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Unitops - ch3 Problems

This document contains 6 unit operations problems involving evaporators, pipelines, pumps, cooling equipment, and air dryers. Key details include: 1) An evaporator is operating at a vacuum of 6.025 kPa, corresponding to a boiling point of 98.1°C for water. 2) Flow calculations are performed for milk in a 130m long pipe, requiring 0.4 horsepower. 3) The power required for a pump moving 22% sodium chloride solution 40m vertically is calculated as 1.65 horsepower.

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Angelo de Asis
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180 views

Unitops - ch3 Problems

This document contains 6 unit operations problems involving evaporators, pipelines, pumps, cooling equipment, and air dryers. Key details include: 1) An evaporator is operating at a vacuum of 6.025 kPa, corresponding to a boiling point of 98.1°C for water. 2) Flow calculations are performed for milk in a 130m long pipe, requiring 0.4 horsepower. 3) The power required for a pump moving 22% sodium chloride solution 40m vertically is calculated as 1.65 horsepower.

Uploaded by

Angelo de Asis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Chapter 3 Unit Operations Problems

1. Manometer with liquid hydrocarbon


Specific gravity 0.74
Pressure below atmospheric by 83cm
(a) Vacuum in the evaporator
Density of liquid hydrocarbon = 0.74 x 1000 kgm-3
Z = 83cm = 0.83 m
Z = P/g
0.83 = P/(0.74 x 1000 x 9.81)
P = (0.83 x 0.74 x 1000 x 9.81) [m x kg m-3 x ms-2]
-1 -2
= 6025 kg m s
= 6025 Pa
= 6.025 kPa
And this is the pressure below atmospheric so is equal to the vacuum.
The absolute pressure =101.3 6.025
= 95.3kPa
= 95kPa

(b) Boiling Temperature of water at 95kPa


From Appendix 8 steam tables:
Pressure Temperature
80kPa 93.5oC
100kPa 99.6oC
Interpolating linearly:
Therefore
95kPa 98.1oC

2. Temperature of milk = 20 oC
From Appendix 4, for milk,
Density = 1030 kg m-3
Viscosity = 2.12 x 10-3 Nsm-2 = 2.12 x 10-3 kg s-1 m-1
Diameter = 4cm = 0.04m
Length = 130m
Area = D2/4 = 3.14 (0.04)2 /2 = 1.26 x 10-3m2
Velocity = 2.7 ms-1

Mass rate of flow = Av


= 1.26 x 10-3x 2.7 x 1030 [m2 x ms-1 x kg m-3]
-1
= 3.49 kgs
Ec = v2/2 = (2.7)2/2= 3.65 J kg-1
Power to provide kinetic energy
= Ec x Mass rate of flow
= 3.65 x 3.49
= 12.74 J s-1
For friction energy:
(Re) = (Dv/)
= (0.04 x 2.7 x 1030)/ (2.12 x 10-3)
= 52,470
Therefore the flow is turbulent.
From Figure 3.8, the roughness factor, f = 0.006
Power to provide friction energy = (4fv2/2)(L/D)
= (4 x 0.006 x (2.7)2/2)(130/0.04)
= 284.31 J s-1
Total power needed = 12.74 + 284.31
= 297.05 J s-1
1 horse power = 7.46 x 102 J s-1
Required power = 0.40 hp

3. 22% sodium chloride at 10oC


Density = 1160 kg m-3
Z = 40m
D = 0.015m
Area = 1.77 x 10-4 m2
Rate = 8.1 m3h-1 = 2.25 x 10-3 m3s-1
Mass rate = 2.25 x 10-3 x 1160 kg s-1 = 2.61 kg s-1

