FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING

EAS 3921 AEROSPACE LABORATORY I

AERODYNAMICS EXPERIMENT:
FORCE DUE TO JET

NAME: ABEEB FAJOBI OLAMILEKAN.

MATRIC NUMBER: 181268.
LECTURER: DR. NORKHAIRUNNISA BINTI BAHRIN
LAB INSTRUCTOR: Ms PEGGY TAY
DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 21ST MARCH, 2017.
SUBMISSION DATE: 28TH MARCH, 2017
1.0 OBJECTIVE

To investigate the validity of theoretical expressions for the force exerted by a jet on targets of various
shapes.

1.1 APPARATUS

1 Impact of jet apparatus Model HM 150.08

2 Cone with a 45 angle, hemisphere and plate deflectors
3 Digital stop watch

1.2 PROCEDURE

1 The top plate and transparent casing were removed, the nozzle diameter was measured, and
flat target was placed on the rod attached to the weight pan.
2 The apparatus was reassembled; the inlet pipe was connected to the bench with the apparatus
in the open channel.
3 The base of the apparatus was leveled with the top plate loosely assembled.
4 The top plate datum was screwed down on the spirit level.
5 The level gauge was adjusted to suit the datum on the weight pan.
6 A nominal mass was placed on the weight pan.
7 Then, water was allowed to flow by operating the control valve on the bench.
8 The flow rate was then adjusted until weight pan was adjacent to the level gauge.
9 The reading of volume and time were taken to find the flow rate. The mass on the weight pan
was noted.
10 The steps were repeated with additional masses on the weight pan.
11 The procedure was repeated using cone with a 45 angle and hemisphere target.
12 The theoretical and experimental results for various shapes of targets deflectors are discussed.

2.0 Data of the Apparatus:

For detail descriptions of the apparatus, refer to HM150 08 Impact Of Jet Instruction Manual in the lab.

Prespex cylinder
- Diameter : 200 mm
- High : 340 mm
- Nozzle diameter : 1 cm

2.1 RESULTS:
3
Volume =10L= 0.01 m
 3
Density of water ( )=1000 kg /m

Take the time for load 0.5N for the flat plate= 43.34s

10
Volumetric flow rate-Q = 43.34 = 0.2307

Q2=(0.2307)2=0.0532

Q d2
Velocity = AD where AD =
4 and d=0.01 m

2
(0.01)
AD = =7.854 105
4

0.2307 103
Velocity = 7.854 105 = 2.937m/s
 a) FOR THE FLAT PLATE:

Load(N) Time for 10L(s) Volumetric Q 2 ( L/s)2 Velocity-v(m/s)

flow rate-Q
(L/s)
T1 T2 T3 T avg

0.5 42.95 42.4 44.6 43.3 0.2307 0.0532 2.937

0 6 4
1.0 32.58 32.8 32.2 32.5 0.3072 0.0944 3.911
0 6 5
1.5 27.75 28.6 28.1 28.1 0.3549 0.1260 4.519
0 6 7
2.0 24.42 24.3 24.2 24.3 0.4113 0.1692 5.237
0 0 1
2.5 22.05 21.5 21.6 21.7 0.4604 0.2124 5.862
0 0 2
3.0 20.40 20.0 20.3 20.2 0.4942 0.2443 6.292
0 0 3

THEORETICAL FORCE VALUE:

Fth V ( w1 w2 ) w2 0
V
Fth Vw1 w1
A
2 Q
Fth V V
A 1000

Fth Q2
1000000 A

1000
Fth = 0.23072
1000000 7.854 10
5 = 0.678N

Flow rate, Q (L/s) Water Jet Force (N)

