-bridge, full-bridge or any other topology) and, with constant
switching frequency control, no additional circuitry is required to balance the two output
capacitors.

The VIENNA rectifier has only three switches, which are significantly fewer than other
rectifiers with the same performance (in terms of harmonic distortion);

The Vienna rectifier provides a more efficient power electronics topology than the
classical two-level PWM converter. Recently, the Vienna rectifier has been proposed as the
generator-side converter for either SCIG- or PMSG-based WECS. The Vienna rectifier is
used as the generator-side converter, which is commonly a six-switch two-level converter.
Because the Vienna rectifier is a unidirectional converter, it cannot be used as a grid-side
interface. Rather, a conventional six-switch converter or a multilevel converter can be used.

The VIENNA rectifier offers the same or less input current harmonic distortion than
the other topologies. The VIENNA rectifier, with its three-level output, allows any DC-DC
converter to be used at the rectifier output (half-bridge, full-bridge or any other topology)
and, with constant switching frequency control, no additional circuitry is required to balance
the two output capacitors. The VIENNA rectifier requires less control.

18
2.4.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF VIENNA RECTIFIER:

Fig. 2.7 Schematic diagram of Vienna rectifier

2.4.3 WORKING OF VIENNA RECTIFIER:

Fig 2.8

Fig.2.8 Conduction paths for phase-leg A when: (a) the line current is positive, and the
controlled switch is off; (b) the line current is positive, and the controlled switch is on; (c) the
line current is negative, and the controlled switch is off; and (d) the line current is negative,
and the controlled switch is on.

19
2.4.4 EXPLANATION:

For instance, if the line current ia is positive and the controlled switch Qa is off, the

voltage between the converter pole A and the dc-bus midpoint N (i.e., V AN ) is Vdc / 2 . The
conduction path for this case is illustrated in Fig. 2.8(a).

If the line current ia is positive, and the controlled switch Qa is on, the voltage V AN is
zero, in which case the conduction path is illustrated in Fig.2.8 (b).

Similarly, if the line current ia is negative, the voltage V AN can be either Vdc / 2 . If

the switch Qa is off or zero if the switch Qa is on, as illustrated in Fig.2.8 (c) Respectively.

20
 Similarly, if the line current ia is negative, the voltage VAN can be either Vdc / 2 if the

switch Qa is on, as illustrated in Fig. 2.8(d) Respectively. This operating principle also
applies to phase legs B and C.

2.4.5 THREE- PHASE OPERATION OF VIENNA RECTIFIER:

Fig 2.9 Three-phase source referenced to neutral.

Fig. 2.9 gives an illustration of the phase voltages for a three-phase source [5]. For the
purpose of the model analysis, it is assumed that the phase-currents are in phase with the
respective phase voltages. The constant switching frequency dual-boost control algorithm is
described in detail. As illustrated in figure 2.9 the control is rotated every 60. During each
60 period one of the controlled switches is switched "on" for the duration of the 60 period
(transitional switch), whereas the other two switches' duty cycles are varied according to the
relative phase currents. With reference to figure 2.9, and assuming the phase currents are in
phase with the phase voltages and current ripple is negligible, it can be seen that the
integrated area product of the phase voltage and the phase current will be equal for both the
positive boost rectifier and the negative boost rectifier during the 60 control period. Analysis

21
of the VIENNA rectifier in this Chapter will show that the positive boost rectifier will
transfer its energy to C1, while the negative boost rectifier will transfer its energy to C 2. As a
result of the power transferred to C1 and C2 being equal, the split capacitor bank comprising
of C1 and C2 will be in balance. An example is taken from figure 2.9 for the period -30 to
30. Switch S a is switched on during the entire period and the duty cycles of switches S b and

S c varied. For (= Lt ) [-30; 0), | ic | > | ib | and thus will dC < dB (where dc is the duty

cycle of switch C and dB the duty cycle of switch B). Capacitor C1 will be charged more
than capacitor C2 (because of the difference in duty cycles). This will result in a variation in
the distribution of the output voltage across the two capacitors with V1 > V2. For = 0, | ic | =

| ib | and dC = dB . At this point V1 is at a maximum and V2 at a minimum. For = (0; 30],|

ic | < | ib | and thus will dC > dB . Capacitor C2 will be charged more than capacitor C1

(because of the difference in duty cycles). This will result in a variation in the distribution of
the output voltage across the two capacitors, but still with V1 > V2. At the end of the 60
period the energy transferred to C1 over the 60 period will equal the energy transferred to C2
over the 60 period and as a result V1 = V2. Voltages V1 and V2 will vary at a frequency of
three times the line-to-neutral frequency, but at the beginning and end of each 60 period will
be equal to voltage V1. However, the average voltage over one cycle is constant.

2.4.6 OPERATING PRINCIPLE:

The direction of the current and the power flow are the areas of importance in
understanding the workings of the Vienna Rectifier.

22
Fig.2.10 When Phase S Moving to its Positive Side from Negative

Fig-2.11 When Phase R Moving to its Negative Side from Positive.

