Constitution in Englsih

NATRAJ INSTITUTE OF TNPSC THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN Reduced the strength of the Governor

INDIA Generals council to three members.
Placed the Indian affairs under the
Regulating Act of 1773 direct control of the British Government.
The companies territories in India were
The first step taken by the British
called the British possession in India.
Parliament to control and regulate the
affairs of the East India Company in India. Governors councils were established in
It designated the Governor of Bengal (Fort Madras and Bombay.
William) as the Governor-General (of
Bengal).
Charter Act of 1813
Warren Hastings became the first Governor-
General of Bengal. The Companys monopoly over Indian trade
Executive Council of the Governor-General terminated; Trade with India open to all
was established (Four members). There was British subjects.
no separate legislative council.
It subordinated the Governors of Bombay
and Madras to the Governor-General of Charter Act of 1833
Bengal.
Governor-General (of
The Supreme Court was established at
Bengal) became as the Governor-General
Fort William (Calcutta) as the Apex Court in
of India.
1774.
First Governor-General of India was
It prohibited servants of the company from
Lord William Bentick.
engaging in any private trade or accepting
This was the final step towards
bribes from the natives.
centralization in the British India.
Court of Directors (governing body of the
Beginning of a Central legislature for India
company) should report its revenue.
as the act also took away legislative powers
of Bombay and Madras provinces.
Pitts India Act of 1784 The Act ended the activities of the East
India Company as a commercial body and it
Distinguished between commercial and became a pure administrative body.
political functions of the company.
Court of Directors for Commercial functions
and Board of Control for political affairs.
Compiled by Rex Christopher 1

Charter Act of 1853
The legislative and executive Indian Councils Act of 1861

functions of the Governor-Generals
Council were separated. It introduced for the first time Indian
representation in the institutions like
6 members in Central legislative council.
Viceroys executive and legislative council
Four out of six members were appointed by
(non-official). 3 Indians entered
the provisional governments of Madras,
Legislative council.
Bombay, Bengal and Agra.
Legislative councils were established in
It introduced a system of open competition
Center and provinces.
as the basis for the recruitment of civil
servants of the Company (Indian Civil It provided that the Vice-roys Executive
Service opened for all). Council should have some Indians as the
non-official members while transacting the
legislative businesses.
Government of India Act of 1858 It accorded statutory recognition to the
portfolio system.
The rule of Company was replaced by the
Initiated the process of decentralisation
rule of the Crown in India.
by restoring the legislative powers to the
The powers of the British Crown were to
Bombay and the Madras Provinces.
be exercised by the Secretary of State for
India
He was assisted by the Council of India, India Council Act of 1892
having 15 members
He was vested with complete authority Introduced indirect elections (nomination).
and control over the Indian administration Enlarged the size of the legislative councils.
through the Vice roy as his agent Enlarged the functions of the
The Governor-General was made the Legislative Councils and gave them the
Viceroy of India. power of discussing the Budget and
Lord Canning was the first Viceroy of India. addressing questions to the Executive.
Abolished Board of Control and Court of

Directors.
Indian Councils Act of 1909
1. This Act is also known as the Morley-

Minto Reforms.

2. Direct elections to legislative councils; first The Act also required that the three of the
attempt at introducing a representative and six members of the Viceroys Executive
popular element. Council (other than Commander-in-Chief)
3. It changed the name of the Central were to be Indians.
Legislative Council to the Imperial Provided for the establishment of Public
Legislative Council. Service Commission.
4. The member of Central Legislative Council
was increased to 60 from 16.
5. Introduced a system of Government of India Act of 1935
communal representation for Muslims by
accepting the concept of separate The Act provided for the establishment of
electorate. an All-India Federation consisting of the
6. Indians for the first time in Viceroys Provinces and the Princely States as units,
executive council. (Satyendra Prasad though the envisaged federation never came
Sinha, as the law member) into being.
Three Lists : The Act divided the powers
between the Centre and the units in items of
Government of India Act of 1919 three lists, namely the Federal List, the
Provincial List and the Concurrent List.
This Act is also known as the Montague-
The Federal List for the Centre consisted
Chelmsford Reforms.
of 59 items, the Provincial List for the
The Central subjects were demarcated provinces consisted of 54 items and the
and separated from those of the Provincial Concurrent List for both consisted of 36
subjects. items
The scheme of dual governance, Dyarchy,
The residuary powers were vested with
was introduced in the Provincial subjects. the Governor-General.
Under dyarchy system, the provincial The Act abolished the Dyarchy in the
subjects were divided into two parts
Provinces and introduced Provincial
transferred and reserved. On reserved Autonomy.
subjects Governor was not responsible to
It provided for the adoption of Dyarchy at
the Legislative council.
the Centre.
The Act introduced, for the first
Introduced bicameralism in 6 out of
time, bicameralism at center.
11 Provinces.
Legislative Assembly with 140 members
and Legislative council with 60 members.
Direct elections.
These six Provinces were Assam, The development of portfolio system and
Bengal, Bombay, Bihar, Madras and the budget points to the separation of power.
United Province. Lord Mayos resolution on financial
Provided for the establishment of Federal decentralization visualized the development
Court. of local self-government institutions in India
Abolished the Council of India. (1870).
1882: Lord Ripons resolution was hailed as
the Magna Carta of local self government.
Indian Independence Act of 1947 He is regarded as the Father of local self-
government in India.
It declared India as an Independent
1921: Railway Budget was separated from
and Sovereign State.
the General Budget.
Established responsible Governments at
From 1773 to 1858, the British tried for the
both the Centre and the Provinces.
centralization of power. It was from the 1861
Designated the Viceroy India and the
Councils act they shifted towards devolution
provincial Governors as the
of power with provinces.
Constitutional (normal heads).
1833 Charter act was the most important act
It assigned dual functions (Constituent
before the act of 1909.
and Legislative) to the Constituent Assembly
Till 1947, the Government of India
and declared this dominion legislature as
functioned under the provisions of the 1919
a sovereign body.
Act only. The provisions of 1935 Act relating
to Federation and Dyarchy were never
Points to be noted implemented.

