Project Spreadsheets to EC2 The Concrete Centre

Client Advisory Group Made by Date Page

Location ECBP Typical Floor Column B3 rmw 26-Mar-2017 197
PUNCHING SHEAR to BS EN 1992-1: 2004 INTERNAL Checked Revision Job No
Originated from TCC13.xls v4.0 on CD 2003-17 TCC COLUMN chg - FB625

MATERIALS fck N/mm2 35 STATUS LEGEND

fyk N/mm2 500 VALID DESIGN
Steel class B .

DIMENSIONS A mm 400 E mm 200

B mm 400 F mm 50
G mm 150 H mm 150

LOADING VEdkN 883 Mty = kNm 32.1

ult UDL kN/m2 15.69 Mtz = kNm 8.5
= 1.069 to expression (6.43)

SLAB dx mm 215 Asx mm2/m 1608 in B + 6d x = 0.748

h mm 250 dy mm 195 Asy mm2/m 1608 in A + 6d y = 0.825
d mm 205 100L % = 0.786

RESULTS VEd = 943.9 kN vRd,c = 0.7199 N/mm2 Equation (6.47)

At col. face, vEd = 3.214 N/mm2 At 2d perimeter, vEd,red = 1.2272 N/mm 2 0.852294
Uout required = 6395 ( 832 from col fac Equation (6.54)

SOLUTION Fig 6.22 (A)

12 link spurs of 5B8 @ 105 60 links
.
St = 175.74 mm Sr = 105 mm
Asw/Sr req = 5.690 (6.52) & (9.11)

Asw/Sr prov = 5.745 mm

First link perimeter 100 mm from column face
Outer links at 520 mm from column face
Uout = 6645.8 mm > 6,395 mm SPUR
See GEOMETRY page for link locations. PLAN
Some links shown may need to be re-located to avoid holes.
 Project Spreadsheets to EC2 The Concrete Centre
Client Advisory Group Made by Date Page
Location Column B2 rmw 26-Mar-2017 198
PUNCHING SHEAR to BS EN 1992-1: 2004 EDGE Checked Revision Job No

Originated from TCC13.xls v4.0 on CD 2003-17 TCC COLUMN chg - FB625

MATERIALS fck N/mm2 35 STATUS LEGEND

fyk N/mm2 500 VALID DESIGN
Steel class B .

DIMENSIONS A mm 400 E mm -75

B mm 250 F mm -275
G mm 150
D mm 50 H mm 150

LOADING VEd kN 405 Mtz = kNm 32.3

ult UDL kN/m2 15.69 Mty = kNm 8.5
= 1.213 to expression (6.44)

SLAB dx mm 215 Asx mm2/m 2010 in B + 3d+D x = 0.935

h mm 250 dy mm 195 Asy mm /m
2 1340 in A + 6d y = 0.687
d mm 205 100L % = 0.802

RESULTS VEd = 491.1 kN vRd,c = 0.7248 N/mm2 Equation (6.47)

At col. face, vEd = 3.182 N/mm2 At 2d perimeter, vEd,red = 1.4439 N/mm 2 0.99613
Uout required = 3305 ( 792 from col fac Equation (6.54)

SOLUTION Fig 6.22 (A)

7 link spurs of 5B8 @ 105 35 links
.
St = 157.58 mm Sr = 105 mm
Asw/Sr req = 3.293 (6.52) & (9.11)

Asw/Sr prov = 3.351 mm

First link perimeter 100 mm from column face
Outer links at 520 mm from column face
Uout = 3565.7 mm > 3,305 mm SPUR
See GEOMETRY page for link locations. PLAN
Some links shown may need to be re-located to avoid holes.
 Project Spreadsheets to EC2 The Concrete Centre
Client Advisory Group Made by Date Page
Location Columns A1, D1, A5 & D5 rmw 26-Mar-2017 199
PUNCHING SHEAR to BS EN 1992-1: 2004 CORNER Checked Revision Job No

Originated from TCC13.xls v4.0 on CD 2003-17 TCC COLUMN chg - FB625

MATERIALS fck N/mm2 35 STATUS LEGEND

fyk N/mm 500 2 VALID DESIGN
Steel class B .