23
Fig.2.12 When Phase T Moving to its Positive Side from Negative.

Fig.2.13 When Phase S Moving to its Negative Side from Positive.

24
Fig.2.14 When Phase R Moving to its Positive Side from Negative.

Fig2.15 When Phase T Moving to its Negative Side from Positive.

25
 Table 2.1 Control Algorithm for the Vienna Rectifier

=Lt R S T

-30 to 30 SC SA SB

30 to 90 SA SC SB

90 to 150 SA SB SC

150 to 210 SB SA SC

210 to 270 SB SC SA

270 to 330 SC SB SA

Where S a , S b , S c are the switches that corresponds to phases R, S and T.

26
 CHAPTER 3

STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF VIENNA RECTIFIER

3.1 STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS:

Fig. 3.1 The three-phase/switch/level rectifier topology

The converter topology is shown in Fig. 3.1. It consists of three single-switch legs
associated to each phase. Q1, Q2 and Q3 are four quadrants switches. They are controlled to
ensure line current shaping at the input, DC voltage regulation and middle point stabilisation
at the output. From an operational view , the converter can be seen as an association of three
identical bidirectional boost converters.

Referring to this Fig. 3.1 ; The voltage equations for phase 1,2,3 :

dis 1
Vs1(n) = L + Vm + Vam (3.1)
dt

dis 2
Vs2(n) = L + Vm + Vbm (3.2)
dt

dis 3
Vs3(n) = L + Vm + Vcm (3.3)
dt

27
 Here we may express the Vam, Vbm, Vcm as follows :

Vam = (1-S1) [Vo,h (is,1)-Vo,1 (, 1)] (3.4)

Vbm = (1-S2) [Vo,h (is,2)-Vo,l (, 2)] (3.5)

Vcm = (1-S3) [Vo,h (is,3)-Vo,l (, 3)] (3.6)

Where ; is the threshold function;

is the logic complement

S1,S2,S3 are the switching functions .

0 if Q1is turned off

They are defined as
1 if Q2 is turned on

In nominal steady state regime with a balanced load , V0,h and V0,l are equal to Vo/2,
where Vo = Vo,h + Vo,l is the output voltage.

At the output side, the converter is represented by the following state equations :

dVo ,h 3
Co = k=1 1 Sk is,k (is,k) - io,h (3.7)
dt

dVo ,l 3
Co = k=1 1 Sk is,k (, ) - i0,l (3.8)
dt

3.2 INTRODUCTION TO STATE-SPACE MODEL:

AC-DC three phase converters are increasingly required to provide high input power
factor, low line current distortion, fixed output voltage and robustness to load and utility
voltage unbalance. Several topologies that satisfy these requirements have been proposed.
Among these structures, the three switch/three level AC-DC converter, known as Vienna
rectifier, is characterised by a low number of high frequency switches, high efficiency, low
design costs and low voltage stresses, which makes it suitable for high or medium power
applications.

A new mathematical model of a three phase, three switch/ three level fixed frequency
pulse width modulated rectifier, operating in continuous current mode, is developed from a
control design perspective. The model is elaborated using the state-space technique
commonly used in PWM DC-DC converter modelling problems. The basic model obtained

28
first for the converter is a nonlinear fifth order time-varying system, and the elaboration and
implementation of a corresponding suitable control law seem highly difficult. A three
axis/two axis frame transformation known as parks transformation and an input vector
nonlinear transformation.

The reliability of the proposed model is investigated through numerical results using
the MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation tool. A digital version of the converter has been
integrated using the switching function approach. The model parameters are shown to track
their theoretically estimated values. This modelling approach is so far valid as long as the
input and state variables of the converter vary slowly in time.

3.2.1 STATE SPACE MODELLING OF CONVERTER:

The modelling approach applied to the converter in Fig.2.1 is based on the state-space
averaging technique. In this method ,all the variables are averaged on a sampling period Ts.

The model defined can be expressed in a new rotating frame using parks
transformation. The parks matrix is defined as :

2 4
sin t sin
(t 3 ) sin
(t 3 )
2 2 4
K= cos t cos
(t 3 ) cos
(t 3 )
3
3 3 3
2 2 2

In a unity power factor operating mode we can rewrite the system as follows:

dis ,d Vo
Vs,d = L Lois,q + dd (3.9)
dt 2

dis ,q Vo
Vs,q = L + Lois,d + dq (3.10)
dt 2

d(Vo ) 3 Vo
Co = dois,d 2 (dd is,d+dqis,q)- io,h+ io,l (3.11)
dt Vo

dVo 3 Vo
Co = 2 (dd is,d + dq is,q) do is,d i0,h i0,l(3.12)
dt Vo

Where ;

is,d , is,q , Vo and Vo as state variables, dd , dq and do as control inputs, Vs,d , Vs,q as
disturbance inputs.