Theoretical Experimental
0.2307 0.678 0.500
0.3072 1.202 1.000
0.3549 1.603 1.500
0.4113 2.154 2.000
0.4604 2.699 2.500
0.4942 3.109 3.000

b) FOR THE HEMISHPERE

Load(N) Time for 10L(s) Volumetric Q 2 ( L/s)2 Velocity-

flow rate-Q ( v(m/s)
T1 T2 T3 T avg
m3 /s)
0.5 60.0 60.0 60.9 60.3 0.1658 0.0275 2.111
4 4 1 3
1.0 48.2 48.1 48.7 48.3 0.2069 0.0428 2.634
0 1 1 4
1.5 37.1 37.1 37.3 37.1 0.2689 0.0723 3.424
0 8 1 9
2.0 32.4 32.2 32.5 32.3 0.3087 0.0953 3.930
0 7 0 9
2.5 26.4 29.4 29.4 28.4 0.3519 0.1238 4.481
0 3 4 2
3.0 26.7 26.8 26.8 26.8 0.3731 0.1392 4.750
0 3 7 0

THEORETICAL FORCE VALUE:

Fth V ( w1 w2 ) w2 w1
V
Fth 2Vw1 w1
A
2 2 Q
Fth V V
A 1000

Fth Q2
500000 A

1000
Fth = 0.16582
500000 7.854 10
5 = 0.700N
 Flow rate, Q (L/s) Water Jet Force (N)
Theoretical Experimental
0.1658 0.700 0.500
0.2069 1.090 1.000
0.2689 1.841 1.500
0.3087 2.427 2.000
0.3519 3.153 2.500
0.3731 3.545 3.000

c) FOR THE CONICAL PLATE

Load(N) Time for 10L(s) Volumetric Q 2 ( L/s)2 Velocity-

T1 T2 T3 T avg flow rate-Q ( v(m/s)

m3 /s)
0.5 51.80 51.6 51.8 51.7 0.193 0.0372 2.457
2 3 5
1.0 40.68 40.4 40.8 40.6 0.246 0.0605 3.132
0 9 6
1.5 34.91 35.0 34.6 34.8 0.287 0.0824 3.654
3 6 7
2.0 31.32 31.4 31.6 31.4 0.318 0.101 4.049
9 6 9
2.5 29.49 29.4 29.2 29.4 0.340 0.116 4.329
8 1 0
3.0 25.63 25.7 25.7 25.7 0.389 0.151 4.953
1 8 1

THEORETICAL FORCE VALUE:

F V w1 w2 w2 w1 cos 2 45

F V w1 w1 (cos 45 ) 2
F Vw 1 cos 45 2 V
1 w1
A
V
1 cos 45
2
2
F
A

F 1 cos 45 Q
2
2 d
2
1000kg m 3
; A , d 0.01m
A 2
1.5
F Q2
1000000 A

1.5 1000 2
Fth = 0.193
1000000 7.854 105 = 0.711N

Flow rate, Q (L/s) Water Jet Force (N)

Theoretical Experimental
0.193 0.711 0.5
0.246 1.156
0.287 1.573 1.500
0.318 1.931 2.000
0.340 2.208 2.500
0.389 2.890 3.000

3.0 GRAPHS
 LOAD(N) VS Q(L/s)
0.6

0.5
Flat Plate
0.4
Hemisphere

FORCE (N) 0.3 Cone

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

GRAPH 1. MEASURED FORCE AGAINST VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE (FLAT PLATE,

HEMISPHERE AND CONE)

FORCE VS. VELOCITY

7

5 Flat Plate
Hemisphere
4
FORCE (N) Cone
3

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

GRAPH 2. MEASURED FORCE AGAINST VELOCITY (FLAT PLATE, HEMISPHERE AND CONE)
 FORCE VS Q2 (L/s)2
0.3

0.25
Flat Plate
0.2
Hemisphere

FORCE (N) 0.15 Cone

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

GRAPH 3. MEASURED FORCE AGAINST Q2 (L/s) 2 (FLAT PLATE, HEMISPHERE AND CONE)

Theoretical Force against Q(L/s)

0.6
0.5
0.4 Flat Plate
Hemisphere
Axis Title 0.3
0.2 Cone
0.1
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Axis Title

