Designation: D 790 03

Standard Test Methods for

Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics
and Electrical Insulating Materials1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 790; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of flexural 2.1 ASTM Standards:
properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics, including D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing2
high-modulus composites and electrical insulating materials in D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics2
the form of rectangular bars molded directly or cut from sheets, D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics2
plates, or molded shapes. These test methods are generally D 4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Mate-
applicable to both rigid and semirigid materials. However, rials3
flexural strength cannot be determined for those materials that D 5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid
do not break or that do not fail in the outer surface of the test Plastic Specimens4
specimen within the 5.0 % strain limit of these test methods. D 6272 Test Method for Flexural Properties of Unrein-
These test methods utilize a three-point loading system applied forced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating
to a simply supported beam. A four-point loading system Materials by Four-Point Bending4
method can be found in Test Method D 6272. E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines5
1.1.1 Procedure A, designed principally for materials that E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
break at comparatively small deflections. Determine the Precision of a Test Method6
1.1.2 Procedure B, designed particularly for those materials
that undergo large deflections during testing. 3. Terminology
1.1.3 Procedure A shall be used for measurement of flexural 3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms applying to these test
properties, particularly flexural modulus, unless the material methods appear in Terminology D 883 and Annex A1 of Test
specification states otherwise. Procedure B may be used for Method D 638.
measurement of flexural strength only. Tangent modulus data
obtained by Procedure A tends to exhibit lower standard 4. Summary of Test Method
deviations than comparable data obtained by means of Proce- 4.1 A bar of rectangular cross section rests on two supports
dure B. and is loaded by means of a loading nose midway between the
1.2 Comparative tests may be run in accordance with either supports (see Fig. 1). A support span-to-depth ratio of 16:1
procedure, provided that the procedure is found satisfactory for shall be used unless there is reason to suspect that a larger
the material being tested. span-to-depth ratio may be required, as may be the case for
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the certain laminated materials (see Section 7 and Note 8 for
standard. The values provided in parentheses are for informa- guidance).
tion only. 4.2 The specimen is deflected until rupture occurs in the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the outer surface of the test specimen or until a maximum strain
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the (see 12.7) of 5.0 % is reached, whichever occurs first.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 4.3 Procedure A employs a strain rate of 0.01 mm/mm/min
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- [0.01 in./in./min] and is the preferred procedure for this test
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. method, while Procedure B employs a strain rate of 0.10
NOTE 1These test methods are not technically equivalent to ISO 178.
mm/mm/min [0.10 in./in./min].
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
3
Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
4
Properties. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.03.
5
Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published April 2003. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 790 02. 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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TABLE 1 Flexural Strength

Values Expressed in Units of %
Material Mean, 103 psi of 103 psi
Vr A VR B rC RD

ABS 9.99 1.59 6.05 4.44 17.2

DAP thermoset 14.3 6.58 6.58 18.6 18.6
Cast acrylic 16.3 1.67 11.3 4.73 32.0
GR polyester 19.5 1.43 2.14 4.05 6.08
GR polycarbonate 21.0 5.16 6.05 14.6 17.1
SMC 26.0 4.76 7.19 13.5 20.4
A
Vr = within-laboratory coefficient of variation for the indicated material. It is
obtained by first pooling the within-laboratory standard deviations of the test
results from all of the participating laboratories: Sr = [[(s1)2 + (s2)2 . . . + ( sn)2]/n]
1/2 then Vr = (Sr divided by the overall average for the material) 3 100.
B
Vr = between-laboratory reproducibility, expressed as the coefficient of varia-
2 2 1/2
tion: SR = {Sr + SL } where SL is the standard deviation of laboratory means.
Then: VR = (S R divided by the overall average for the material) 3 100.
C
r = within-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 3 Vr.
D
R = between-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 3 VR.