DIMENSIONS A mm 400 E mm 50
B mm 250 F mm -275
C mm 0 G mm 150
D mm 0 H mm 150

LOADING VEd kN 186.0 = 1.335

ult UDL kN/m 2 15.69 to expression (6.46)

SLAB dx mm 215 Asx mm2/m 2010 in B + 3d+D x = 0.935

h mm 250 dy mm 195 Asy mm2/m 2010 in A + 3d+C y = 1.031
d mm 205 100L % = 0.982

RESULTS VEd = 248.4 kN vRd,c = 0.7754 N/mm2 Equation (6.47)

At col. face, vEd = 3.160 N/mm2 At 2d perimeter, vEd,red = 1.5476 N/mm 2 0.997888
Uout required = 1562 ( 637 from col fac Equation (6.54)

SOLUTION Fig 6.22 (B)

6 link spurs of 3B8 @ 150 18 links
.
St (average) = 162.5 mm Sr = 150 mm
Asw/Sr req = 1.660 (6.52) & (9.11)

Asw/Sr prov = 2.011 mm

First link perimeter 100 mm from column face
Outer links at 400 mm from column face
Uout = 1623 mm > 1,562 mm SPUR
See GEOMETRY page for link locations. PLAN
Some links shown may need to be re-located to avoid holes.
 Project Spreadsheets to EC2 The Concrete Centre
Client Advisory Group Made by Date Page
Location An example rmw 26-Mar-2017 200
PUNCHING SHEAR to BS EN 1992-1: 2004 RE-ENTRANT Revision Job No

Originated from TCC13.xls v4.0 on CD 2003-17 TCC COLUMN chg - FB625

MATERIALS fck N/mm2 35 STATUS LEGEND

fyk N/mm 500 2 VALID DESIGN
Steel class B .

DIMENSIONS A mm 400 E mm 200

B mm 350 F mm -50
C mm -100 G mm 100
D mm -100 H mm 100

LOADING VEd
kN 662.0 Mty = kNm 28.6
ult UDL kN/m2 15.69 Mtz = kNm 14.8
= 1.093 to expressions (6.39) & (6.44)
SLAB dx mm 215 Asx mm2/m 1340 in B + 6d x = 0.623
h mm 250 dy mm 195 Asy mm2/m 1340 in A + 6d y = 0.687
d mm 205 100L % = 0.654

RESULTS VEd = 723.3 kN vRd,c = 0.6774 N/mm2 Equation (6.47)

At col. face, vEd = 2.931 N/mm2 At 2d perimeter, vEd,red = 1.2015 N/mm 2 0.88682
Uout required = 4767 ( 801 from col fac Equation (6.54)

SOLUTION Fig 6.22 (A)

10 link spurs of 5B8 @ 110 50 links
.
St = 168.8 mm Sr = 110 mm
Asw/Sr req = 4.492 (6.52) & (9.11)

Asw/Sr prov = 4.570 mm

First link perimeter 100 mm from column face
Outer links at 540 mm from column face
Uout = 5190.8 mm > 4,767 mm SPUR
See GEOMETRY page for link locations. PLAN
Some links shown may need to be re-located to avoid holes.
LINK CONFIGURATIONS

8 SPURS 12 SPURS

{ ]}
( A 2 + B2 )