29
3.3 STEADY STATE OPERATING REGIME:

In the following , the theoretical expressions and waveforms of all system variables
are established in the steady-state regime assuming:

A balanced three phase voltage source :

V*s,1n(t) = V*s 2 sin(t)

V*s,2n(t) = V*s 2 sin(t-2/3) (3.13)

V*s,3n(t) = Vs* 2 sin(t-4/3)

Where Vs* is the steady state RMS value of the mains phase to neutral voltage.

A unity power factor operating condition, i.e.,

is,1n*(t) = Is* 2 sin(t) (3.14)

is,2n*(t) = I*s 2 sin(t-2/3) (3.15)

is,3n*(t) = Is* 2 sin(t- 4/3) (3.16)

where Is* being the steady-state RMS value of the line currents

Vs* being the steady-state RMS value of the line voltages

And a load balance, i.e., :

V*o,h = V*o,l = Vo* / 2 and i*o,h = i*o.l = I*o

Vo* and I*o are the steady state fixed values of the output voltage and current.

In addition , the power conversation law is verified ,i.e.,

3V*sI*s = V*oI*o

30
3.4 DESIGN CRITERIA:

3.4.1 INDUCTOR DESIGN:

To ensure current wave shaping in the steady-state regime, the common value of
mains series inductors have to satisfy the following conditions, as shown in Fig. 4 :

dIs ,k
V*s,kn VM,n > L dt

V*s,kn VM,n V0/2 < L (di*s,k/dt) , when i*s,k > 0

V*s,kn VM,n < L (dis,k*/dt)

V*s,kn- VM,n+(V0*/2) > L (di*s,k/dt), when i*s,k < 0

Where k = 1,2,3.

The value of VM,n corresponding to each case is given in table 2.1. After some
mathematical development, we obtain the condition for inductor

V0 2 3Vs 3 6V s 3V 0 2
L < min ( , ) (3.17)
60Is 60 I s

The range of the inductor value L is thus maximised if :

9
V*0 = 4 Vs 6 = 5.51 Vs (3.18)

The inductors are also designed for current ripple limitation. In this perspective,
reasoning around the peak value of the line currents yields:

1 V 0 6V 2
L>f (2Vs* 2 - s
)
s (i s )max 4 V 0

3.4.2 CAPACITOR DESIGN:

The two DC side capacitors of the converter are designed in the low-frequency
domain. The magnitude of the DC side upper current ripple can be obtained as :

V s I s 2
(i+) = (cos - 1)
V 0

31
 Assuming that the totality of the AC component of the upper current i*- is derived by
the upper capacitor, and denoting by (V0*)max the admissible output voltage ripple, it follows
that :

2V s I s 2
C > 3 ( cos 1) (3.19)
0V0 V 0 max

3.5 HYSTERESIS BASED CONTROL OF THE RECTIFIER:

3.5.1 CONTROL UNIT:

The Hysteresis based control strategy proposed for the Vienna rectifier [6], [7] is also
implemented for the 3-phase, 3-level rectifier. A brief discussion of the control strategy is
given below.
The control of the rectifier input voltage (Fig 2.1) and the wave-shaping of input
currents can be performed by the use of individual hysteresis controllers for each of the phase
current. The generation of current reference for UPF case is done by multiplying the output of
the voltage controller with sine waves of unit amplitude and in phase with the input voltages
as Fig 3.2
Va ,b ,c
I i* I N ( ) (3.20)
Vm
While generating the control signals Si for the MOSFET, the dependency of the rectifier input
voltage on the sign of the input current also has to be taken into consideration by an inversion
as,

Where, h is the width of the hysteresis band.

The control of mains current is done by control of the voltage difference across the
inductor L. The control error of the current control loop i.e. the maximum current ripple error
in the phase currents is limited to the twice the value of the hysteresis band (2h). Along with
the control of mains current, it is also essential to balance the DC bus voltage across the
capacitors C1 and C2.

32
 Fig 3.2 Control unit based on Hysteresis controller
The imbalance in the DC bus voltages can be caused by the loading of DC bus neutral
point M by a DC current or by low frequency AC current and it can be characterised by the
difference in voltage across the capacitors as,

The balance of these partial voltages (Vc1; Vc2) across C1 and C2 can be achieved by
addition of a zero sequence component to the current references by a voltage balance
controller F(s) as shown in Fig 3.2

The addition of a zero sequence component i0 has no direct influence on the mains
current shape (as the mains current amplitude and shape is set by current controller and the
output voltage controller) but influences the duration of the switching states and hence the
current iM owing into the neutral point of the DC bus.