NOTE(a) Minimum radius = 3.2 mm [18 in.]. (b) Maximum radius testing, or appropriate corrections shall be made. The load
supports 1.6 times specimen depth; maximum radius loading nose = 4 indicating mechanism shall be essentially free from inertial lag
times specimen depth. at the crosshead rate used. The accuracy of the testing machine
FIG. 1 Allowable Range of Loading Nose and Support Radii shall be verified in accordance with Practices E 4.
6.2 Loading Noses and SupportsThe loading nose and
5. Significance and Use supports shall have cylindrical surfaces. In order to avoid
excessive indentation, or failure due to stress concentration
5.1 Flexural properties as determined by these test methods
directly under the loading nose, the radii of the loading nose
are especially useful for quality control and specification
purposes. and supports shall be 5.0 6 0.1 mm [0.197 6 0.004 in.] unless
5.2 Materials that do not fail by the maximum strain otherwise specified or agreed upon between the interested
allowed under these test methods (3-point bend) may be more clients. When other loading noses and supports are used they
suited to a 4-point bend test. The basic difference between the must comply with the following requirements: they shall have
two test methods is in the location of the maximum bending a minimum radius of 3.2 mm [18 in.] for all specimens, and for
moment and maximum axial fiber stresses. The maximum axial specimens 3.2 mm or greater in depth, the radius of the
fiber stresses occur on a line under the loading nose in 3-point supports may be up to 1.6 times the specimen depth. They shall
bending and over the area between the loading noses in 4-point be this large if significant indentation or compressive failure
bending. occurs. The arc of the loading nose in contact with the
5.3 Flexural properties may vary with specimen depth, specimen shall be sufficiently large to prevent contact of the
temperature, atmospheric conditions, and the difference in rate specimen with the sides of the nose (see Fig. 1). The maximum
of straining as specified in Procedures A and B (see also Note radius of the loading nose shall be no more than 4 times the
8). specimen depth.
5.4 Before proceeding with these test methods, reference
should be made to the specification of the material being tested. NOTE 2Test data have shown that the loading nose and support
Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or dimensions can influence the flexural modulus and flexural strength
values. The loading nose dimension has the greater influence. Dimensions
testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the
of the loading nose and supports must be specified in the material
materials specification shall take precedence over those men- specification.
tioned in these test methods. If there are no material specifi-
cations, then the default conditions apply. Table 1 in Classifi- 6.3 Micrometers Suitable micrometers for measuring the
cation System D 4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that width and thickness of the test specimen to an incremental
currently exist for plastics. discrimination of at least 0.025 mm [0.001 in.] should be used.
All width and thickness measurements of rigid and semirigid
6. Apparatus plastics may be measured with a hand micrometer with ratchet.
6.1 Testing Machine A properly calibrated testing ma- A suitable instrument for measuring the thickness of nonrigid
chine that can be operated at constant rates of crosshead motion test specimens shall have: a contact measuring pressure of
over the range indicated, and in which the error in the load 25 6 2.5 kPa [3.6 6 0.36 psi], a movable circular contact foot
measuring system shall not exceed 61 % of the maximum load 6.35 6 0.025 mm [0.250 6 0.001 in.] in diameter and a lower
expected to be measured. It shall be equipped with a deflection fixed anvil large enough to extend beyond the contact foot in
measuring device. The stiffness of the testing machine shall be all directions and being parallel to the contact foot within 0.005
such that the total elastic deformation of the system does not mm [0.002 in.] over the entire foot area. Flatness of foot and
exceed 1 % of the total deflection of the test specimen during anvil shall conform to the portion of the Calibration section of
Test Methods D 5947.

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machined on both surfaces to a depth of 12.7 mm. The support

7. Test Specimens span-to-depth ratio shall be chosen such that failures occur in
7.1 The specimens may be cut from sheets, plates, or
molded shapes, or may be molded to the desired finished
dimensions. The actual dimensions used in Section 4.2, Cal-
culation, shall be measured in accordance with Test Methods
D 5947.
NOTE 3Any necessary polishing of specimens shall be done only in
the lengthwise direction of the specimen.
7.2 Sheet Materials (Except Laminated Thermosetting Ma-
terials and Certain Materials Used for Electrical Insulation,
Including Vulcanized Fiber and Glass Bonded Mica):
7.2.1 Materials 1.6 mm [116 in.] or Greater in Thickness
For flatwise tests, the depth of the specimen shall be the
thickness of the material. For edgewise tests, the width of the
specimen shall be the thickness of the sheet, and the depth shall
not exceed the width (see Notes 4 and 5). For all tests, the
support span shall be 16 (tolerance 61) times the depth of the
beam. Specimen width shall not exceed one fourth of the
support span for specimens greater than 3.2 mm [18 in.] in
depth. Specimens 3.2 mm or less in depth shall be 12.7 mm [12
in.] in width. The specimen shall be long enough to allow for
overhanging on each end of at least 10 % of the support span,
but in no case less than 6.4 mm [14 in.] on each end. Overhang
shall be sufficient to prevent the specimen from slipping
through the supports.
NOTE 4Whenever possible, the original surface of the sheet shall be
unaltered. However, where testing machine limitations make it impossible
to follow the above criterion on the unaltered sheet, one or both surfaces
shall be machined to provide the desired dimensions, and the location of
the specimens with reference to the total depth shall be noted. The value
obtained on specimens with machined surfaces may differ from those
obtained on specimens with original surfaces. Consequently, any specifi-
cations for flexural properties on thicker sheets must state whether the
original surfaces are to be retained or not. When only one surface was
machined, it must be stated whether the machined surface was on the
tension or compression side of the beam.
NOTE 5Edgewise tests are not applicable for sheets that are so thin
that specimens meeting these requirements cannot be cut. If specimen
depth exceeds the width, buckling may occur.
7.2.2 Materials Less than 1.6 mm [116 in.] in Thickness
The specimen shall be 50.8 mm [2 in.] long by 12.7 mm [12 in.]
wide, tested flatwise on a 25.4-mm [1-in.] support span.
NOTE 6Use of the formulas for simple beams cited in these test
methods for calculating results presumes that beam width is small in
comparison with the support span. Therefore, the formulas do not apply
rigorously to these dimensions.
NOTE 7Where machine sensitivity is such that specimens of these
dimensions cannot be measured, wider specimens or shorter support
spans, or both, may be used, provided the support span-to-depth ratio is at
least 14 to 1. All dimensions must be stated in the report (see also Note 6).
7.3 Laminated Thermosetting Materials and Sheet and
Plate Materials Used for Electrical Insulation, Including
Vulcanized Fiber and Glass-Bonded MicaFor paper-base
and fabric-base grades over 25.4 mm [1 in.] in nominal
thickness, the specimens shall be machined on both surfaces to
a depth of 25.4 mm. For glass-base and nylon-base grades,
specimens over 12.7 mm [12 in.] in nominal depth shall be