The Executive Council provided by the 1919
Laws made before Charter Act of 1833 were Act continued to advice the Viceroy till 1947.
called Regulations and those made The modern executive (Council of Ministers)
after are called Acts. owes its legacy to the executive council.
Lord Warren Hastings created the office of The Legislative Council and Assembly
District Collector in 1772, but judicial developed into Rajyasabha and Loksabha
powers were separated from District after independence.
collector later by Cornwalis.
From the powerful authorities of unchecked
executives, the Indian administration
developed into a responsible government
answerable to the legislature and people.
NATIONAL SYMBOLS In the original, there are four lions,
standing back to back, mounted on an
National Flag abacus with a frieze carrying sculptures in
The National Flag is a horizontal tricolour ofc high relief of an elephant, a galloping
deep saffron (kesaria) at the top, white in the horse, a bull and a lion separated by
middle and dark green at the bottom in equal intervening wheels over a bell shaped
proportion lotus.
The ratio of width of the flag to its length is two Carved out of a single block of polished
to three. sandstone, the Capital is crowned by the
In the centre of the white band is a navy-blue Wheel of the Law (Dharma Chakra).
wheel which represents the charka. In the state emblem, adopted by the
Its design is that of the wheel which appears on Government of India on 26 January 1950,
the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of only three lions are visible, the fourth
Ashoka. being hidden
Its diameter approximates to the width of the from view.
white band and it has 24 spokes. The wheel appears in relief in the centre
The design of the National Flag was adopted by of the abacus with a bull on right and a
the Constitution Assembly of India on 22 July horse on left and the outlines of other
1947. wheels on extreme right and left.
Apart from non-statutory instructions issued by The bell-shaped lotus has been omitted.
the Government from time to time, display of The words Satyameva Jayate from
the National Flag is governed by the provisions Mundaka Upanishad, meaning Truth
of the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Alone Triumphs, are inscribed below the
Improper Use) Act, 1950 and the prevention of abacus in Devanagari script.
Insults of National Honour Act, 1971.
The Flag Code of India, 2002 is an attempt to National Anthem
bring together all such laws, conventions, The song Jana-gana-mana, composed
practices and instructions for the guidance and originally in Bengali by Ravindra Nath
benefit of all concerned. Tagore,was adopted in Hindi version by
The Flag Code of India, 2002, took effect from the Constituent Assembly as the National
26 January 2002 and suspected the Flag Code- Anthem of India on 24th January 1950.
Indias as it existed. It was first sung on 27th December 1911 at
As per the provisions of the Flag Code of India, the Calcutta session of the Indian
2002, there are no restriction on the display of National Congress.
the National Flag bymembers of general public,
private organisations, educational institutions, National Song
etc., except to the extent provided in the The song Vande Mataram, composed in
Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Sanskrit by Bankim Chandra Chatterji,
Use) Act, 1950 and Prevention of Insults of was a source of inspiration to the people
National Honour Act, 1971 and any other law in their struggle for freedom.
enacted on the subject. It has an equal status with Jana-gana-
mana.
National Emblem The first political occasion when it was
The state emblem is an adaptation from the sung was the 1896 session of the Indian
Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. National Congress.
National Calendar Flag Code of India, 2002 has taken effect
The national calendar based on the Saka Era, from January 26, 2002 by superseding
with Chaitra as its first month and a normal year the Flag Code India as it existed.
of 365 days was adopted from 22 March 1957
along with the Gregorian calendar for the The New Flag Code
following official purposes: One can hoist the flag only from sunrise
i) Gazette of India, to sunset
ii) news broadcast by All India Radio, The ratio of width to length of the flag
iii) calendars issued by the Government of should be 2:3.
India and Dont print it on a costume, cushion or
iv) Government communications addressed to napkin either.
the members of the public. Dont drape the flag on vehicles.
Dates of the national calendar have a permanent Dont hoist it upside down. Must not
correspondence with dates of the Gregorian touch the ground.
calendar, 1 Chaitra falling on 22 March normally must fly higher than all other flags except
and on 21 March in leap year. that of the UN or other nations.
Dont fly a damaged flag.
Flag Code of India, 2002 The amended code came into effect from
Flag Code-India is neither a statute nor a January 26, 2003.
statutory rule or regulation. It is, in
reality, a mere consolidation of executive National animal.
instructions issued by the Government of The magnificent tiger, Panthera tigiris, is
India from time to time and contains the National Animal
detailed instruction in regard to the The combination of grace, strength,
shape, size and colour of the National agility and enormous power has earned
Flag, the correct display, instances of the tiger its pride of place as the national
misuse and display on National Days or animal of India.
special occasions. To check the dwindling population of
And now, Flag Code of India, 2002 s an tigers in India, Project Tiger was
attempt to bring together all such laws, launched in April 1973.
conventions, practices and instructions So far, 29 tiger reserves have been
for the guidance and benefit of all established in the country under this
concerned. project.
For the sake of convenience, Flag Code of
India, 2002 has been divided into three National Bird
parts. Part I of the code contains general The Indian peacock, Pavo cristatus, the
description of the National Flag. Part II national bird of India, is a colourful,
by members of public, private swan-sized bird, with a fan-shaped crest
organizations and educational of feathers, a white patch under the eye
institutions. Part III of the Code relates to and a long, slender neck.
display of the National Flag by Central The male of the species is more colourful
and State governments and organizations than the female, with a glistening blue
and agencies. breast and neck and spectacular bronze-
green train of around 200 elongated
feathers.
The female is brownish, slightly smaller Dolphin is an endangered animal that
than the male and lacks the train. specifically habitats this rivers.
The peacock is widely found in the Indian The Ganga is revered by Hindus as the
subcontinent from the south and the east most sacred river on earth.
of the Indus river, Jammu and Kashmir, Key religious ceremonies are held on the
east Assam, south Mizoram and the whole banks of the river at cities such as
of the Indian peninsula. Varanasi, Haridwar and Allahabad.
The peacock is fully protected under the The Ganga widens out into the Ganges
Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Delta in the Sunderbans swamp of
Bangladesh, before it ends its journey by
National Flower emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
Lotus (Nelumbo Nucifera Gaertn) is the national
flower of India. National Fruit
It is a sacred flower and occupies a unique A fleshy fruit of the tree Mongifera indica,
position in the art and mythology of ancient the mango is one of the important and
India and has been an auspicious symbol of widely cultivated fruits of the tropical
Indian culture since time immemorial. world.
Mangoes have been cultivated in India
National Tree from time immemorial.
Indian fig tree, Ficus bengalensis, whose The poet Kalidasa sang its praises.
branches root themselves like new trees over a Alexander savored its taste, as did the
large area. Chinese pilgrim Hieun Tsang.
The roots then give rise to more trunks and Mughal emperor Akbar planted
branches. 100,000mango trees in Darbanga, Bihar
Because of this characteristic and its longevity, at a place now known as Lakhi Bagh.
this tree is considered immortal and is an
integral part of the myths and legends of India. National Game
Even today, the banyan tree is the focal point of Hockey is the National Game of India.
village life and the village council meets under Unmatched excellence and incomparable
the shade of this tree. virtuosity brought India a string of
Olympic gold medals.
National River The Golden Era of hockey in India was
The Ganga or Ganges is the longest river of India the period from 1928 1956 when India
flowing over 2,510 kms of mountains, valleys won 6 consecutive gold medals in the
and plains. Olympics.
It originates in the snowfields of the Gangotri During the Golden Era, India played 24
Glacier in the Himalayas as the Bhagirathi River. Olympic matches, won all 24, scored 178
It is later joined by other rivers such as the goals (at an average of 7.43 goals per
Alaknanda, Yamuna, Son, Sumti, Kosi and match) and conceded only 7 goals.
Ghagra. The two other gold medals for India came
The Ganga river basin is one of the most fertile in the 1964 Tokyo Olympics and the
and densely populated areas of the world and 1980Moscow Olympics.
covers an area of 1,000,000 sq. km.
There are two dams on the river one at
Haridwar and the other at Farakka.
Framing of the Constitution of India North-West Frontier Province and Sylher
decided through a referendum to remain
The Constitution of India was farmed and with Pakistan.
adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India. Therefore, the membership of the
The Constitution Assembly was set up in Constituent Assembly for India was
November 1946 as per the Cabinet Mission Plan reduced to 299 after partition.
of 1946. Its first meeting was held on 9th
The demand for the Constitution Assembly to December 1946, with Sachidanand Sinha
draft the Constitution of India was, for the first as the interim President.
time, raised by the Congress in 1935. On 11th December 1946, Dr. Rajendra
The British Government accepted this demand, Prasad was elected as the President of the
for the first time, in the August Offer of 1940. Constituent Assembly.
The seats were allocated to three communities- The historic Objective Resolution was
Muslims, Sikhs and General-in proportion to moved in the Constituent Assembly by Pt.
their population. Jawahar Lal Nehru on 13th December
There were a total of 389 members in the 1946.
Constituent Assembly of which 296 were elected The first meeting of Constituent Assembly
by the members of the Provincial Assemblies was boycotted by the Muslim League.
and the rest were nominated by the Princely Shri B. N. Rau was appointed as the Legal
States. Advisor of the Constituent Assembly.
The Mountbatten Plan of June 3, 1947 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is rightly regarded as
announced the partition of the country the Father of the Constitution of India.
and a separate Constituent Assembly for The Constituent Assembly formed 13
the proposed State of Pakistan. important committees for farming the
Consequently the members of the Constitution.
Constituent Assembly representing those The Drafting Committee of 7 members
areas which were included in Pakistan. were appointed on 29 August 1947, with
East Bengal, North-West Frontier Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the Chairman.
Province (NWFP),West Punjab, Sindh, The first draft of the Constitution was
Baluchistan, and Sylhet district of Assam, prepared in October 1947 and was
were no more members of the Constituent published in January 1948.
Assembly of India. The Draft Constitution of India prepared
by the Drafting Committee was submitted
Three Phases of the Constituent Assembly to the President of the Assembly on 21
i) 1st Phase: As Constituent Assembly under the February 1948.
limitations of Cabinet Mission, Plan from 6th As many as 7,635 amendments were
December 1946 to 14th August 1947. proposed and 2473 were actually
discussed.
ii) 2nd Phase: As Constituent Assembly, a The clause-by-clause consideration of the
Sovereign body + Provisional Parliament from Draft Constitution was taken up between
15th August 1947 to 26th November 1949. 15 November 1948 and 17 October 1949.
On 26 November 1949, the people of
iii) 3rd Phase: As a Provisional Parliament from India through the Constituent Assembly
27th November 1949 to March 1952. adopted, enacted and gave to themselves
the Constitution of India.
The Constitution was finally signed in by
the members of the Constituent Assembly Committees of the Constituent Assembly
on 24 January 1950, which was the last The Constituent Assembly appointed 22
day of the Assembly. committees to deal with different task of
The Constitution came into full operation with Constitution-making. Out of these, 10 were on
effect from 26 January 1950. procedural affairs and 12 on substantive affairs.
During this period, the Constituent Assembly The report of these committees formed the basis
acted as a Temporary Parliament [15 August on which the first draft of the Constitution was
1947 26 November 1949] prepared. These were as follows:
The Constitution was approved by the members
and was signed in by 284 members of the Committees on Procedural Affairs
Constituent Assembly. 1. Steering Committee (Chairman: Dr K M
It is considered to be the lengthiest Constitution Munshi)
in the world. 2. Rules of Procedure Committee (Chairman: Dr.
Originally, it had 22 Parts, 395 Articles and 8 Rajendra Prashad)
Schedules. 3. House Committee
The Constituent Assembly held 11 sessions. 4. Hindi Translation Committee
5. Urdu Translation Committee
Drafting Committee of Constituent 6. Finance and Staff Committee
Assembly 7. Press Gallery Committee
Chairman: Dr. BR Ambedkar 8. Committee on the effect of Indian
Members Independence Act of 1947.
1. N Gopalaswamy Ayyangar 9. Orders of Business Committee
2. Alladi Krishnaswami lyer 10. Credential Committee
3. KM Munshi
4. Mohammed Sadullah Committees of Substantive Affairs
5. BL Mittar (replaced by N Madhav Rao) 1. Drafting Committee (Chairman: Dr B R
6. DP Khaitan (who died in 1948 and was Ambedkar)
replaced by TT Krihnamachari) 2. Committee for Negotiating with States
The Draft Constitution was considered for (Chairman: Dr Rajendra Prashad)
114 days. The Constituent Assembly took 3. Committee on Chief Commissioners
2 years, 11 months and 18 days to frame Provinces.
the Constitution. 4. Union Constitution Committee (Chairman:
It cost the exchequer Rs. 6.4 crore. Jawaharlal Nehru)
The design of the National Flag was 5. Provincial Constitution Committee
adopted by the Constituent Assembly on (Chairman: Sardar Patel).
July 22, 1947. 6. Special Committee to Examine the Draft
The National Anthem was adopted by the Constitution (Chairman: Sir Alladi
Constituent Assembly on January 24, Krishnaswamy lyer)
1950. 7. Commission on Linguistic Provinces
The Constituent Assembly of India was 8. Expert Committee on Financial Provisions
converted into the provisional Parliament 9. Ad-hoc Committee on National Flag
of India on November 26, 1949. 10. Union Powers Committee (Chairman:
The only State having constitution of its Jawaharlal Nehru)
own is Jammu & Kashmir. 11. Ad. hoc Committee on the Supreme Court
12. Committee on Fundamental Rights and Constituent Assembly could not be called
Minorities (Chairman: Sardar Patel) a sovereign body. It was established by
the British government and could be
Important members of the Constituent abolished by it. So its authority was
Assembly limited, and it workedwithin the
Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajendra Prashad, Sardar framework of the Cabinet Mission Plan.
Patel, Maulana Azad, Gopalaswamy These limitations were nullified by the
Ayyangar,GobindBallabhPant, AbdurGhaffar passing of the Indian Independence Act
Khan, TT Krishnamachari, Alladi Krishnaswami of 1947.
Ayyar, H N Kunzru, H S Gour, K V Shah,
Masani, Acharya Kripalani, Dr Ambedkar, Dr Different sources of our Constitution
Radha Krishnan, Dr Jaykar, Liaquat Ali Khan, The founding fathers of our Constitution
Khwaja Nazimuddin, Sir Feroze Khan Noor, had before them the accumulated
Suhrawardy, Sir Zafurullah Khan and Dr experience from the working of all the
Sachchidananda Sinha. known constitutions of the world, and
were aware of the difficulties faced in the
The first elections to the Parliament were working of those constitutions.
held in 1952. Hence, besides incorporating some
The first amendment to the Constitution provisions from the other constitutions, a
was effected in 1951. number of provisions were included to
According to Article 394, provisions avoid some of the difficulties experienced
relating to the citizenship, elections, in the working of these constitutions.
provisional Parliament and temporary This is an important reason for making
and temporary and transitional our Constitution the lengthiest and the
provisions contained in Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, most comprehensive of all written
9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, constitutions of the world.
392 and 393 came into force on the day of The most profound influence was
adoption (i.e. c26 November 1949) of the exercised by the Government of India Act
Constitution and the remaining of 1935. The federal scheme, office of
provisions of the Constitution came into governor, power of federal judiciary,
being on the day of the commencement emergency powers etc were drawn from
(i.e. 26 January 1950) of the Constitution. this Act.
According to Article 395, the Government The British practice influenced the
of India Act of 1935 and the Indian lawmaking procedures, rule of law,
Independence Act of 1947 got replaced system of single citizenship besides, of
with the commencement of the course, the model of a parliamentary from
Constitution of India. of government.
January 26 was selected as the date of The US Constitution inspired details on
commencement of the Constitution of the independence of judiciary, judicial
India because on this date in 1930, Indian review, fundamental rights, and the
people observed Independence day, removal of Supreme Court and High
following the resolution of Purna Swaraj Court judges.
of the Congress session held in the The Irish Constitution was the source of
midnight of December 31, 1929 at Lahore. the Directive Principles, method of
Presidential elections, and the
nomination of members of Rajya Sabha The Weimar Constitution of Germany was the
by the President. source of provisions concerning the suspension
From the Canadian Constitution was of fundamental rights during emergency.
taken the idea of a federation with a The idea of a Concurrent List was taken from the
strong Centre, and placing residuary Australian Constitution.
powers with the Centre.
Parts
The individual Articles of the Constitution are grouped together into the following Parts:
Part I Union and it s Territory Part XII Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits
Part II Cit izenship. Part XIII Trade and Commerce within the territ ory of
India
Part III Fundamental Rights
Part XIV Services Under t he Union, t he St ates
Part IV Direct ive Principles of St ate Policy
Part XIVA Tribunals
Part IVA Fundamental Duties
Part XV Elect ions
Part V The Union
Part XVI Special Provisions Relating t o certain Classes
Part VI The St ates
Part XVII Languages
Part VII St ates in t he B part of the First
schedule (repealed) Part XVIII Emergency Provisions
Part VIII The Union Territories Part XIX Miscellaneous
Part IX The Panchayats Part XX Amendment of t he Const itution
Part IXA The Municipalities Part XXI Temporary , Transitional and Special
Provisions
Part IXB The Co-operat ive Societ ies.
Part XXII Short t itle, date of commencement,
Part X The scheduled and Tribal Areas
Aut horitative t ext in Hindi and Repeals
Part XI Relat ions between t he Union and the States
Schedules office, judges, and Comptroller and Auditor