3.5.2 ADVANTAGES OF HYSTERESIS CONTROL METHOD:

o EMI distributed over a wide spectrum
o Inherent current protection
3.5.3 DISADVANTAGES OF HYSTERESIS CONTROL METHOD:

o More stringent EMI filtering(EMI distributed over a wide spectrum, because

of varying frequency)
o Input voltage sensing required
o Control algorithm more difficult
o Second control loop required for balancing output capacitor bank

33
3.6 HYSTERSIS CONTROL:

Fig.3.3 Hysteresis control of three-phase active rectifier [9]

Fig.3.3 shows the basic control concept of the hysteresis type control. Two current
bands, a lower and an upper band, are set-up. The current is controlled by means of on-off
switching of the switch, to be within the boundaries set-up by the control bands. The range of
the switching frequency can be controlled by increasing/decreasing the current control bands.
The major disadvantage of this type of controller is the complexity. This type requires a
second control loop for balancing the two output capacitors, although the centre point voltage
is naturally stable[10] Furthermore, the controller also requires various multipliers for scaling
the input current to set up the control bands. The one major advantage of hysteresis type
control, compared to a constant switching type control, is that the power harmonics are
distributed over a wide frequency range due to the time-varying frequency [9] Constant
frequency control might require a small EMI filter at the input to comply with conducted
EMI regulations.

34
 CHAPTER 4
SIMULINK MODELLING
4.1 MODELLING OF WIND TURBINE AND PMSG:
Modelling is a basic tool for analysis, such as optimization, project, design and
control. Wind energy conversion systems are very different in nature from conventional
generators, and therefore dynamic studies must be addressed in order to integrate wind power
into the power system. Models utilised for steady-state analysis are extremely simple, while
the dynamic models for wind energy conversion systems are not easy to develop. Dynamic
modelling is needed for various types of analysis related to system dynamics: stability,
control system and optimization. in the case of power systems with classical sources of
energy analysis, the modelling is relatively simple because the models and controllers of the
processes are well known and even standardized; the data are available. But in the case of
wind turbine modelling, researchers face problems related to the lack of data and lack of
control-system structures due to strong competition between wind turbine manufacturers.
This leads to the situation in which many researchers model the wind energy conversion
systems in relatively simple form, almost neglecting the control systems, which significantly
influence the reliability of the analytical results. Modern wind turbine generator systems are
constructed mainly as systems with a horizontal axis of rotation, a wind wheel consisting of
three blades, a high speed PMSG.

Fig.4.1 The proposed system consists of Wind turbine, PMSG, Vienna rectifier and
hysteresis control.

35
 The simulation process is done by following steps in SIMULINK/MATLAB:
1. Firstly the wind turbine model and PMSG model are designed by using
equations described in chapter 2.
2. And then Design, modelling of Vienna rectifier is done.
3. Hysteresis current controller is designed and modelled for Vienna rectifier.
4. From PMSG, the AC voltage is converted into DC voltage by using the
Vienna rectifier.
The parameters used for the modelling of wind turbine and PMSG are shown in table:
Table 4.1 Wind turbine and PMSG Parameters
Sl. No Parameter Value
1 Wind speed 15(m/s)
2 Blade radius 1.4 (m)
3 Air Density 1.225
4 Number of poles 8
5 Rated Speed 157( rad / sec )
6 Armature resistance 2.8750 (ohm)

7 Magnetic flux linkage 0.07145 ( wb )

8 Stator inductance 0.000835 (Henry)

9 Rated torque/Area 0.4287 (N/m)

10 Rated power 2238(W)

The Parameters used for the modelling Vienna rectifier are shown in this table:
Table 4.2 Vienna Rectifier Parameter
Sl. No Parameter Value
1 Inductance 5mH
2 Capacitance 5mF
3 Switching Frequency 50Khz
4 Hysteresis Band 0.001
5 Modulation Index 1.25
6 Kp 5
7 Ki 0.6
8 Load Resistance 60 ohm

36
4.2 SIMULATION OF VIENNA RECTIFIER:

4.2.1 VIENNA RECTIFIER WITH CONSTANT INPUT VOLTAGE:

Simulation is performed at the rated values of rectifier specifications (Output power =

365W, Vdc = 148V) for sinusoidal PWM technique. The designed controller gains are chosen
for the simulation.

Fig 4.2 Vienna Rectifier with Constant Input Voltage

4 .2.2 VIENNA RECTIFIER CLOSED LOOP:

Simulation for hysteresis based control of rectifier is presented here; Simulation is performed
at the rated values of rectifier specifications the reference voltage is Vref =200v from t=0 to

t=0.2sec and from t=0.2 to t=0.35 Vref =220v, the hysteresis band is set as h = 0.001A.the

controller need to tack the reference voltage. The advantages of this control technique are
discussed in chapter 3.

In the control loop the PI controller Kp, Ki values are designed by the tuning method. In
tuning method initially Kp value must be at minimum value Low proportional gain gives slow
response, but stability is usually assured when this gain is low and Ki is zero. Then go on

37
increasing Kp so that to reach the required overshoot. After that increase Ki value and check
the overshoot and fast response. Like this way the PI controller is tuned.

Fig 4.3 Vienna with hysteresis controller

4.2.3 VIENNA RECTIFIER CLOSED LOOP WITH PMSG:

Permanent-magnet synchronous generator, which is driven by a wind turbine, is
connected to Vienna rectifier is as shown in bellow diagram. The Vienna rectifier
SIMULINK model is integrated with the PMSG driven by wind turbine in MATLAB, the
open loop and closed loop hysteresis based controller is modeled.