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the outer fibers of the specimens, due only to the bending

moment (see Note 8). Therefore, a ratio larger than 16:1 may
be necessary (32:1 or 40:1 are recommended). When laminated
materials exhibit low compressive strength perpendicular to the
laminations, they shall be loaded with a large radius loading
nose (up to four times the specimen depth to prevent premature
damage to the outer fibers.
7.4 Molding Materials (Thermoplastics and Thermosets)
The recommended specimen for molding materials is 127 by
12.7 by 3.2 mm [5 by 12 by 18 in.] tested flatwise on a support
span, resulting in a support span-to-depth ratio of 16 (tolerance
61). Thicker specimens should be avoided if they exhibit
significant shrink marks or bubbles when molded.
7.5 High-Strength Reinforced Composites, Including Highly
Orthotropic LaminatesThe span-to-depth ratio shall be cho-
sen such that failure occurs in the outer fibers of the specimens
and is due only to the bending moment (see Note 8). A
span-to-depth ratio larger than 16:1 may be necessary (32:1 or
40:1 are recommended). For some highly anisotropic compos-
ites, shear deformation can significantly influence modulus
measurements, even at span-to-depth ratios as high as 40:1.
Hence, for these materials, an increase in the span-to-depth
ratio to 60:1 is recommended to eliminate shear effects when
modulus data are required, it should also be noted that the
flexural modulus of highly anisotropic laminates is a strong
function of ply-stacking sequence and will not necessarily
correlate with tensile modulus, which is not stacking-sequence
dependent.
NOTE 8As a general rule, support span-to-depth ratios of 16:1 are
satisfactory when the ratio of the tensile strength to shear strength is less
than 8 to 1, but the support span-to-depth ratio must be increased for
composite laminates having relatively low shear strength in the plane of
the laminate and relatively high tensile strength parallel to the support
span.

8. Number of Test Specimens

8.1 Test at least five specimens for each sample in the case
of isotropic materials or molded specimens.
8.2 For each sample of anisotropic material in sheet form,
test at least five specimens for each of the following conditions.
Recommended conditions are flatwise and edgewise tests on
specimens cut in lengthwise and crosswise directions of the
sheet. For the purposes of this test, lengthwise designates the
principal axis of anisotropy and shall be interpreted to mean the
direction of the sheet known to be stronger in flexure. Cross-
wise indicates the sheet direction known to be the weaker in
flexure and shall be at 90 to the lengthwise direction.

9. Conditioning
9.1 ConditioningCondition the test specimens at 23 6
2C [73.4 6 3.6F] and 50 6 5 % relative humidity for not less
than 40 h prior to test in accordance with Procedure A of
Practice D 618 unless otherwise specified by contract or the
relevant ASTM material specification. Reference pre-test con-
ditioning, to settle disagreements, shall apply tolerances of
61C [1.8F] and 62 % relative humidity.
9.2 Test ConditionsConduct the tests at 23 6 2C [73.4 6
3.6F] and 50 6 5 % relative humidity unless otherwise