General of India.
Schedules are lists in the Constitution that
categorize and tabulate bureaucratic activity and Third Schedule (Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6),
policy of the Government. 148(2), 164(3), 188 and 219)Forms of Oaths
This lists the oaths of offices for elected officials
First Schedule (Articles 1 and 4) - This lists and judges.
the states and territories of India, lists any
changes to their borders and the laws used to Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2))
make that change. This details the allocation of seats in the Rajya
Sabha (the upper house of Parliament) per State
Second Schedule (Articles 59(3), 65(3), 75(6), or Union Territory.
97, 125, 148(3), 158(3), 164(5), 186 and 221)-
This lists the salaries of officials holding public
Fifth Schedule (Article 244(1)) This provides PREAMBLE
for the administration and control of Scheduled
Areas[Note 5 ] and Scheduled Tribes[Note 6] (areas WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly
and tribes needing special protection due to resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN
SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC
disadvantageous conditions). REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1))
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith
Provisions made for the administration of tribal and worship; EQUALITY of status and of
areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and opportunity; and to promote among them all
Mizoram. FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the
individual and the 2[unity and integrity of the
Seventh Schedule (Article 246) The union Nation]; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
(central government), state, and concurrent lists this twenty sixth day of November, 1949, do
of responsibilities. HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO
OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
Eighth Schedule (Articles 344(1) and 351)
The official languages. Derived from objectives Resolution
passed by J.Nehru in Constituent
Ninth Schedule (Article 31-B) Validation of Assmebly.
certain Acts and Regulations.[4 0 ] Basic Structure of a constitution
Once amended by 42nd constitutional
Tenth Schedule (Articles 102(2) and 191(2)) amendment act, 1976 which was inserted
"Anti-defection" provisions for Members of SOCIALIST, SECULAR, INTEGRITY in
Parliament and Members of the State preamble.
Legislatures.
Eleventh Schedule (Article 243-D)