(a) Velocity = (2.25 x 10-3m3s-1)/ (1.77 x 10-4 m2) = 12.7ms-1


Velocity head = v2 /2g = (12.7)2 /(2 x 9.81)
= 8.2m

(b) Potential head = Z = 40m


Total head = 48.2m

Ec = Zg
= 48.2 x 9.81 [m x ms-2] [1Nm =1J]
-1
= 472.84Jkg
(Can also be calculated from Ec = Zg + v2 /2)
Total power = Ec x Mass rate of flow
= 472.84 x 2.61
= 1234 J s-1
1 horsepower = 7.46 x 102 J s-1
Required power = 1.65 hp
Efficiency = 68%
Pump power = 2.42hp

4. Milk Cooler
Diameter = 4 cm = 0.04m
-1
Mass = 10,000kgh = 2.8 kgs-1
Density = 1030kgm-3
Viscosity = 2.12x10-3 Nsm-2 = 2.12x10-3 kg s-1 m-1

(Re) = (Dv / )
(4000) = (0.04 x v x 1030)/(2.12 x 10-3) [ m x ms-1x kgm-3/kgs-1m-1]
Velocity v = 0.21 ms-1

Overall volume flow rate = mass /(density x time)


= 2.8/1030 m3 s-1
= 2.7 x 10-3 m3 s-1
Pipe x-section = D2/4
= 0.042/4
= 1.256 x 103 m2
Volume flow rate in one tube = Axv
= 1.256 x103 m2 x 0.21 ms-1
= 0.26 x103 m3 s-1
Number of tubes in parallel = 2.7 x10-3 / 0.26 x103
= 10.38
= 11

5. Soya Bean Oil


From Appendix 4.
Viscosity = 40x10-3 Nsm-2 = 40 kg s-1 m-1
Density = 910 kgm-3
Length = 148 m
Diameter = 0.05m
6 RH bends, 2 gate valves, 1 globe valve
Equivalent Z = 3m
Mass = 20 tonnes per hour = 20x1000/60x60 = 5.56kgs-1

V = m/
= (20 x 1000)/910
= 21.98 m3 h-1
= 6.10 x 10-3 m3 s-1
v = V/A
= (6.10 x 10-3) /( 0.052/4)
= 3.11ms-1
(Re) = (Dv/ )
= (0.05 x 3.11x 910)/(40 x 10-3)
= 3.53 x 103
= 3530
Therefore flow is transitional and can take f = 0.15
Ef = (2f v2)(L/D) + 6 k1 v2 /2 + 2k2 v2 /2+ 1k3 v2 /2
= v2{ 2f((L/D) + 6 k1 /2 + 2k2 /2+ 1k3 /2}
= 3.112 (2x 0.15 x 148/0.05 + 6 x 0.74/2 + 2 x 0.13/2 + 1 x 6 /2)
= 9.67 (888 + 2.22 + 0.13 + 3)
= 8638.7 Jkg-1
But fall is Z = 3m
P = Zg
= 3 x 9.81
Power in potential energy = Zg
= 3 x 9.81 x 910
= 26.78 x103Js-1
Power in total frictional energy = mass x Ef
= 5.56 x 8639
= 48.03 x 103 Js-1
Theoretical power needed = 48.03x103 26.78 x 103
= 21.25 x 103Js-1
Efficiency = 70%
Therefore actual power needed = 21.25 x 103/ 0.7
= 30.35 x 103Js-1
= 30.35 x 103 /7.46 x 102
= 41 hp

6. Air dryer at 80oC


Volume = 100 m3min-1 = 100/60 = 1.67 m3s-1
Rectangular cross section area = 0.6m x 1.4m = 0.84 m2
For 4 right angle bends of long radius:
Pressure drop = 0.25 x 4 = 1.0 velocity heads
Pressure drop in bed = 4 velocity heads
Pressure drop in heater coils = 1.2 velocity heads
Total pressure drop = 6.2 velocity heads
Velocity = 1.67/0.84 = 1.99 ms-1
2
Velocity head = v /2g
= 1.992/(2 x 9.81)
= 0.20m
Total pressure drop = 6.2 x 0.20
= 1.24m

Zair air = Zwater water


Zwater = Zair air/water
= 1.24 x 1 / 1,000
= 0.00124m
= 0.124cm
Therefor the fan will work in this circuit.

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