Fig.4.4 PMSG with hysteresis controlled Vienna.

38
4.3 SIMULATION RESULTS:
4.3.1 OPEN LOOP RESPONSE OF VIENNA RECTIFIER:

Fig 4.5 Vienna open loop Response

Vienna rectifier open loop responses are shown in fig.4.5, When the input voltage is
100V (line-line) the corresponding output voltage and currents are shown. As per the
designing output voltage (150) is nearly three times the input ph-n voltage. For switching sine
PWM technique with a switching frequency of 50KHZ is used with a modulation index
M=1.25.The efficiency of the rectifier is 85.32%.

4.3.2 CLOSED LOOP RESPONSE OF VIENNA RECTIFIER:

Fig 4.6 Closed loop response of Vienna rectifier

39
Results for hysteresis based control are presented in Fig. 4.6 Hysteresis based control
strategies for a reduced DC bus voltage of 200V tracking in0.01sec, after t=0.2sec of
simulation reference is changed to 220v and it is tracking that within0.005sec for input line-
line voltages of 100V (L-L). The carrier frequency used in the hysteresis based control a
sampling frequency of 50 kHz is used with a hysteresis band h = 0.001A. The results
presented are for UPF operation of the rectifier. The efficiency of the entire setup is found to
be =98.14% for hysteresis control.
4.3.3 VIENNA HYSTERESIS CONTROL WITH PMSG LOAD
VOLTAGE:

Fig.4.7 Vienna hysteresis control with PMSG load voltage

Fig.4.7 shows the hysteresis controlled Vienna rectifier output voltage which is
integrated to PMSG driven by wind turbine. Here the same controller is used as in the case of
Vienna operated with the constant AC voltage source. Here the controller is tracking the
output lately compared to constant voltage source operated Vienna rectifier this is because of
PMSG output is coming to steady state after 0.05sec so controller is tracking the reference
voltage slowly.

40
 CHAPTER-5
HARDWARE DESIGN AND RESULTS
5.1 VIENNA RECTIFIER: POWER STAGE DESIGN:
A 100W prototype rectifier is proposed with the following specifications;
1. The prototype rectifier shall be able to supply rated power at VLL = 75V (line to line)
Input voltage, with a line frequency of 50Hz.
2. To accommodate a generator type input the prototype rectifier shall be able to supply
up to 50W output power at 37.5V (line-to-line) input voltage, linearly derated from an
input voltage of 75V (line-to-line) and output power of 100W (i.e. for an input of
56.25V, or 75% of 75V, the prototype rectifier shall be able to supply up to 75W).
3. To accommodate non-generator inputs, the prototype shall be able to supply rated
power at 75V (line-to-line) input with a 20% variation in input voltage (i.e. the
prototype shall be able to supply 100W for an input of 60V up to 90V).
4. The peak-to-peak input current ripple should be below 10% of the peak current at
rated output power and an input voltage of 60V (line-to-line).

With a 20% variation in input voltage, the peak line-to-neutral input voltage is equal to
[11]
V
Vphase, peak 2 LL ,max,rms (5.1)
3

75 75 * 0.2
2
3
73.48V
Substituting equation 5.1 in 3.18
Vout ,m in 3V phase, peak 220 .45V (5.2)

The RMS phase input current is equal to

Pout
i phase ,rms 0.962 A (5.3)
Vll
3
3
If VOUT = 220V, then:
Vout
E 110V (5.4)
2
Considering the ripple current is 10% of the input phase current then,

41
 iripple 0.1*13 .608 0.136 A (5.5)

The switching frequency is arbitrarily chosen to be f sw = 50 kHz which is about twice

the highest audible frequency, or 25 kHz. Thus the period of one switching cycle will be
equal to Tsw = 1 / f sw = 20s.substituting 5.5, 5.4, 5.3 and 5.2 yields the desired inductance:
L>=8.5885mH=10mH (5.6)
The maximum output current of the rectifier will be
Pout
I out 0.4545 A (5.7)
Vout
Substituting 5.7, 5.6, 5.5, 5.4 and considering voltage ripple as 10V into equations 3.19
C>=20F (5.8)
It is known that the mid-point capacitor voltage ripple is proportional to the discharge
current minus the charge current. The capacitor mid-point voltage ripple shall thus decrease,
since the output current decreases with the lower input voltage. Thus with a generator
connected at the output, the voltage ripple shall decrease as the input voltage is decreased to a
voltage lower than the rated specified input voltage of 75V line-to-line and the output loading
is also decreased in a linear manner to the input voltage. If with the same load reduced input
will lead to high ripple.
5.2 DSPACE AND REAL-TIME INTERFACE IN SIMULINK:
The switching of the rectifier is done digitally (i.e. dSPACE control)
5.2.1 SYSTEM REQUIRMENTS:
You can use an x86-compatible personal computer as a host PC for your dSPACE
applications with following specifications:
o Host processor: Pentium 4 at 2 GHz (or equivalent)
o Main memory: 2 GB RAM or more (recommended)
o Disk space: 5.5 GB on the program partition for complete installation of the DVD
o Dongle licenses: A USB port: To install the execution key (dongle)
o Required slots: To install a DS1104, you need one free 33 MHz/32-bit 5 V PCI slot
Control Desk Next Generation version 4.2.1 which is a part of dSPACE DVD Release
7.3
o Supports following operating system:
Windows XP Professional (32-bit version) with Service Pack 3
Windows Vista Business, Ultimate, and Enterprise (32-bit version) with
Service Pack 2