Panchayat Raj (rural local government),
Twelfth Schedule (Article 243-W)

Municipalities (urban local government).

PART I (2) No such law as aforesaid shall be deemed to
THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY be an amendment of this Constitution for the
purposes of article 368.
1. (1) India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of
States.
(2) The States and the territories thereof shall be
as specified in the First Schedule.
(3) The territory of India shall comprise
(a) the territories of the States;
(b) the Union territories specified in the First
Schedule; and
(c) such other territories as may be acquired.
2. Parliament may by law admit into the Union,

or establish, new States on such terms and
conditions as it thinks fit.
3. Parliament may by law

(a) form a new State by separation of territory
from any State or by uniting two or more States
or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a
part of any State;
(b) increase the area of any State;
(c) diminish the area of any State;
(d) alter the boundaries of any State;
(e) alter the name of any State:
4[Provided that no Bill for the purpose shall be
introduced in either House of Parliament except
on the recommendation of the President
The Bill has been referred by the President to the
Legislature of that State for expressing its views
thereon within such period as may be specified
in the reference or within such further period as
the President may allow and the period so
specified or allowed has expired.
4. Any law referred to in article 2 or article 3

shall contain such provisions for the amendment
of the First Schedule and the Fourth Schedule as
may be necessary to give effect to the provisions
of the law and may also contain such
supplemental, incidental and consequential
provisions (including provisions as to
representation in Parliament and in the
Legislature or Legislatures of the State or States
affected by such law) as Parliament may deem
necessary.

