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    UPSC Civil Services Main 1981 - Mathematics Calculus: Sunder Lal

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    sayhigaurav07
    This document contains solutions to mathematics questions from a UPSC Civil Services exam from 1981. It addresses the following topics in 3 sentences or less each: 1. The limit and differentiability of the function f(x) = |x|/x at x=0, and the differentiability of f^2. 2. The production level and selling price that maximizes profits for a manufacturer selling x items at price P=(200-x/100) paise each to produce at cost y=50x+20000 paise. 3. Evaluating the double integral from 0 to infinity of e^(-x^2-y^2) dx dy, applying the mean value theorem

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    UPSC Civil Services Main 1981 - Mathematics Calculus: Sunder Lal

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    sayhigaurav07
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    This document contains solutions to mathematics questions from a UPSC Civil Services exam from 1981. It addresses the following topics in 3 sentences or less each: 1. The limit and differentiability of the function f(x) = |x|/x at x=0, and the differentiability of f^2. 2. The production level and selling price that maximizes profits for a manufacturer selling x items at price P=(200-x/100) paise each to produce at cost y=50x+20000 paise. 3. Evaluating the double integral from 0 to infinity of e^(-x^2-y^2) dx dy, applying the mean value theorem

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    Calculus

    Original Title

    Calculus 1981

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    This document contains solutions to mathematics questions from a UPSC Civil Services exam from 1981. It addresses the following topics in 3 sentences or less each: 1. The limit and differentiability of the function f(x) = |x|/x at x=0, and the differentiability of f^2. 2. The production level and selling price that maximizes profits for a manufacturer selling x items at price P=(200-x/100) paise each to produce at cost y=50x+20000 paise. 3. Evaluating the double integral from 0 to infinity of e^(-x^2-y^2) dx dy, applying the mean value theorem

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    48 views2 pages

    UPSC Civil Services Main 1981 - Mathematics Calculus: Sunder Lal

    Uploaded by

    sayhigaurav07
    This document contains solutions to mathematics questions from a UPSC Civil Services exam from 1981. It addresses the following topics in 3 sentences or less each: 1. The limit and differentiability of the function f(x) = |x|/x at x=0, and the differentiability of f^2. 2. The production level and selling price that maximizes profits for a manufacturer selling x items at price P=(200-x/100) paise each to produce at cost y=50x+20000 paise. 3. Evaluating the double integral from 0 to infinity of e^(-x^2-y^2) dx dy, applying the mean value theorem

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    UPSC Civil Services Main 1981 - Mathematics

    Calculus
    Sunder Lal
    Retired Professor of Mathematics
    Panjab University
    Chandigarh

    January 16, 2010

    |x|
    Question 1(a) Let f (x) = . Discuss the value of limx0 f (x) and f (0). Justify your
    x
    answer. Discuss the differentiability of f and f 2 at x = 0.

    Solution. Clearly (
    1, x>0
    f (x) =
    1, x < 0
    Thus limx0+ f (x) = 1, limx0 f (x) = 1, showing that limx0 f (x) does not exist. Thus
    no matter what value is given to f (x) at 0, f (x) cannot be continuous at x = 0.
    Since f (x) is not continuous at x = 0, the question of its differentiability does not arise., as
    f (x0 + h) f (x0 )
    differentiability implies continuity note that f (x0 + h) f (x0 ) = h, so if
    h
    f (x0 + h) f (x0 )
    f (x) is differentiable at x0 , then limh0 f (x0 +h)f (x0 ) = limh0 limh0 h =
    0
    h
    f (x0 ) 0 = 0, so limh0 f (x0 + h) = f (x0 ).
    Clearly f 2 (x) = 1 for every x 6= 0, therefore f 2 would become differentiable at x = 0 if
    we define f (x) = 1 or 1, making f 2 (x) = 1 for all x. In any other case f 2 (x) would not be
    differentiable at x = 0, as it would not be continuous at x = 0.

    x
    Question 2(a) Suppose a manufacturer can sell x items at a price P = 200 paisa
    100
    per item, and it costs y = 50x + 20000 paise to produce the x items. What is the production
    level for maximum profits, and the selling price per item?
     x 
    Solution. Selling price of x items = 200 x
    100
    Cost price of x items = 50x + 20000.

    1
     x 
    Profict P on the sale of x items = 200 x (50x + 20000).
    100
    For extreme values,
    dP x x x
    = 200 50 = 150 = 0 = x = 7500
    dx 100 100 50
    d2 P 1
    2
    = <0
    dx 50
    showing that the profit is maximum when 7500 items are sold at 125 paisa per item.
    Z Z
    2 2
    Question 2(b) Evaluate the double integral e(x +y ) dx dy.
    0 0

    Solution. See 2002 question 1(b).


    1
    Question 2(c) State the mean value theorem. If f 0 (x) = for all x, and f (0) = 0,
    1 + x2
    show that 0.4 < f (2) < 2.0.
    Solution. If f (x) is a real valued function defined on the closed interval [a, b], such that (i)
    f (x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], (ii) f (x) is differentiable on the open interval
    (a, b), then there exists a point c (a, b) such that f (b) f (a) = (b a)f 0 (c).
    We apply the mean value theorem to f (x) on [0, 2] and get f (2) = f (2) f (0) =
    (2 0)f 0 (c) = 1+c
    2
    2 for some c (0, 2).
    2 2 2
    Now 0 < c < 2 so < 2
    < , thus 0.4 < f (2) < 2.
    1+4 1+c 1+0

    Question 3(a) The region bounded by the curves y = x3 and y = x is revolved about the
    x-axis. Find the volume generated.
    Solution. The curves intersect each other at (0, 0 and (1, 1). The required volume V =
    Volume obtained by rotating the arc from (0, 0) to (1, 1) of y 2 = x about the x-axis - Volume
    obtained by rotating the arc from (0, 0) to (1, 1) of y = x3 about the x-axis. Thus
    Z 1 Z 1
    2
    V = y1 dx y22 dx
    0 0
    Z 1 Z 1
    = x dx x6 dx
    0 0
    5
    = =
    2 7 14

    (p)(q)
    Question 3(b) Show that B(p, q) = .
    (p + q)
    Solution. See 1991 question 2(c).

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