42
 Windows 7 Professional, Ultimate, and Enterprise (32-bit or 64-bit versions)
with Service Pack 1
64-bit MATLAB versions are not supported. Real-Time Interface to SIMULINK
which is a part of "RCP and HIL software" (Rapid Control Prototyping and Hardware-in the-
Loop software) supports the following versions of MATLAB: R2012a, R2011b, R2011a,
R2010bSP1, R2010a, R2009bSP1.
5.2.2DSPACE Package:
To implement a real-time control loop using dSPACE and MATLAB we need following
items
1. dSPACE DS1104 R&D Controller Board

Fig 5.1(a)
2. Dongle licenses on a USB flash disk

Fig 5.1(b)
3. License.dsp file
4. Keys.dsp file
5. Connector panel CP1104

Fig.5.1(c)

43
5.2.2 REAL-TIME AND THE STRUCTURE OF A REAL-TIME
PROGRAM:
In order to switch the three power switches in Vienna rectifier for a frequency of 50
KHz. We need to use slave I/O PWM pin in the DSPACE 1104 package and for sinusoidal
PWM there are some pins fixed for that.
First we need to insert USB dSPACE key and we need to open the MATLAB
When we start MATLAB following message appears, which says that dSPACE Real-
Time Interface (RTI) is installed for several hardware platforms, in this case DS1104.
To stop showing this message when MATLAB starts you can check the box

After that open SIMULINK window and modelled required sin waves after that
type RTI in command window of MATLAB ,there will be a new window

Select Slave DSP F240in that take PWM block to file.

The final PWM generation model is given bellow

Fig 5.2 SPWM generation in dSPACE

44
 Before simulating ensure the following things:
a. In side PWM block select Symmetric PWM mode and Frequency 50KHZ
b. In configuration parameters of MATLAB
Solver : ode1 (Euler)
Type :Fixed
Simulation time : inf
Then simulate some time and stop simulation then build this by pressing ctrl+B
after building succeeded we can see the pulses at Slave pin on board.
Table 5.1 Slave pin configuration

From modelling diagram it is SPWM7, SPWM8, SPWM9 so we need to connect 10, 11, 29
pins with the corresponding grounds so that we can get pulses for 50 KHz.
5.2.3 DSPACE PULSES FOR VIENNA:
By giving pin-10, pin-11, pin-29 to positive wire of a 10:1 CRO probe and pin-1
connected to common ground to all these three pulses this will be the negative so the pulses
with a switching frequency are shown in the Fig.5.3 and these are of 5V magnitude gate
pulses so to boost up and isolation we are using a optocoupler driver circuits these will boost
pulse magnitude from 5V to 22V.

45
 Fig 5.3 50 KHz SPWM Pulse from dSPACE RTI1104
5.3 COMPONENTS USED:
Table 5.2 Component Detailed tabulation
Sl. No Component Value or Number
1 IGBT FGA25N120
2 Power Diode BY329
3 Capacitor 22F,Mkp capacitor
4 Inductor 0.2H
5 Load 750ohm
6 Opto coupler Hcpl 3120

46
5.4 HARDWARE CIRCUIT:

Fig 5.4 Hardware execution of Vienna open loop

Fig 5.5 Vienna Rectifier Hardware Board

47
5.5 HARDWARE RESULTS:
Here in this section the hardware and simulation results are compared.
1. When Input (L-L) is 55.5V the simulation and hardware result are shown in Fig 5.6
and Fig 5.7 Respectively.

Fig 5.6 Simulation Result of Vienna open loop for Vin=55.5V(l-l).

Fig 5.7 Hardware result of Vienna open loop for VIN=55.5V (l-l)
Here in simulation for 55.5V of line to line voltage there is an output DC Voltage of
46V (R=750ohm)is shown in Fig 5.6,When 55.V of line to line voltage applied to Vienna
prototype the average Dc voltage is 47.5(R<750ohm) shown in Fig5.7 as 47.5V
i.e.(52/2]+20) with a ripple of 52V.
2. When Input (l-l) is 53.5V the simulation and hardware result are shown in Fig 5.8 and
Fig 5.9 Respectively

48
 Fig 5.8 Result of Vienna open loop for Vin =53.5V (l-l).

Fig5.9 Hardware result of Vienna open loop for Vin =53.5V (l-l)
Here in simulation for 53.5V of line to line voltage there is an output DC Voltage of 45V
(R=750ohm)is shown in Fig 5.8,When 53.5V of line to line voltage applied to Vienna
prototype the average DC voltage is 46(R=750ohm) shown in Fig5.9 as 46V i.e.([68/2]+12)
with a ripple of 68V. Like this the hardware and simulation results are compared in the
bellow table.