PART II this Constitution, in the form and manner
CITIZENSHIP prescribed by the Government of the Dominion
(Part II.Citizenship.Arts. 711.) of India or the Government of India.
5. At the commencement of this Constitution, 9. No person shall be a citizen of India by virtue

every person who has his domicile in the of article 5, or be deemed to be a citizen of India
territory of India and by virtue of article 6 or article 8, if he has
(a) who was born in the territory of India; or voluntarily acquired the citizenship of any
(b) either of whose parents was born in the foreign State.
territory of India; or
(c) who has been ordinarily resident in the 10. Every person who is or is deemed to be a
territory of India for not less than five years citizen of India under any of the foregoing
immediately preceding such commencement, provisions of this Part shall, subject to the
shall be a citizen of India. provisions of any law that may be made by
Parliament, continue to be such citizen.
6. Citizenship at the commencement of the
Constitution. Rights of citizenship of certain 11. Nothing in the foregoing provisions of this
persons who have migrated to India from Part shall derogate from the power of Parliament
Pakistan. to make any provision with respect to the
acquisition and termination of citizenship and
7. Notwithstanding anything in articles 5 and 6, all other matters relating to citizenship.
a person who has after the first day of March,
1947, migrated from the territory of India to the Citizenship act 1955 gives how to acquire /
territory now included in Pakistan shall not be how to loss citizenship. It was amended in 1986,
deemed to be a citizen of India: Provided that 1992, 2003, 2005, 2013, 2015.
nothing in this article shall apply to a person
who, after having so migrated to the territory How to acquire:
now included in Pakistan, has returned to the
territory of India under a permit for resettlement 1. By birth
or permanent return issued by or under the 2. By descent
authority of any law and every such person shall 3. By registration
for the purposes of clause (b) of article 6 be
4. By naturalization
deemed to have migrated to the territory of India
after the nineteenth day of July, 1948. 5. By incorporation of territory
How to loss:
8. Notwithstanding anything in article 5, any
person who or either of whose parents or any of 1. Renunciation
whose grandparents was born in India as
2. Termination
defined in the Government of India Act, 1935 (as
originally enacted), and who is ordinarily 3. Deprivation
residing in any country outside India as so
defined shall be deemed to be a citizen of India if
he has been registered as a citizen of India by the
diplomatic or consular representative of India in
the country where he is for the time being
residing on an application made by him therefor
to such diplomatic or consular representative,
whether before or after the commencement of

PART III Right to Freedom
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 19. (1) All citizens shall have the right (a) to
freedom of speech and expression;
Drawn from USA constitution (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms;
Judicially enforceable (c) to form associations or unions;
(d) to move freely throughout the territory of
General India;
12. In this Part, unless the context otherwise (e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory
requires, the State includes the Government of India;
and Parliament of India and the Government (g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any
and the Legislature of each of the States and all occupation, trade or business.
local or other authorities within the territory of
India or under the control of the Government of 20. (1) No Ex Post Facto Law - No person shall
India. be convicted of any offence except for violation
of a law in force at the time of the commission of
13. (1) All laws in force in the territory of India the Act charged as an offence, nor be subjected
immediately before the commencement of this to a penalty greater than that which might have
Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent been inflicted under the law in force at the time
with the provisions of this Part, shall, to the of the commission of the offence.
extent of such inconsistency, be void. (2) The (2) No Double Jeopardy - No person shall be
State shall not make any law which takes away prosecuted and punished for the same offence
or abridges the rights conferred by this Part and more than once.
any law made in contravention of this clause (3)No Self Incrimination - No person accused of
shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void. any offence shall be compelled to be a witness
against himself.
Right to Equality
21. No person shall be deprived of his life or
14. The State shall not deny to any person personal liberty except according to procedure
equality before the law or the equal protection of established by law.
the laws within the territory of India.
21A. The State shall provide free and
15. The State / citizen shall not discriminate compulsory education to all children of the age
against any citizen on grounds only of religion, of six to fourteen years in such manner as the
race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them. State may, by law, determine
16. There shall be equality of opportunity for all 22. (1) No person who is arrested shall be
citizens in matters relating to employment or detained in custody without being informed, as
appointment to any office under the State. soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest
17. Untouchability is abolished and its practice nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and
in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his
any disability arising out of Untouchability choice.
shall be an offence punishable in accordance (2) Every person who is arrested and detained in
with law. custody shall be produced before the nearest
magistrate within a period of twenty-four hours
18. (1) No title, not being a military or academic of such arrest excluding the time necessary for
distinction, shall be conferred by the State. the journey from the place of arrest to the court
(2) No citizen of India shall accept any title from of the magistrate and no such person shall be
any foreign State.

detained in custody beyond the said period Cultural and Educational Rights
without the authority of a magistrate.
(3) to any person who is arrested or detained 29. (1) Any section of the citizens residing in the
under any law providing for preventive territory of India or any part thereof having a
detention. distinct language, script or culture of its own
(4) No law providing for preventive detention shall have the right to conserve the same.
shall authorise the detention of a person for a (2) No citizen shall be denied admission into any
longer period than three months unless educational institution maintained by the State
(a) an Advisory Board consisting of persons who or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds
are, or have been, or are qualified to be only of religion, race, caste, language or any of
appointed them.
Right against Exploitation 30. All minorities, whether based on religion or

language, shall have the right to establish and
23. Traffic in human beings and begar and administer educational institutions of their
other similar forms of forced labor are choice.
prohibited and any contravention of this
provision shall be an offence punishable in 31. [Compulsory acquisition of property.]
accordance with law. Repealed by the Constitution (Forty-fourth
Amendment) Act, 1978.
24. No child below the age of fourteen years
shall be employed to work in any factory or mine Right to Constitutional Remedies
or engaged in any other hazardous employment.
32. (1) The right to move the Supreme Court by
Right to Freedom of Religion appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of
the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed.
25. Freedom of conscience and free profession, (2) The Supreme Court shall have power to issue
practice and propagation of religion. directions or orders or writs, including writs in
the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus,
26. the right (a) to establish and maintain prohibition, quo warranto and
institutions for religious and charitable certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for
purposes; the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by
(b) to manage its own affairs in matters of this Part.
religion; (3) Without prejudice to the powers conferred
Prohibition of employment of children in on the Supreme Court by clauses (1) and (2),
factories, etc. Parliament may by law empower any other court
to exercise within the local limits of its
27. No person shall be compelled to pay any jurisdiction all or any of the powers exercisable
taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically by the Supreme Court under clause (2).
appropriated in payment of expenses for the (4) The right guaranteed by this article shall not
promotion or maintenance of any particular be suspended except as otherwise provided for
religion or religious denomination. by this Constitution.
28. (1) No religious instruction shall be provided 33. Parliament may, by law, determine to what
in any educational institution wholly maintained extent any of the rights conferred by this Part
out of State funds. shall, in their application to,
(a) the members of the Armed Forces; or