GRAPH 4. THEORETICAL FORCE AGAINST VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE Q (L/s) (FLAT PLATE,
HEMISPHERE AND CONE)
Theoretical Force against Q2 (L/s)2
0.3

0.25

0.2 Flat Plate

Hemisphere
Axis Title 0.15
Cone
0.1

0.05

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Axis Title

GRAPH 5. THEORETICAL FORCE AGAINST Q2 (L/s)2 (FLAT PLATE, HEMISPHERE AND CONE)

Theoretical Force against Velocity

7
6
5
4 Flat Plate
Force (N) 3 Hemisphere
2
1
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Axis Title

GRAPH 6. THEORETICAL FORCE AGAINST VELOCITY (FLAT PLATE, HEMISPHERE AND CONE)
THE GRAPHS OF VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE Q (L/s) AGAINST THE THEORETICAL
AND EXPERIMENTAL FORCES FOR EACH SHAPE ARE SHOWN BELOW:
I) FOR FLAT PLATE

Q AGAINST F
3.5

2.5
Experimental
2 Theoretical
FORCE (N)
1.5

0.5

0
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

GRAPH 7

II) FOR HEMISPHERE

Q AGAINST F
4
3.5
3
Theoretical
2.5
Experimental
FORCE (N) 2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

GRAPH 8
III) FOR CONICAL PLATE

Q AGAINST F
3.5

2.5
Theoretical
2 Experimental
FORCE (N)
1.5

0.5

0
0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

GRAPH 9

4.0 EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENT

COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL AND MEASURED FORCE
Calculation of the jet impact forces from the principle of linear momentum yields a good level of
coincidence with the measured Values:

Example value : Calculated Force Measured F in

taken (1N) Fth (N)
in N
Plate 1.2 1

Hemisphere 1.1 1
Slope 1.2 1
4.1 COMPARISON OF THE THREE BOBIES
The 3 bodies used have a different geometry. This is the reason, why the energy of the water jet is
used different by each body. How large the extent of utilisation is, can be seen, for example, on
the amount of water need to raise a body against the force F :

Example value : Volumetric

at 3.0N flow rate-Q (
3
m /s)
Plate 0.49

Hemisphere 0.37
Slope 0.39

It is obvious, that the Hemisphereuses the energy of the water jet best. The lowest extent of
utilisation is made with the Plate.

5.0 DISCUSSION

1) When conducting this experiment, some precautions should be taken to reduce errors.

2) Before the experiment is carried out, we should level the flow measurement apparatus
using the adjustable feet and water level indicator. If the apparatus is not levelled
properly, it might cause the jet stream to have a deflection angle, while we want the
stream to be shot directly perpendicular to the target.

3) We should also adjust the level gauge to suit the datum on the weight pan before
starting the experiment. During this, we should avoid placing any loading weights on
the measurement system.

4) The plates should be placed tightly on the rod attached to the weight pan. This is to
avoid unstable deflection of the jet stream.

5) When measuring the volume flow rate of the water, we must take into account the
meniscus that occurs. To overcome this parallax error, we should place our eyes
 perpendicular to the tube and observe the bottom part of the meniscus. Readings
should be taken from the bottom of the meniscus.

6) The person recording the time taken for the water to be filled until 10 litres should
also stop the stopwatch when the bottom of the meniscus has reached the measured
level. During this process, errors might happen due to the unstable rising water level.
The persons reaction time also affects the accuracy of the result.

7) The occurrence of errors reflects in the results got for the experimental and theoretical
values of force.

6.0 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, the calculated force is correlated with the measured force .Both of the forces will have
a directly proportional relation. Theoretically, the calculated force should be the same as the measured
force. However, this cannot be achieved experimentally due to the error made during the experiment
.From this experiment ,the flow rate for the hemisphere is found to the lowest and thus require a longer
time for the volumetric tank to rise from 10 intervals litres

The objectives for this experiment were achieved.