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specified by contract or the relevant ASTM material specifica- compensation (see Annex A1) to correct for seating and
tion. Reference testing conditions, to settle disagreements, indentation of the specimen and deflections in the machine.
shall apply tolerances of 61C [1.8F] and 62 % relative 10.1.7 Terminate the test when the maximum strain in the
humidity. outer surface of the test specimen has reached 0.05 mm/mm
[in./in.] or at break if break occurs prior to reaching the
10. Procedure maximum strain (Notes 9 and 10). The deflection at which this
strain will occur may be calculated by letting r equal 0.05
10.1 Procedure A:
mm/mm [in./in.] in Eq 2:
10.1.1 Use an untested specimen for each measurement.
Measure the width and depth of the specimen to the nearest D 5 rL2/6d (2)
0.03 mm [0.001 in.] at the center of the support span. For
where:
specimens less than 2.54 mm [0.100 in.] in depth, measure the
D = midspan deflection, mm [in.],
depth to the nearest 0.003 mm [0.0005 in.]. These measure- r = strain, mm/mm [in./in.],
ments shall be made in accordance with Test Methods D 5947. L = support span, mm [in.], and
10.1.2 Determine the support span to be used as described in d = depth of beam, mm [in.].
Section 7 and set the support span to within 1 % of the
NOTE 9For some materials that do not yield or break within the 5 %
determined value. strain limit when tested by Procedure A, the increased strain rate allowed
10.1.3 For flexural fixtures that have continuously adjust- by Procedure B (see 10.2) may induce the specimen to yield or break, or
able spans, measure the span accurately to the nearest 0.1 mm both, within the required 5 % strain limit.
[0.004 in.] for spans less than 63 mm [2.5 in.] and to the nearest NOTE 10Beyond 5 % strain, this test method is not applicable. Some
0.3 mm [0.012 in.] for spans greater than or equal to 63 mm other mechanical property might be more relevant to characterize mate-
[2.5 in.]. Use the actual measured span for all calculations. For rials that neither yield nor break by either Procedure A or Procedure B
flexural fixtures that have fixed machined span positions, verify within the 5 % strain limit (for example, Test Method D 638 may be
the span distance the same as for adjustable spans at each considered).
machined position. This distance becomes the span for that 10.2 Procedure B:
position and is used for calculations applicable to all subse- 10.2.1 Use an untested specimen for each measurement.
quent tests conducted at that position. See Annex A2 for 10.2.2 Test conditions shall be identical to those described
information on the determination of and setting of the span. in 10.1, except that the rate of straining of the outer surface of
10.1.4 Calculate the rate of crosshead motion as follows and the test specimen shall be 0.10 mm/mm [in./in.]/min.
set the machine for the rate of crosshead motion as calculated 10.2.3 If no break has occurred in the specimen by the time
by Eq 1: the maximum strain in the outer surface of the test specimen
R 5 ZL 2/6d (1) has reached 0.05 mm/mm [in./in.], discontinue the test (see
Note 10).
where:
R = rate of crosshead motion, mm [in.]/min, 11. Retests
L = support span, mm [in.],
d = depth of beam, mm [in.], and 11.1 Values for properties at rupture shall not be calculated
Z = rate of straining of the outer fiber, mm/mm/min [in./ for any specimen that breaks at some obvious, fortuitous flaw,
in./min]. Z shall be equal to 0.01. unless such flaws constitute a variable being studied. Retests
In no case shall the actual crosshead rate differ from that shall be made for any specimen on which values are not
calculated using Eq 1, by more than 610 %. calculated.
10.1.5 Align the loading nose and supports so that the axes
of the cylindrical surfaces are parallel and the loading nose is 12. Calculation
midway between the supports. The parallelism of the apparatus 12.1 Toe compensation shall be made in accordance with
may be checked by means of a plate with parallel grooves into Annex A1 unless it can be shown that the toe region of the
which the loading nose and supports will fit when properly curve is not due to the take-up of slack, seating of the
aligned (see A2.3). Center the specimen on the supports, with specimen, or other artifact, but rather is an authentic material
the long axis of the specimen perpendicular to the loading nose response.
and supports. 12.2 Flexural Stress (sf)When a homogeneous elastic
10.1.6 Apply the load to the specimen at the specified material is tested in flexure as a simple beam supported at two
crosshead rate, and take simultaneous load-deflection data. points and loaded at the midpoint, the maximum stress in the
Measure deflection either by a gage under the specimen in outer surface of the test specimen occurs at the midpoint. This
contact with it at the center of the support span, the gage being stress may be calculated for any point on the load-deflection
mounted stationary relative to the specimen supports, or by curve by means of the following equation (see Notes 11-13):
measurement of the motion of the loading nose relative to the sf 5 3PL/2bd2 (3)
supports. Load-deflection curves may be plotted to determine
the flexural strength, chord or secant modulus or the tangent
modulus of elasticity, and the total work as measured by the where:
area under the load-deflection curve. Perform the necessary toe s = stress in the outer fibers at midpoint, MPa [psi],

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P = load at a given point on the load-deflection curve, N

[lbf],
L = support span, mm [in.],
b = width of beam tested, mm [in.], and
d = depth of beam tested, mm [in.].
NOTE 11Eq 3 applies strictly to materials for which stress is linearly
proportional to strain up to the point of rupture and for which the strains
are small. Since this is not always the case, a slight error will be
introduced if Eq 3 is used to calculate stress for materials that are not true
Hookean materials. The equation is valid for obtaining comparison data
and for specification purposes, but only up to a maximum fiber strain of
5 % in the outer surface of the test specimen for specimens tested by the
procedures described herein.
NOTE 12When testing highly orthotropic laminates, the maximum
stress may not always occur in the outer surface of the test specimen.7
Laminated beam theory must be applied to determine the maximum
tensile stress at failure. If Eq 3 is used to calculate stress, it will yield an
apparent strength based on homogeneous beam theory. This apparent
strength is highly dependent on the ply-stacking sequence of highly
orthotropic laminates.
NOTE 13The preceding calculation is not valid if the specimen slips
excessively between the supports.
12.3 Flexural Stress for Beams Tested at Large Support
Spans (s f)If support span-to-depth ratios greater than 16 to NOTECurve a: Specimen that breaks before yielding.
1 are used such that deflections in excess of 10 % of the Curve b: Specimen that yields and then breaks before the 5 % strain
support span occur, the stress in the outer surface of the limit.
specimen for a simple beam can be reasonably approximated Curve c: Specimen that neither yields nor breaks before the 5 % strain
with the following equation (see Note 14): limit.
FIG. 2 Typical Curves of Flexural Stress (f) Versus Flexural
sf 5 ~ 3PL/2bd2 !@ 1 1 6~ D/L ! 2 2 4~d/L !~D/L !# (4) Strain (ef)