49
 Table 5.3 Hardware and simulation Result comparison
Sl. No Vin Vi(Max) Simulate Avg DC =(Ripple/2)+DC H/W Diff in
(RMS) (V) output (V) output results
(V) Voltage Average (V)
(V) DC(V)
1 7.24 10.25 7.6 (7.2/2)+0 3.6 4
2 19.32 27.32 22.8 (52/2)+4 30.7 7.9
3 26.87 38 33 (36/2)+8 34 7
4 28.99 41 34.5 (46/2)+16 40 5.5
5 30.40 43 36.5 (39/2)+12 31.5 5
6 31.11 44 37.5 (40/2)+12 32 5.5
7 33.94 48 40 (46/2)+16 39 1
8 36.41 51.5 44 (46/2)+18 41 3
9 37.83 53.5 45 (68/2)+12 46 1
10 39.24 55.5 46 (52/2)+20 47.5 1.5
5.6 COMPARISON OF VIENNA WITH SIX SWITCH RECTIFIER:
When same amount of input given to these two rectifiers, the results are noted and
plotted so that we can compare easily.
a. When measuring the output voltage values are tabulated as:
Table 5.4 Input voltage Vs Output Voltage
Sl. NO Input voltage Six switch Rectifier Vienna
(V) Output Voltage(V) Output Voltage(V)
1 10 11.97 22.12
2 20 25.52 48.3
3 30 39.08 74.48
4 50 66.18 126.8
5 75 100.1 192.3
6 100 133.9 257.7
7 200 269.5 519.6
8 500 676 1305

The tabulated values are plotted to compare easily.

50
 Fig 5.10 Input Vs Out put
b. Measuring THD values are tabulated as:
Table 5.5 Input voltage Vs THD
Sl. NO Input voltage Six switch Rectifier Vienna
(V) THD(%) THD(%)
1 10 5.54 5.02
2 20 5.36 4.71
3 30 5.30 4.61
4 50 5.25 4.53
5 75 5.23 4.50
6 100 5.22 4.48
7 200 5.20 4.45
8 500 5.19 4.44
The tabulated values are plotted to compare easily

Fig 5.11 Input Vs THD

51
c. When measuring the efficiency values are tabulated as:
Table 5.6 Input voltage Vs Efficiency
Sl. NO Input voltage Six switch Rectifier Vienna
(V) Efficiency (%) Efficiency (%)
1 10 66 65.69
2 20 71.23 75.79
3 30 73.28 75.16
4 50 74.04 77.06
5 75 75.85 78.02
6 100 75.77 78.49
7 200 75.67 79.21
8 500 76.92 79.64
The tabulated values are plotted to compare easily

Fig 5.12 Input Vs Efficiency

52
 CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION

6.1 COMMENTS ON COMPARED RESULTS:

The initial motivation in developing a new generation of rectifier topology was to see if it
would be possible to have a topology that would yield a significant increase in efficiency
over the traditional two-stage designs. It was identified that in order to achieve a cost
reduction in the rectifier system, an increase the overall efficiency was needed. This would in
turn give an advantage. The traditional two-stage converter designs resulted in a cascading
effect of losses thereby reducing the efficiencies. It was therefore decided to investigate a
new rectifier topology that would be a single-stage design, thereby theoretically meting an
increase in overall efficiency. A new type of rectifier was developed for this purpose. It was
identified that the majority of the losses were due to the conduction losses if the
semiconductors. With the continued advancement of semiconductor technologies, such as
CMOS devices, which exhibit a lower on-resistance value compared with standard
MOSFETs. The new rectifier topology has the potential to exceed those effects found in the
traditional two-stage designs. The results in the section 5.6 indicate a power factor of
approximately 1 for all input voltage and output power combinations.
As can be seen, Vienna Rectifier topology has the potential to exceed those
efficiencies found in the traditional two-stage designs. In table 5.6 it is clear that Vienna is
performed lot better. Similarly the comparisons of THD and output voltage are tabulate in 5.5
and 5.4; in every manner the proposed topology is having a dominated performance over the
conventional topology.
So by comparing these results in chapter 5.6, we can conclude that Vienna rectifier is
better than six switch converter with the following advantages:
Efficiency is high
THD is less
Output Voltage is high compared to six switch
Only three switches so cost also reduced
Power quality is improved(UPF)

53
 Reduced blocking Voltage stress on the power semiconductors so reliability is
enhanced.
6.2 CONCLUSION:
The performance analysis of Vienna rectifier has been studied. A new low-frequency
time-variant model of a three-phase, three-switch three-level rectifier has been established.
Design features concerning the choice of output voltage and the reactive components were
also presented.