(b) the members of the Forces charged with the (c) that the operation of the economic system
maintenance of public order; or does not result in the concentration of wealth
(c) persons employed in any bureau or other and means of production to the common
organization established by the State for detriment;
purposes of intelligence or counter intelligence; (d) that there is equal pay for equal work for
both men and women;
34. Restriction on rights conferred by this Part (e) that the health and strength of workers, men
while martial law is in force in any area. and women, and the tender age of children are
not abused and that citizens are not forced by
35. Parliament shall have, and the Legislature of economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited
a State shall not have, power to make laws to their age or strength;
Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this (f) that children are given opportunities and
Part. facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in
conditions of freedom and dignity and that
PART IV childhood and youth are protected against
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY exploitation and against moral and material
abandonment.
Drawn from Ireland constitution
Judicially not enforceable 39A. The State shall secure that the operation of
the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of
36. In this Part, unless the context otherwise equal opportunity, and shall, in particular,
requires, the State has the same meaning as in provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or
Part III. schemes or in any other way, to ensure that
opportunities for securing justice are not denied
37. The provisions contained in this Part shall to any citizen by reason of economic or other
not be enforceable by any court, but the disabilities.
principles therein laid down are nevertheless
fundamental in the governance of the country 41. The State shall, within the limits of its
and it shall be the duty of the State to apply economic capacity and development, make
these principles in making laws. effective provision for securing the right to work,
to education and to public assistance in cases of
Socialistic Principles unemployment, old age, sickness and
disablement, and in other cases of undeserved
38. The State shall strive to promote the welfare want.
of the people by securing and protecting as
effectively as it may a social order in which 42. The State shall make provision for securing
justice, social, economic and political, shall just and humane conditions of work and for
inform all the institutions of the national life. maternity relief.
39. The State shall, in particular, direct its policy 43. The State shall endeavour to secure, by
towards securing suitable legislation or economic organisation or
(a) that the citizens, men and women equally, in any other way, to all workers, agricultural,
have the right to an adequate means of industrial or otherwise, work, a living wage,
livelihood; conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of
(b) that the ownership and control of the life and full enjoyment of leisure and social and
material resources of the community are so cultural opportunities and, in particular, the
distributed as best to sub serve the common State shall endeavour to promote cottage
good;

industries on an individual or co-operative basis children until they complete the age of six
in rural areas. years..
43A. The State shall take steps, by suitable 48. The State shall endeavour to organise
legislation or in any other way, to secure the agriculture and animal husbandry on modern
participation of workers in the management of and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take
undertakings, establishments or other steps for preserving and improving the breeds,
organisations engaged in any industry. and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and calves
and other milch and draught cattle.
47. The State shall regard the raising of the level
of nutrition and the standard of living of its 48A. Protection and improvement of
people and the improvement of public health as environment and safeguarding of forests and
among its primary duties and, in particular, wild life.
Gandhian Principles 49. It shall be the obligation of the State to

protect every monument or place or object of
40. The State shall take steps to organise village artistic or historic interest, to be of national
panchayats and endow them with such powers importance, from spoliation, disfigurement,
and authority as may be necessary to enable destruction, removal, disposal or export, as the
them to function as units of self-government. case may be.
43. To promote cottage industries 50. The State shall take steps to separate the
judiciary from the executive in the public
46. The State shall promote with special care the services of the State.
educational and economic interests of the
weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, 51. The State shall endeavour to
of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled (a) promote international peace and security;
Tribes, and shall protect them from social (b) maintain just and honourable relations
injustice and all forms of exploitation. between nations;
(c) foster respect for international law and treaty
47. the State shall endeavour to bring about obligations in the dealings of organized peoples
prohibition of the consumption except for with one another; and
medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of (d) encourage settlement of international
drugs which are injurious to health. disputes by arbitration.
48. Prohibition of slaughtering of cows/cattles.
Liberal / Intellectual Principles
44. The State shall endeavor to secure for the

citizens a uniform civil code throughout the
territory of India.
45. Provision for early childhood care and

education to children below the age of six
years.The State shall endeavour to provide
early childhood care and education for all

PART IVA PART V - THE UNION
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
CHAPTER I.THE EXECUTIVE
51A. It shall be the duty of every citizen of
India The President
(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its
ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the 52. There shall be a President of India.
National Anthem;
(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which 53. (1) The executive power of the Union shall
inspired our national struggle for freedom; be vested in the President and shall be exercised
(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity by him either directly or through officers
and integrity of India; subordinate to him in accordance with this
(d) to defend the country and render national Constitution.
service when called upon to do so; (2) Without prejudice to the generality of the
(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of foregoing provision, the supreme command of
common brotherhood amongst all the people of the Defence Forces of the Union shall be vested
India transcending religious, linguistic and in the President and the exercise thereof shall be
regional or sectional diversities; to renounce regulated by law.
practices derogatory to the dignity of women;
(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our 54. The President shall be elected by the
composite culture; members of
(g) to protect and improve the natural an electoral college consisting of (a) the
environment including forests, lakes, rivers and elected members of both Houses of Parliament;
wild life, and to have compassion for living and (b) the elected members of the Legislative
creatures; Assemblies of the States.
(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism
and the spirit of inquiry and reform; Election shall be determined in the following
(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure manner:
violence; (a) every elected member of the Legislative
(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of Assembly of a State shall have as many votes as
individual and collective activity so that the there are multiples of one thousand in the
nation constantly rises to higher levels of quotient obtained by dividing the population of
endeavour and achievement; the State by the total number of the elected
(k) who is a parent or guardian to provide members of the Assembly;
opportunities for education to his child or, as the (b) if, after taking the said multiples of one
case may be, ward between the age of six and thousand, the remainder is not less than five
fourteen years. hundred, then the vote of each member referred
to in sub-clause (a) shall be further increased by
10 Fundamental duties Inserted on the one;
recommendation of Swaran Singh (c) each elected member of either House of
committee by the Constitution (Forty- Parliament shall have such number of votes as
second Amendment) Act, 1976. may be obtained by dividing the total number of
11th duty was Inserted by the Constitution votes assigned to the members of the Legislative
(Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002 Assemblies of the States under sub-clauses (a)
Derived from USSR constitution and (b) by the total number of the elected
members of both Houses of Parliament,
fractions exceeding one-half being counted as
one and other fractions being disregarded.