where:
sf, P, L, b, and d are the same as for Eq 3, and Both methods of calculation are described in the annex to Test Method
D = deflection of the centerline of the specimen at the D 638.
middle of the support span, mm [in.]. 12.6 Flexural Stress at Break (sfB )Flexural stress at
NOTE 14When large support span-to-depth ratios are used, significant
break of the test specimen during a bending test. It is calculated
end forces are developed at the support noses which will affect the according to Eq 3 or Eq 4. Some materials may give a load
moment in a simple supported beam. Eq 4 includes additional terms that deflection curve that shows a break point, B, without a yield
are an approximate correction factor for the influence of these end forces point (Fig. 2, Curve a) in which case s fB = sfM. Other
in large support span-to-depth ratio beams where relatively large deflec- materials may give a yield deflection curve with both a yield
tions exist. and a break point, B (Fig. 2, Curve b). The flexural stress at
12.4 Flexural Strength (sfM)Maximum flexural stress break may be calculated for these materials by letting P (in Eq
sustained by the test specimen (see Note 12) during a bending 3 or Eq 4) equal this point, B.
test. It is calculated according to Eq 3 or Eq 4. Some materials 12.7 Stress at a Given StrainThe stress in the outer
that do not break at strains of up to 5 % may give a load surface of a test specimen at a given strain may be calculated
deflection curve that shows a point at which the load does not in accordance with Eq 3 or Eq 4 by letting P equal the load read
increase with an increase in strain, that is, a yield point (Fig. 2, from the load-deflection curve at the deflection corresponding
Curve B), Y. The flexural strength may be calculated for these to the desired strain (for highly orthotropic laminates, see Note
materials by letting P (in Eq 3 or Eq 4) equal this point, Y. 12).
12.5 Flexural Offset Yield StrengthOffset yield strength is 12.8 Flexural Strain, efNominal fractional change in the
the stress at which the stress-strain curve deviates by a given length of an element of the outer surface of the test specimen
strain (offset) from the tangent to the initial straight line portion at midspan, where the maximum strain occurs. It may be
of the stress-strain curve. The value of the offset must be given calculated for any deflection using Eq 5:
whenever this property is calculated. ef 5 6Dd/L2 (5)
NOTE 15This value may differ from flexural strength defined in 12.4.
Properties of Fabric-Reinforced Laminates, Composite Materials: Testing and
Design (Fifth Conference), ASTM STP 674, 1979, pp. 228262.

7
For a discussion of these effects, see Zweben, C., Smith, W. S., and Wardle, M.
W., Test Methods for Fiber Tensile Strength, Composite Flexural Modulus and

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where:
ef = strain in the outer surface, mm/mm [in./in.],
D = maximum deflection of the center of the beam, mm
[in.],
L = support span, mm [in.], and

