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    Jamaica gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1962 after becoming a province in the Federation of the West Indies in 1958. For the first decade of independence, Jamaica experienced strong economic growth of around 6% annually under conservative governments. However, inequality grew and the benefits of growth did not reach the urban poor. Voters then elected the more socially equitable PNP in 1972, but the economy declined under their leadership. By the 1980s, Jamaica faced economic deterioration as industries closed and tourism declined. In the early 21st century, about 60% of Jamaicans surveyed said they would prefer to return to being a British territory due to years of mismanagement. Jamaica has a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as

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    Jamaica gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1962 after becoming a province in the Federation of the West Indies in 1958. For the first decade of independence, Jamaica experienced strong economic growth of around 6% annually under conservative governments. However, inequality grew and the benefits of growth did not reach the urban poor. Voters then elected the more socially equitable PNP in 1972, but the economy declined under their leadership. By the 1980s, Jamaica faced economic deterioration as industries closed and tourism declined. In the early 21st century, about 60% of Jamaicans surveyed said they would prefer to return to being a British territory due to years of mismanagement. Jamaica has a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as

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    Jamaica gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1962 after becoming a province in the Federation of the West Indies in 1958. For the first decade of independence, Jamaica experienced strong economic growth of around 6% annually under conservative governments. However, inequality grew and the benefits of growth did not reach the urban poor. Voters then elected the more socially equitable PNP in 1972, but the economy declined under their leadership. By the 1980s, Jamaica faced economic deterioration as industries closed and tourism declined. In the early 21st century, about 60% of Jamaicans surveyed said they would prefer to return to being a British territory due to years of mismanagement. Jamaica has a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as

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    bdsankar50_127216377
    Jamaica gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1962 after becoming a province in the Federation of the West Indies in 1958. For the first decade of independence, Jamaica experienced strong economic growth of around 6% annually under conservative governments. However, inequality grew and the benefits of growth did not reach the urban poor. Voters then elected the more socially equitable PNP in 1972, but the economy declined under their leadership. By the 1980s, Jamaica faced economic deterioration as industries closed and tourism declined. In the early 21st century, about 60% of Jamaicans surveyed said they would prefer to return to being a British territory due to years of mismanagement. Jamaica has a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as

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    Independence (1962)

    Main article: Independence of Jamaica


    Prince Charles and the Duchess of Cornwall during a visit to Jamaica in 2008
    Jamaica slowly gained increasing independence from the United Kingdom. In 1958,
    it became a province in the Federation of the West Indies, a federation among th
    e British West Indies. Jamaica attained full independence by leaving the federat
    ion in 1962.
    Strong economic growth, averaging approximately 6% per annum, marked the first t
    en years of independence under conservative Jamaica Labour Party governments; th
    ey were led successively by Prime Ministers Alexander Bustamante, Donald Sangste
    r and Hugh Shearer. The growth was fueled by strong private investments in bauxi
    te/alumina, tourism, the manufacturing industry and, to a lesser extent, the agr
    icultural sector.
    The optimism of the first decade was accompanied by a growing sense of inequalit
    y among many Afro-Jamaicans, and a concern that the benefits of growth were not
    being shared by the urban poor.[citation needed] Combined with the effects of a
    slowdown in the global economy in 1970,[citation needed] the voters elected the
    PNP (People's National Party) in 1972. They tried to implement more socially equ
    itable policies in education and health, but the economy suffered under their le
    adership. By 1980, Jamaica's gross national product had declined to some 25% bel
    ow the 1972 level. Due to rising foreign and local debt, accompanied by large fi
    scal deficits, the government sought International Monetary Fund (IMF) financing
    from the United States and others.
    Economic deterioration continued into the mid-1980s, exacerbated by a number of
    factors. The first and third largest alumina producers, Alpart and Alcoa, closed
    , and there was a significant reduction in production by the second-largest prod
    ucer, Alcan. Reynolds Jamaica Mines, Ltd. left the Jamaican industry. There was
    also a decline in tourism, which was important to the economy.
    Independence, however widely celebrated in Jamaica, has been questioned in the e
    arly 21st century. In 2011, a survey showed that approximately 60% of Jamaicans
    would prefer to become a British territory again, citing as problems years of so
    cial and fiscal mismanagement in the country.[33][34]
    Government and politics
    Main article: Politics of Jamaica
    Further information: Foreign relations of Jamaica and Republicanism in Jamaica
    Inside the Jamaican Parliament
    Jamaica is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy, with Queen Eli
    zabeth II serving as the Jamaican monarch.[35] As Elizabeth II is shared as head
    of state of fifteen other countries and resides mostly in the United Kingdom, s
    he is thus often represented as Queen of Jamaica in Jamaica and abroad by the Go
    vernor-General of Jamaica.[36]
    The governor-general is nominated by the Prime Minister of Jamaica and the entir
    e Cabinet and appointed by the monarch. All the members of the Cabinet are appoi
    nted by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister. The monarch an
    d the governor-general serve largely ceremonial roles, apart from their reserve
    powers for use in certain constitutional crisis situations.
    Jamaica's current constitution was drafted in 1962 by a bipartisan joint committ
    ee of the Jamaican legislature. It came into force with the Jamaica Independence
    Act, 1962 of the United Kingdom parliament, which gave Jamaica independence.
    The Parliament of Jamaica is bicameral, consisting of the House of Representativ
    es (Lower House) and the Senate (Upper House). Members of the House (known as Me
    mbers of Parliament or MPs) are directly elected, and the member of the House of
    Representatives who, in the governor-general's best judgement, is best able to
    command the confidence of a majority of the members of that House, is appointed
    by the governor-general to be the prime minister. Senators are nominated jointly
    by the prime minister and the parliamentary Leader of the Opposition and are th
    en appointed by the governor-general.
    Political culture
    Jamaica has traditionally had a two-party system, with power often alternating b
    etween the People's National Party (PNP) and Jamaica Labour Party (JLP). The par
    ty with current administrative and legislative power is the Jamaica Labour Party
    , with a one-seat parliamentary majority as of 2016. There are also several mino
    r parties who have yet to gain a seat in parliament; the largest of these is the
    National Democratic Movement (NDM).
    Administrative divisions
    Main article: Parishes of Jamaica
    Jamaica is divided into 14 parishes, which are grouped into three historic count
    ies that have no administrative relevance.
    Cornwall County Capital km2 Middlesex County Capital
    km2 Surrey County Capital km2
    1 Hanover Lucea 450 6 Clarendon May Pen
    1,196 11 Kingston Kingston 25
    2 Saint Elizabeth Black River 1,212 7 Manchester
    Mandeville 830 12 Portland Port Antonio 814
    3 Saint James Montego Bay 595 8 Saint Ann St. Ann'
    s Bay 1,213 13 Saint Andrew Half Way Tree 453
    4 Trelawny Falmouth 875 9 Saint Catherine
    Spanish Town 1,192 14 Saint Thomas Morant Bay 743
    5 Westmoreland Savanna-la-Mar 807 10 Saint Mary Port Mar
    ia 611

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