(3) The election of the President shall be held in the right to appear and to be represented at such
accordance with the system of proportional investigation.
representation by means of the single (d) If as a result of the investigation a resolution
transferable vote and the voting at such election is passed by a majority of not less than two-
shall be by secret ballot. thirds of the total membership of the House by
which the charge was investigated or caused to
56. (1) The President shall hold office for a term be investigated, declaring that the charge
of five years from the date on which he enters preferred against the President has been
upon his office: sustained, such resolution shall have the effect of
Provided that removing the President from his office as from
(a) the President may, by writing under his hand the date on which the resolution is so passed.
addressed to the Vice-President, resign his
office; CHAPTER III.LEGISLATIVE POWERS
OF THE PRESIDENT
57. A person who holds, or who has held, office 123. (1) If at any time, except when both Houses
as President shall, subject to the other provisions of Parliament are in session, the President is
of this Constitution, be eligible for re-election to satisfied that circumstances exist which render it
that office. necessary for him to take immediate action, he
may promulgate such Ordinances as the
60. Every President and every person acting as circumstances appear to him to require.
President or discharging the functions of the (2) An Ordinance promulgated under this article
President shall, before entering upon his office, shall have the same force and effect as an Act of
make and subscribe in the presence of the Chief Parliament, but every such Ordinance
Justice of India or, in his absence, the senior- (a) shall be laid before both Houses of
most Judge of the Supreme Court available, an Parliament and shall cease to operate at the
oath or affirmation expiration of six weeks from the reassembly of
Parliament, or, if before the expiration of that
61. When a President is to be impeached for period resolutions disapproving it are passed by
violation of the Constitution, the charge shall both Houses, upon the passing of the second of
be preferred by either House of Parliament. those resolutions; and
(b) may be withdrawn at any time by the
Procedure for impeachment of the President.
President:
No such charge shall be preferred unless
(a) the proposal to prefer such charge is
contained in a resolution which has been moved
after at least fourteen days' notice in writing
signed by not less than one-fourth of the total
number of members of the House has been given
of their intention to move the resolution, and
(b) such resolution has been passed by a
majority of not less than two-thirds of the total
membership of the House.
(c) When a charge has been so preferred by
either House of Parliament, the other House
shall investigate the charge or cause the charge
to be investigated and the President shall have

Vice-President (4) A person shall not be eligible for election as
Vice- President if he holds any office of profit
63. There shall be a Vice-President of India. under the Government of India or the
Government of any State or under any local or
64. The Vice-President shall be ex officio other authority subject to the control of any of
Chairman of the Council of States and shall not the said Governments.
hold any other office of profit:
Provided that during any period when the Vice- 67. The Vice-President shall hold office for a
President acts as President or discharges the term of five years from the date on which he
functions of the President under article 65, he enters upon his office:
shall not perform the duties of the office of Provided that
Chairman of the Council of States and shall not (a) a Vice-President may, by writing under his
be entitled to any salary or allowance payable to hand addressed to the President, resign his
the Chairman of the Council of States under office;
article 97. (b) a Vice-President may be removed from his
office by a resolution of the Council of States
65. (1) In the event of the occurrence of any passed by a majority of all the then members of
vacancy in the office of the President by reason the Council and agreed to by the House of the
of his death, resignation or removal, or People; but no resolution for the purpose of this
otherwise, the Vice-President shall act as clause shall be moved unless at least fourteen
President until the date on which a new days' notice has been given of the intention to
President elected in accordance with the move the resolution;
provisions of this Chapter to fill such vacancy (c) a Vice-President shall, notwithstanding the
enters upon his office. expiration of his term, continue to hold office
until his successor enters upon his office.
66. (1) The Vice-President shall be elected by
the members of an electoral college consisting of General points:
the members of both Houses of Parliament in
accordance with the system of proportional 71. All doubts and disputes arising out of or in
representation by means of the single connection with the election of a President or
transferable vote and the voting at such election Vice- President shall be inquired into and
shall be by secret ballot. decided by the Supreme Court whose decision
shall be final.
(2) The Vice-President shall not be a member of
either House of Parliament or of a House of the 72. The President shall have the power to grant
Legislature of any State, and if a member of pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of
either House of Parliament or of a House of the punishment or to suspend, remit or commute
Legislature of any State be elected Vice- the sentence of any person convicted of any
President, he shall be deemed to have vacated offence
his seat in that House on the date on which he (a) in all cases where the punishment or
enters upon his office as Vice-President. sentence is by a Court Martial;
(3) No person shall be eligible for election as (b) in all cases where the punishment or
Vice- President unless he sentence is for an offence against any law
(a) is a citizen of India; relating to a matter to which the executive power
(b) has completed the age of thirty-five years; of the Union extends;
and (c) is qualified for election as a member of (c) in all cases where the sentence is a sentence
the Council of States. of death.

(2) Nothing in sub-clause (a) of clause (1) shall determines, shall be as specified in the Second
affect the power conferred by law on any officer Schedule.
of the Armed Forces of the Union to suspend,
remit or commute a sentence passed by a Court The Attorney-General for India
Martial.
(3) Nothing in sub-clause (c) of clause (1) shall 76. (1) The President shall appoint a person who
affect the power to suspend, remit or commute a is qualified to be appointed a Judge of the
sentence of death exercisable by the Governor of Supreme Court to be Attorney-General for India.
a State under any law for the time being in force. (2) It shall be the duty of the Attorney-General
to give advice to the Government of India upon
Council of Ministers such legal Other provisions as to Ministers.
matters, and to perform such other duties of a
74. There shall be a Council of Ministers with legal character, as may from time to time be
the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise referred or assigned to him by the President, and
the President who shall, in the exercise of his to discharge the functions conferred on him by
functions, act in accordance with such advice or under this Constitution or any other law for
the time being in force.
The question whether any, and if so what, advice (3) In the performance of his duties the
was tendered by Ministers to the President shall Attorney- General shall have right of audience in
not be inquired into in any court. all courts in the territory of India.
(4) The Attorney-General shall hold office
75. (1) The Prime Minister shall be appointed by during the pleasure of the President, and shall
the President and the other Ministers shall be receive such remuneration as the President may
appointed by the President on the advice of the determine.
Prime Minister.
Conduct of Government Business
The total number of Ministers, including the
Prime Minister, in the Council of Ministers shall 77. (1) All executive action of the Government of
not exceed fifteen per cent. of the total number India shall be expressed to be taken in the name
of members of the House of the People - of the President.
Inserted by the Constitution (Ninety-first
Amendment) Act, 2003
(2) The Ministers shall hold office during the

pleasure of the President.
(3) The Council of Ministers shall be collectively
responsible to the House of the People.
(4) Before a Minister enters upon his office, the
President shall administer to him the oaths of
office and of secrecy according to the forms set
out for the purpose in the Third Schedule.
(5) A Minister who for any period of six
consecutive months is not a member of either
House of Parliament shall at the expiration of
that period cease to be a Minister.
(6) The salaries and allowances of Ministers
shall be such as Parliament may from time to
time by law determine and, until Parliament so