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d = depth, mm [in.]. deflection curve. The chosen stress or strain point used for the
D = maximum deflection of the center of the beam, mm determination of the secant shall be reported.
[in.], 12.9.3 Chord Modulus (Ef)The chord modulus may be
L = support span, mm [in.], and calculated from two discrete points on the load deflection
d = depth, mm [in.]. curve. The selected points are to be chosen at two prespecified
12.9 Modulus of Elasticity: stress or strain points in accordance with the appropriate
12.9.1 Tangent Modulus of ElasticityThe tangent modu- material specification or by customer contract. The chosen
lus of elasticity, often called the modulus of elasticity, is the stress or strain points used for the determination of the chord
ratio, within the elastic limit, of stress to corresponding strain. modulus shall be reported. Calculate the chord modulus, Ef
It is calculated by drawing a tangent to the steepest initial using the following equation:
straight-line portion of the load-deflection curve and using Eq Ef 5 ~ sf2 2 sf1 !/~ef2 2 ef1 ! (7)
6 (for highly anisotropic composites, see Note 16).
where:
EB 5 L3m/4bd 3 (6)
sf2 and sf1 are the flexural stresses, calculated from Eq 3 or
Eq 4 and measured at the predefined points on the load
where: deflection curve, and e f2 and
EB = modulus of elasticity in bending, MPa [psi], ef1 are the flexural strain values, calculated from Eq 5 and
L = support span, mm [in.], measured at the predetermined points on the load deflection
b = width of beam tested, mm [in.], curve.
d = depth of beam tested, mm [in.], and 12.10 Arithmetic Mean For each series of tests, the
m = slope of the tangent to the initial straight-line portion arithmetic mean of all values obtained shall be calculated to
of the load-deflection curve, N/mm [lbf/in.] of deflec- three significant figures and reported as the average value for
tion. the particular property in question.
NOTE 16Shear deflections can seriously reduce the apparent modulus 12.11 Standard DeviationThe standard deviation (esti-
of highly anisotropic composites when they are tested at low span-to- mated) shall be calculated as follows and be reported to two
depth ratios.7 For this reason, a span-to-depth ratio of 60 to 1 is significant figures:
recommended for flexural modulus determinations on these composites.
Flexural strength should be determined on a separate set of replicate s 5 =~(X 2 2 nX 2 ! / ~n 2 1 ! (8)
specimens at a lower span-to-depth ratio that induces tensile failure in the
outer fibers of the beam along its lower face. Since the flexural modulus
of highly anisotropic laminates is a critical function of ply-stacking where:
sequence, it will not necessarily correlate with tensile modulus, which is s = estimated standard deviation,
not stacking-sequence dependent. X = value of single observation,
n = number of observations, and
12.9.2 Secant Modulus The secant modulus is the ratio of X = arithmetic mean of the set of observations.
stress to corresponding strain at any selected point on the
stress-strain curve, that is, the slope of the straight line that 13. Report
joins the origin and a selected point on the actual stress-strain
13.1 Report the following information:
curve. It shall be expressed in megapascals [pounds per square
inch]. The selected point is chosen at a prespecified stress or 13.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, includ-
strain in accordance with the appropriate material specification ing type, source, manufacturers code number, form, principal
or by customer contract. It is calculated in accordance with Eq dimensions, and previous history (for laminated materials,
6 by letting m equal the slope of the secant to the load- ply-stacking sequence shall be reported),
13.1.2 Direction of cutting and loading specimens, when
appropriate,
TABLE 2 Flexural Modulus 13.1.3 Conditioning procedure,
Values Expressed in units of %
13.1.4 Depth and width of specimen,
Material Mean, 103 psi of 103 psi 13.1.5 Procedure used (A or B),
Vr A VRB rC RD 13.1.6 Support span length,
ABS 338 4.79 7.69 13.6 21.8 13.1.7 Support span-to-depth ratio if different than 16:1,
DAP thermoset 485 2.89 7.18 8.15 20.4 13.1.8 Radius of supports and loading noses if different than
Cast acrylic 810 13.7 16.1 38.8 45.4 5 mm,
GR polyester 816 3.49 4.20 9.91 11.9
GR polycarbonate 1790 5.52 5.52 15.6 15.6
13.1.9 Rate of crosshead motion,
A
SMCVr = within-laboratory coefficient
1950 of variation
10.9 for13.8
the indicated
30.8material.
39.1It is and13.1.10
standard deviation,
Flexural strain at any given stress, average value
obtained by first pooling the within-laboratory standard deviations of the test 13.1.11 If a specimen is rejected, reason(s) for rejection,
2 2 2
results from all of the participating laboratories: Sr = [[(s1) + ( s2) . . . + (sn) ]/n]
1/2 then Vr = (Sr divided by the overall average for the material) 3 100.
13.1.12 Tangent, secant, or chord modulus in bending,
B
Vr = between-laboratory reproducibility, expressed as the coefficient of varia- average value, standard deviation, and the strain level(s) used
2
+ S 2}1/2 where S is the standard deviation of laboratory means.
D
tion: SR = {Sr L L R = between-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 3 VR.
Then: VR = (SR divided by the overall average for the material) 3 100.
C
r = within-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 3 Vr.

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if secant or chord modulus,
13.1.13 Flexural strength (if desired), average value, and
standard deviation,

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13.1.14 Stress at any given strain up to and including 5 % (if these test methods should apply the principles outlined in Practice E 691
desired), with strain used, average value, and standard devia- to generate data specific to their laboratory and materials, or between
tion, specific laboratories. The principles of 14.2-14.2.3 would then be valid for
13.1.15 Flexural stress at break (if desired), average value, such data.
and standard deviation, 14.2 Concept of r and R in Tables 1 and 2If Sr and
13.1.16 Type of behavior, whether yielding or rupture, or SR have been calculated from a large enough body of data, and
both, or other observations, occurring within the 5 % strain for test results that were averages from testing five specimens
limit, and for each test result, then:
13.1.17 Date of specific version of test used. 14.2.1 Repeatability Two test results obtained within one
laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by more
14. Precision and Bias 8 than the r value for that material. r is the interval representing
14.1 Tables 1 and 2 are based on a round-robin test the critical difference between two test results for the same
conducted in 1984, in accordance with Practice E 691, involv- material, obtained by the same operator using the same
ing six materials tested by six laboratories using Procedure A. equipment on the same day in the same laboratory.
For each material, all the specimens were prepared at one 14.2.2 Reproducibility Two test results obtained by dif-
source. Each test result was the average of five individual ferent laboratories shall be judged not equivalent if they differ
determinations. Each laboratory obtained two test results for by more than the R value for that material. R is the interval
each material. representing the critical difference between two test results for
the same material, obtained by different operators using differ-
NOTE 17Caution: The following explanations of r and R (14.2- ent equipment in different laboratories.
14.2.3) are intended only to present a meaningful way of considering the
14.2.3 The judgments in 14.2.1 and 14.2.2 will have an
approximate precision of these test methods. The data given in Tables 2
and 3 should not be applied rigorously to the acceptance or rejection of approximately 95 % (0.95) probability of being correct.
materials, as those data are specific to the round robin and may not be 14.3 BiasNo statement may be made about the bias of
representative of other lots, conditions, materials, or laboratories. Users of these test methods, as there is no standard reference material or
reference test method that is applicable.