Concludes the Project results are in agreement with the conclusions of [4], namely that The
Vienna rectifier provides a more efficient power electronics topology than the classical two-
level PWM converter. Hence, the PMSG/Vienna rectifier topology constitutes a new
promising design option, which should be evaluated closely by the wind energy industry. The
VIENNA rectifier might even be more suitable to convert a wide input voltage source to a
DC output than a 6-switch topology.

6.3 FUTURE WORK:

The following improvements are, however, suggested for future studies:

Snubber can be added to improve the overall efficiency and noise performance;
Soft-switching techniques can be introduced to improve efficiency and to improve
noise performance;
Future studies can focus on the possible implementation of space-vector control of the
VIENNA rectifier[12]
Future studies can focus on developing a better and more accurate model for the plant
transfer response, by including the capacitor equivalent resistance and inductor series
resistance.

54
PUBLICATIONS:
1. Dr. M.Kowsalya, Sumanth Srinivas Gaurav, Bandaru Naga Tirumaleswara Rao,
Manem Hareesh Modeling of DFIG for the variable speed wind turbine in
International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Communication and
Computational Technologies (ICCICCT 2014) ( indexed in IEEE digital explore).
2. Manem Hareesh and Dr. M.Kowsalya ANALYSIS OF PERMANENT-MAGNET
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR WITH VIENNA RECTIFIER FOR WIND
ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM World Journal of Modelling and Simulation
(Scopus Indexed).

55
REFERENCES:
1. Polinder, H.; van der Pijl, F.F.; de Vilder, G.J.; Tavner, P.J. Comparison of direct-
drive and geared generator concepts for wind turbines. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.
2006, 21, 725733.
2. D. C. Aliprantis, S. A. Papathanassiou, M. P. Papadopoulos, and A. G. Kladas,
Modeling and control of a variable-speed wind turbine equipped with permanent
magnet synchronous generator, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Electrical Machines, Espoo,
Finland, Aug. 2000.
3. H. Kim, S. Kim, and H. Ko, Modeling and control of PMSG-based variable-speed
wind turbine, Electric Power Syst. Res., vol. 80, pp. 4652, 2010.
4. Analysis of Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generator With Vienna Rectifier for
Wind Energy Conversion System Hao Chen, Student Member, IEEE, Nicholas David,
and Dionysios C. Aliprantis, Senior Member, IEEE.
5. C. Qiao and K.M. Smedley, "A General Three-Phase PFC Controller Part II. For
Rectifiers with a Series-Connected Dual Boost Topology", IEEE Transactions on
Industry Applications, Vol. 38 Issue 1, pp.137-148, January/February 2002.
6. Kolar, J.W.; Zach, F.C.; , \A novel three-phase utility interface minimizing line
current harmonics of high-power telecommunications recti er modules," IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.44, pp.456-467, August 1997.
7. Kolar, J.W.; Drofenik, U.; Zach, F.C.; , \Space vector based analysis of the variation
and control of the neutral point potential of hysteresis current controlled three-
phase/switch/level PWM rectier systems," Proceedings of 1995 International
Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, vol.1, pp.22-33, February 1995
8. J. Puigcorbe and A. d. Beaumont, "Wind Turbine Gearbox Reliability," 3 June 2010.
[Online].Available:http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2010/06/
wind-turbinegearbox-reliability.
9. J.W. Kolar and F.C. Zach, "A Novel Three-Phase Utility Interface Minimizing Line
Current Harmonics of High-Power Telecommunications Rectifier Modules", IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 44, Issue 4, pp.456-467, August 1997.
10. L. Dalessandro, U. Drofenik, S.D. Round and J.W. Kolar, "A Novel Hysteresis
Current Control for Three-Phase Three-Level PWM Rectifiers", IEEE Applied Power
Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Twentieth Annual,Conference
Proceedings, Vol. 1, pp. 501-507, March 1995.

56
11. N. Mohan, T.M. Undeland and W.P Robbins, "Power Electronics
Converters,Applications and Design Second Edition", Chapter 3, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.,1995.
12. J. Minibck and J.W. Kolar, "Wide Input Voltage Range High Power Density High
Efficiency 10kW Three-Phase Three-Level Unity Power Factor PWM Rectifier",33rd
IEEE Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Conference Proceedings, pp.
1642, 2002.

57
APPENDIX:

58
59
BRIEF BIO-DATA OF THE CANDIDATE:

NAME : MANEM HAREESH

DATE OF BIRTH : 09-07-1990

FATHER NAME : M. SRINIVASA RAO

NATIONALITY : INDIAN

PERMANENT ADDRESS : D.NO 4-15/A, ATMAKURU

MANGALARI, GUNTUR, A.P,

PIN: 522503

MOBILE : +91 9705494299

EMAIL : hari.manem@gmail.com

GRADUATION : B.TECH

SPECIALISATION : ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

COLLEGE : V.R SIDDARTHA ENGINEERING

COLLEGE

POST GRADUATION : M.TECH

SPECIALISATION : POWER ELECTRONICS AND

DRIVES

COLLEGE : VIT UNIVERSITY, VELLORE,

TAMILNADU, INDIA.

60