[ A 2 + B2
2
+a ( A+ B )+ 2 a 1
St =
4 St= ( A+ B+ 4 a ) ( A+ B+ 4 a )2 4 +a ( A +B ) +2 a2
( A+2 a ) 2 4
Charting Data 1.41421
INTERNAL 0.57735
Spur 420 First at 100 0.86603
Column 0 0 400 400 0
0 400 400 0 0
E-W -520.0 -100.0 500.0 920.0 -520.0 -100.0 500.0 920.0 1
200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 1
N-S 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0
-100.0 -520.0 500.0 920.0 -100.0 -520.0 500.0 920.0
NW+NE -100.0 -397.0 500.0 797.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
500.0 797.0 500.0 797.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
SW+SE -100.0 -397.0 500.0 797.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
-100.0 -397.0 -100.0 -397.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NNW+NNE 26.8 -215.7 373.2 615.7 26.8 -215.7 373.2 615.7
500.0 863.7 500.0 863.7 500.0 863.7 500.0 863.7
WNW+ENE -100.0 -463.7 500.0 863.7 -100.0 -463.7 500.0 863.7
373.2 615.7 373.2 615.7 373.2 615.7 373.2 615.7
SSW+SSE 26.8 -215.7 373.2 615.7 26.8 -215.7 373.2 615.7
-100.0 -463.7 -100.0 -463.7 -100.0 -463.7 -100.0 -463.7
WSW+ESE -100.0 -463.7 500.0 863.7 -100.0 -463.7 500.0 863.7
26.8 -215.7 26.8 -215.7 26.8 -215.7 26.8 -215.7
EW B1 -520.0 -100.0 500.0 920.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 240
-40.0 -40.0 -40.0 -40.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3
EW B2 440.0 440.0 440.0 440.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
EW B3 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Square it
EW B4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -520.0 920.0 1440
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -520.0 920.0 1440
EW B5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 920
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 920
EW B6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NS B1 -40.0 -40.0 -40.0 -40.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 240
NS B2 440.0 440.0 440.0 440.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3
NS B3 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
-100.0 -520.0 500.0 920.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NS B4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NS B5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NS B6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Hole 400 400 550 550 400 400 550 400 550
250 400 400 250 250 250 400 400 250
Extra 113.4 -7.8 286.6 407.8 286.6 407.8 113.4 -7.8 0
-100.0 -491.9 500.0 891.9 -100.0 -491.9 500.0 891.9
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
-491.9 -100.0 500.0 891.9 -491.9 -100.0 500.0 891.9
407.8 286.6 286.6 407.8 -7.8 113.4 113.4 -7.8
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
-36.6 -339.7 436.6 739.7 -36.6 -339.7 436.6 739.7
436.6 739.7 436.6 739.7 -36.6 -339.7 -36.6 -339.7
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
 EDGE
Spur 420 First at 100
Column 0 0 400 400 0
0 250 250 0 0
E-W1 -520.0 -100.0 500.0 920.0 -520.0 -100.0 500.0 920.0 1
125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 1
E-W2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
N-S 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0
-100.0 -520.0 -100.0 -520.0
SW+SE -25.0 -322.0 425.0 722.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
-100.0 -397.0 -100.0 -397.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
WSW+ESE -100.0 -463.7 500.0 863.7 -100.0 -463.7 500.0 863.7
-48.2 -258.2 -48.2 -258.2 -48.2 -258.2 -48.2 -258.2
SSW+SSE 70.1 -139.9 329.9 539.9 70.1 -139.9 329.9 539.9
-100.0 -463.7 -100.0 -463.7 -100.0 -463.7 -100.0 -463.7
EW B1 -520.0 -100.0 500.0 920.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 150
-40.0 -40.0 -40.0 -40.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3
EW B2 210.0 210.0 210.0 210.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
EW B3 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Square it
EW B4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -622.5 1022.5 1645
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -520.0 300.0 820
EW B5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1022.5
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1125
EW B6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NS B1 & B2 -40.0 -40.0 440.0 440.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 240
-100.0 -520.0 -100.0 -520.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3
NS B4 & B5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NS B6 & B3 0.0 0.0 200.0 200.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 -100.0 -520.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Edge D -622.5 1022.5
300 300
Hole 125 125 275 275 125 125 275 125 275
-150 0 0 -150 -150 -150 0 0 -150
Extra -491.9 -100.0 500.0 891.9 135.0 30.0 265.0 370.0 0
-66.6 38.4 38.4 -66.6 -100.0 -491.9 -100.0 -491.9
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
-15.0 -301.8 415.0 701.8
-74.1 -361.0 -74.1 -361.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
 CORNER
Spur 300 First at 100
Column 0 0 400 400 0
0 250 250 0 0
E-W 800.0 500.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1
125.0 125.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1
N-S 200.0 200.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Square it
-100.0 -400.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 902.5 902.5
SE 434.4 646.5 0.0 0.0 -502.5 250.0 752.5
-100.0 -312.1 0.0 0.0 902.5
ESE+SSE 500.0 759.8 357.6 507.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 400
-32.6 -182.6 -100.0 -359.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
EW B1 & 2 800.0 500.0 800.0 500.0 800.0 500.0 800.0 500.0 125
-40.0 -40.0 210.0 210.0 -40.0 -40.0 210.0 210.0 3
EW B4 & B5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
EW B6 & B3 0.0 0.0 800.0 500.0 0.0 0.0 800.0 500.0
0.0 0.0 85.0 85.0 0.0 0.0 85.0 85.0
NS B1 & B2 40.0 40.0 440.0 440.0 40.0 40.0 440.0 440.0 200
-100.0 -400.0 -100.0 -400.0 -100.0 -400.0 -100.0 -400.0 3
NS B4 & B5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NS B6 & B3 0.0 0.0 240.0 240.0 0.0 0.0 240.0 240.0
0.0 0.0 -100.0 -400.0 0.0 0.0 -100.0 -400.0
Edge 0 0 0 902.5
-502.5 250 250 250
Hole 250 250 400 400 250 250 400 250 400
-150 0 0 -150 -150 -150 0 0 -150
Extra 779.9 500.0 278.8 353.8 428.8 633.7 0
-28.8 46.2 -100.0 -379.9 -66.3 -271.2
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
REENTRANT
Spur 440 First at 100
Column 0 0 400 400 0
0 350 350 0 0
E-W1 940.0 500.0 -540.0 -100.0 940.0 500.0 -540.0 -100.0 1
175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 1 Square it
N-S2&E-W2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -642.5 940.0 1582.5
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -540.0 992.5 1532.5
N-S 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 940
-100.0 -540.0 450.0 890.0 -100.0 -540.0 450.0 890.0 1042.5
NE 476.0 787.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
450.0 761.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
SW+SE 476.0 787.2 -76.0 -387.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
-100.0 -411.1 -100.0 -411.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NNE+ENE 368.8 588.8 500.0 881.1 368.8 588.8 500.0 881.1
450.0 831.1 343.8 563.8 450.0 831.1 343.8 563.8
SSW+SSE 31.2 -188.8 368.8 588.8 31.2 -188.8 368.8 588.8
-100.0 -481.1 -100.0 -481.1 -100.0 -481.1 -100.0 -481.1
WSW+ESE -100.0 -481.1 500.0 881.1 -100.0 -481.1 500.0 881.1
6.2 -213.8 6.2 -213.8 6.2 -213.8 6.2 -213.8
EW B1 940.0 500.0 -540.0 -100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 150 240 215 125
-40.0 -40.0 -40.0 -40.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 3 3 3
EW B2 390.0 390.0 210.0 210.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 N S E W
EW B3 175.0 175.0 85.0 85.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
EW B4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
EW B5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
EW B6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NS B1 440.0 440.0 440.0 440.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 150
NS B2 -40.0 -40.0 140.0 140.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3
NS B3 200.0 200.0 290.0 290.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
-100.0 -540.0 450.0 890.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NS B4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NS B5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NS B6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Edge 100 100 -642.5 0
350 992.5 250 250
Hole 400 400 500 500 400 400 500 400 500
125 225 225 125 125 125 225 225 125
Extra 284.4 394.4 434.4 734.9 500.0 910.5 910.5 500.0 0
450.0 860.5 396.9 697.4 259.4 369.4 -19.4 90.6
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
434.4 734.9 284.4 394.4 115.6 5.6 -34.4 -334.9
-46.9 -347.4 -100.0 -510.5 -100.0 -510.5 -46.9 -347.4
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
-100.0 -510.5
90.6 -19.4
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
 PUNCHING SHEAR to BS EN 1992-1: 2004