8
15. Keywords
Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:
D20 1128. 15.1 flexural properties; plastics; stiffness; strength

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information) A1.

TOE COMPENSATION

A1.1 In a typical stress-strain curve (see Fig. A1.1) there is

a toe region, AC, that does not represent a property of the
material. It is an artifact caused by a takeup of slack and
alignment or seating of the specimen. In order to obtain correct
values of such parameters as modulus, strain, and offset yield
point, this artifact must be compensated for to give the
corrected zero point on the strain or extension axis.

A1.2 In the case of a material exhibiting a region of

Hookean (linear) behavior (see Fig. A1.1), a continuation of
the linear (CD) region of the curve is constructed through the
zero-stress axis. This intersection (B) is the corrected zero-
strain point from which all extensions or strains must be
measured, including the yield offset (BE), if applicable. The
elastic modulus can be determined by dividing the stress at any
point along the Line CD (or its extension) by the strain at the
same point (measured from Point B, defined as zero-strain).
A1.3 In the case of a material that does not exhibit any
linear region (see Fig. A1.2), the same kind of toe correction of
the zero-strain point can be made by constructing a tangent to
the maximum slope at the inflection Point H8. This is extended NOTESome chart recorders plot the mirror image of this graph.
to intersect the strain axis at Point B8, the corrected zero-strain FIG. A1.1 Material with Hookean Region

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point. Using Point B8 as zero strain, the stress at any point (G8)
on the curve can be divided by the strain at that point to obtain
a secant modulus (slope of Line B8 G8). For those materials
with no linear region, any attempt to use the tangent through
the inflection point as a basis for determination of an offset
yield point may result in unacceptable error.

NOTESome chart recorders plot the mirror image of this graph.

FIG. A1.2 Material with No Hookean Region

A2. MEASURING AND SETTING SPAN

A2.1 For flexural fixtures that have adjustable spans, it is
important that the span between the supports is maintained
constant or the actual measured span is used in the calculation
of stress, modulus, and strain, and the loading nose or noses are
positioned and aligned properly with respect to the supports.
FIG. A2.1 Markings on Fixed Specimen Supports
Some simple steps as follows can improve the repeatability of
your results when using these adjustable span fixtures.
A2.2 Measurement of Span:
A2.2.1 This technique is needed to ensure that the correct
span, not an estimated span, is used in the calculation of FIG. A2.2 Markings on Rotatable Specimen Supports
results.
A2.2.2 Scribe a permanent line or mark at the exact center
of the support where the specimen makes complete contact. A2.3 Setting the Span and Alignment of Loading
The type of mark depends on whether the supports are fixed or Nose(s)To ensure a consistent day-to-day setup of the span
rotatable (see Figs. A2.1 and A2.2). and ensure the alignment and proper positioning of the loading
A2.2.3 Using a vernier caliper with pointed tips that is nose, simple jigs should be manufactured for each of the
readable to at least 0.1 mm [0.004 in.], measure the distance standard setups used. An example of a jig found to be useful is
between the supports, and use this measurement of span in the
shown in Fig. A2.3.
calculations.

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FIG. A2.3 Fixture Used to Set Loading Nose and Support Spacing and Alignment

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. DEVELOPMENT OF A FLEXURAL MACHINE COMPLIANCE CORRECTION

X1.1 Introduction X1.3.5 Steel bar, with smoothed surfaces and a calculated
X1.1.1 Universal Testing instrument drive systems always flexural stiffness of more than 100 times greater than the test
exhibit a certain level of compliance that is characterized by a material. The length should be at least 13 mm greater than the
variance between the reported crosshead displacement and the support span. The width shall match the width of the test
displacement actually imparted to the specimen. This variance specimen and the thickness shall be that required to achieve or
is a function of load frame stiffness, drive system wind-up, load exceed the target stiffness.
cell compliance and fixture compliance. To accurately measure
the flexural modulus of a material, this compliance should be X1.4 Safety Precautions
measured and empirically subtracted from test data. Flexural X1.4.1 The universal testing machine should stop the ma-
modulus results without the corrections are lower than if the chine crosshead movement when the load reaches 90 % of load
correction is applied. The greater the stiffness of the material cell capacity, to prevent damage to the load cell.
the more influence the system compliance has on results. X1.4.2 The compliance curve determination should be
X1.1.2 It is not necessary to make the machine compliance made at a speed no higher than 2 mm/min. Because the load
correction when a deflectometer/extensometer is used to mea- builds up rapidly since the steel bar does not deflect, it is quite
sure the actual deflection occurring in the specimen as it is easy to exceed the load cell capacity.
deflected.
X1.5 Procedure
X1.2 Terminology
X1.2.1 ComplianceThe displacement difference between NOTE X1.1A new compliance correction curve should be established
each time there is a change made to the setup of the test machine, such as,
test machine drive system displacement values and actual
load cell changed or reinstallation of the flexure fixture on the machine. If
specimen displacement the test machine is dedicated to flexural testing, and there are no changes
X1.2.2 Compliance CorrectionAn analytical method of to the setup, it is not necessary to re-calculate the compliance curve.
modifying test instrument displacement values to eliminate the NOTE X1.2On those machines with computer software that automati-
amount of that measurement attributed to test instrument cally make this compliance correction; refer to the software manual to
compliance. determine how this correction should be made.