National Annex values

Originated from TCC13.xls v4.0 on CD 2003-17 TCC

EC2 Ref Function Value CODE UK

Table 2.2 c 1.5 concrete 1.5 1.5
Table 2.2 s 1.15 steel 1.15 1.15
3.1.6 (1)P cc 1.00 strength factor (shear) 1 1
6.4.4(1) CRd,c 0.18 punching shear basic stress 0.18 0.18
-=- vmin 0.035 x k3/2fck1/2 0.035 0.035
3.1.2(2) Cmax shear 50 Limit to fck for shear strength 90 50 * * May be greater on the basis of tes
6.4.5 (3) VEd/VRdc 2.0 maximum punching stress
* May be greater on the basis of tests
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Revision history TCC13 Slab Punching

Date Version Action Size (kB)
8-Mar-10 TCC13 v4.0 Calculation of beta factors added. Updated to revised NA. 1400
4-Mar-10 TCC13 v3.10 VEd,max corrected to 0.5fcd 1376
19-Sep-09 TCC13 v3.9 New routine for hole reductions at column faces. 1372
4-Sep-09 TCC13 v3.8 Correction to edge column face shear when hole on North face of column. 1349

10-Jun-09 TCC13 v3.7 Removal of possible innapropriate spacing failure when additional intermediate spurs added. 1350

29-Apr-09 TCC13 v3.6 Minor correction to U0 for edge and corner columns. 1348

17-Dec-08 TCC13 v3.5 Correction to spurs being shown outside concrete area on grapic for REENTRANT columns. 1347

11-Jul-08 TCC13 v3.4 Option button to overide link diameter added. Button to supress solution to Fig 6.22(B) added. 1328

Solution 6.22(B) adjusted for full compliance with clause 9.4.3. Solution 6.22(B) geometry
18-Oct-07 TCC13 v3.3 1307
sketch added.
15-Jun-07 TCC13 v3.2 Tangential spacing check improved for links within basic control perimeter. 1261
8-Feb-07 TCC13 v3.1 Data added for outer links. factor added to Uout required. 1265
28-Jun-06 TCC13 v3.0 v3 release. Page nos, User Guide and registration details amended. 1230
17-Mar-06 TCC13 v1.1 Differentiation between flexure and shear for cc. 1283
4-May-05 TCC13 v1.0 UK NA maximum fck for shear added. RE-BADGED 1298
30-Oct-04 RCCen13 7 Secondary spurs added when transverse spacing > 2d. 645
Redundant link dia input removed. Enhancement terminology corrected. "Increase As"
25-Feb-03 RCCen13 6 607
warnings added.
19-Feb-03 RCCen13 5 National Annex sheet added and referenced. Updated to final code. 601
22-Apr-02 RCCen13 4 Rigorous hole reduction algorithms added. 610
31-Jan-02 RCCen13 3 Re-written to final draft of EN. 560
5-Sep-01 RCCen13 2 Notes added re re-spacing of links 434
22-Aug-01 RCCen13 1 First issue for in-house comment 425