X1.3 Apparatus X1.5.1 The procedure to determine compliance follows:

X1.5.1.1 Configure the test system to match the actual test
X1.3.1 Universal Testing machine configuration.
X1.3.2 Load cell X1.5.1.2 Place the steel bar in the test fixture, duplicating
X1.3.3 Flexure fixture including loading nose and specimen the position of a specimen during actual testing.
supports X1.5.1.3 Set the crosshead speed to 2 mm/min. or less and
X1.3.4 Computer Software to make corrections to the dis- start the crosshead moving in the test direction recording
placements crosshead displacement and the corresponding load values.

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X1.5.1.4 Increase load to a point exceeding the highest load bar. From these two points on the load deflection curve draw
expected during specimen testing. Stop the crosshead and two vertical lines downwards to the displacement axis. These
return to the pre-test location. two points on the displacement axis determine the corrections
X1.5.1.5 The recorded load-deflection curve, starting when (c1, c2) that need to be made to the displacements measure-
the loading nose contacts the steel bar to the time that the ments for the test material.
highest load expected is defined as test system compliance. X1.5.2.4 Subtract the corrections (c1, c2) from the mea-
X1.5.2 Procedure to apply compliance correction is as sured displacements (D1, D2), so that a true measures of test
follows: specimen deflection (D1-c1, D2-c2) are obtained.
X1.5.2.1 Run the flexural test method on the material at the
crosshead required for the measurement. X1.6 Calculations
X1.5.2.2 It is preferable that computer software be used to X1.6.1 Calculation of Chord Modulus
make the displacement corrections, but if it is not available X1.6.1.1 Calculate the stresses (sf1, sf2) for load points L1
compliance corrections can be made manually in the following and L2 from Fig. X1.1 using the equation in 12.2 3.
manner. Determine the range of displacement (D) on the load X1.6.1.2 Calculate the strains (ef1, ef2) for displacements
versus displacement curve for the material, over which the D1-c1 and D2-c2 from Fig. X1.3 using the equation in 12.8 Eq.
modulus is to be calculated. For Youngs Modulus that would 5.
steepest region of the curve below the proportional limit. For X1.6.1.3 Calculate the flexural chord modulus in accor-
Secant and Chord Modulii that would be at specified level of dance with 12.9.3 Eq. 7.
strain or specified levels of strain, respectively. Draw two X1.6.2 Calculation of Secant Modulus
vertical lines up from the displacement axis for the two chosen X1.6.2.1 Calculation of the Secant Modulus at any strain
displacements (D1, D2) to the load versus displacement curve along the curve would be the same as conducting a chord
for the material. In some cases one of these points maybe at modulus measurement, except that sf1 = 0, L1= 0, and D1-c1
zero displacement after the toe compensation correction is = 0.
made. Draw two horizontal lines from these points on the load X1.6.3 Calculation of Youngs Modulus
displacement curve to the Load (P) axis. Determine the loads X1.6.3.1 Determine the steepest slope m along the curve,
(L1, L2). below the proportional limit, using the selected loads L1 and
X1.5.2.3 Using the Compliance Correction load displace- L2 from Fig. X1.1 and the displacements D1-c1 and D2-c2
ment curve for the steel bar, mark off L1 and L2 on the Load from Fig. X1.3.
(P) axis. From these two points draw horizontal lines across till X1.6.3.2 Calculate the Youngs modulus in accordance with
they contact the load versus displacement curve for the steel 12.9.1 Eq. 6.

FIG. X1.1 Example of Modulus Curve for a Material FIG. X1.2 Compliance Curve for Steel Bar

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FIG. X1.3 Example of the Material Curve Corrected for the

Compliance Corrected Displacement or Strain

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This section identifies the location of selected changes to these test methods. For the convenience of the user,
Committee D20 has highlighted those changes that may impact the use of these test methods. This section may
also include descriptions of the changes or reasons for the changes, or both.
D 790 03: D 790 98:
(1) Added Appendix X1. (1) Section 4.2 was rewritten extensively to bring this standard
D 790 02: closer to ISO 178.
(1) Revised 9.1 and 9.2. (2) Fig. 2 was added to clarify flexural behaviors that may be
D 790 00: observed and to define what yielding and breaking behaviors
look like, as well as the appropriate place to select these points
(1) Revised 12.1.
on the stress strain curve.
D 790 99:
(1) Revised 10.1.3.

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