CHAPTER II.PARLIAMENT person authorised in that behalf by the Election
Commission an oath or affirmation according to
General the form set out for the purpose in the Third
79. There shall be a Parliament for the Union Schedule;
which shall consist of the President and two (b) is, in the case of a seat in the Council of
Houses to be known respectively as the Council States, not less than thirty years of age and, in
of States and the House of the People. the case of a seat in the House of the People, not
less than twenty-five years of age; and
80. (1) The Council of States shall consist of (c) possesses such other qualifications as may be
(a) twelve members (in the fields of Literature, prescribed in that behalf by or under any law
science, art and social service) to be nominated made by Parliament.
by the President and (b) not more than two
hundred and thirty-eight representatives of the 85. The President shall from time to time
States and of the Union territories. summon each House of Parliament to meet at
(2) The allocation of seats in the Council of such time and place as he thinks fit, but six
States to be filled by representatives of the States months shall not intervene between its last
and of the Union territories shall be in sitting in one session and the date appointed for
accordance with the provisions in that behalf its first sitting in the next session.
contained in the Fourth Schedule. (2) The President may from time to time
(4) The representatives of each State in the (a) prorogue the Houses or either House;
Council of States shall be elected by the elected (b) dissolve the House of the People.
members of the Legislative Assembly of the State
in accordance with the system of proportional Presidents address in the Parliament
representation by means of the single 87. (1) At the commencement of the first session
transferable vote. after each general election to the House of the
(5) The representatives of the Union territories People and at the commencement of the first
in the Council of States shall be chosen in such session of each year the President shall address
manner as Parliament may by law prescribe. both Houses of Parliament assembled together
and inform Parliament of the causes of its
The House of the People shall consist of summons.
(a) not more than five hundred and thirty
members chosen by direct election from 88. Every Minister and the Attorney-General of
territorial constituencies in the States, and India shall have the right to speak in, and
(b) not more than twenty members to represent otherwise to take part in the proceedings of,
the Union territories, chosen in such manner as either House, any joint sitting of the Houses, and
Parliament may by law provide. any committee of Parliament of which he may be
named a member, but shall not by virtue of this
83. (1) The Council of States shall not be subject article be entitled to vote.
to dissolution, but as nearly as possible one-
third of the members thereof shall retire as soon Officers of Parliament
as may be on the expiration of every second year
in accordance with the provisions made in that 89. (1) The Vice-President of India shall be ex
behalf by Parliament by law. officio Chairman of the Council of States.
(2) The Council of States shall, as soon as may
Qualifications of MPs be, choose a member of the Council to be Deputy
84. A person shall not be qualified to be chosen Chairman thereof and, so often as the office of
to fill a seat in Parliament unless he is a citizen Deputy Chairman becomes vacant, the Council
of India, and makes and subscribes before some

shall choose another member to be Deputy Speaker or person acting as Chairman or
Chairman thereof. Speaker.
93. The House of the People shall, as soon as The Chairman or Speaker, or person acting as
may be, choose two members of the House to be such, shall not vote in the first instance, but shall
respectively Speaker and Deputy Speaker thereof have and exercise a casting vote in the case of an
and, so often as the office of Speaker or Deputy equality of votes.
Speaker becomes vacant, the House shall choose
another member to be Speaker or Deputy Quorum: Until Parliament by law otherwise
Speaker, as the case may be. provides, the quorum to constitute a meeting of
either House of Parliament shall be one-tenth of
95. (1) While the office of Speaker is vacant, the the total number of members of the House.
duties of the office shall be performed by the
Deputy Speaker or, if the office of Deputy If at any time during a meeting of a House there
Speaker is also vacant, by such member of the is no quorum, it shall be the duty of the
House of the People as the President may Chairman or Speaker, or person acting as such,
appoint for the purpose. either to adjourn the House or to suspend the
(2) During the absence of the Speaker from any meeting until there is a quorum.
sitting of the House of the People the Deputy
Speaker or, if he is also absent, such person as Disqualifications of Members
may be determined by the rules of procedure of 101. (1) No person shall be a member of both
the House, or, if no such person is present, such Houses of Parliament and provision shall be
other person as may be determined by the made by Parliament by law for the vacation by a
House, shall act as Speaker. person who is chosen a member of both Houses
of his seat in one House or the other.
97. There shall be paid to the Chairman and the (2) No person shall be a member both of
Deputy Chairman of the Council of States, and to Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a
the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the State, and if
House of the People, such salaries and a person is chosen a member both of Parliament
allowances as may be respectively fixed by and of a House of the Legislature of 2[a State],
Parliament by law and, until provision in that then, at the expiration of such period as may be
behalf is so made, such salaries and allowances specified in rules made by the President, that
as are specified in the Second Schedule. person's seat in Parliament shall become vacant,
unless he has previously resigned his seat in the
Conduct of Business Legislature of the State.
(3) If for a period of sixty days a member of
99. Every member of either House of either House of Parliament is without
Parliament shall, before taking his seat, make permission of the House absent from all
and subscribe before the President, or some meetings thereof, the House may declare his seat
person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath vacant: Provided that in computing the said
or affirmation according to the form set out for period of sixty days no account shall be taken of
the purpose in the Third Schedule. any period during which the House is prorogued
or is adjourned for more than four consecutive
100. (1) Save as otherwise provided in this days.
Constitution, all questions at any sitting of either
House or joint sitting of the Houses shall be 102. (1) A person shall be disqualified for being
determined by a majority of votes of the chosen as, and for being, a member of either
members present and voting, other than the House of Parliament

(a) if he holds any office of profit under the of the Constituent Assembly of the Dominion of
Government of India or the Government of any India.
State, other than an office declared by
Parliament by law not to disqualify its holder; Legislative Procedure
(b) if he is of unsound mind and stands so
declared by a competent court; 107. (1) Subject to the provisions of articles 109
(c) if he is an undischarged insolvent; and 117 with respect to Money Bills and other
(d) if he is not a citizen of India, or has financial Bills, a Bill may originate in either
voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign House of Parliament.
State, or is under any acknowledgment of (2) Subject to the provisions of articles 108 and
allegiance or adherence to a foreign State; 109, a Bill shall not be deemed to have been
(e) if he is so disqualified by or under any law passed by the Houses of Parliament unless it has
made by Parliament. been agreed to by both Houses, either without
amendment or with such amendments only as
Powers, Privileges and Immunities of are agreed to by both Houses.
Parliament and its Members (3) A Bill pending in Parliament shall not lapse
by reason of the prorogation of the Houses.
105. (1) Subject to the provisions of this (4) A Bill pending in the Council of States which
Constitution and to the rules and standing has not been passed by the House of the People
orders regulating the procedure of Parliament, shall not lapse on a dissolution of the House of
there shall be freedom of speech in Parliament. the People.
(2) No member of Parliament shall be liable to (5) A Bill which is pending in the House of the
any proceedings in any court in respect of any People, or which having been passed by the
thing said or any vote given by him in House of the People is pending in the Council of
Parliament or any committee thereof, and no States, shall, subject to the provisions of article
person shall be so liable in respect of the 108, lapse on a dissolution of the House of the
publication by or under the authority of either People.
House of Parliament of any report, paper, votes
or proceedings. Joint Sitting:
(3) In other respects, the powers, privileges and 108. (1) If after a Bill has been passed by one
immunities of each House of Parliament, and of House and transmitted to the other House
the members and the committees of each House, (a) the Bill is rejected by the other House; or
shall be such as may from time to time be (b) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the
defined by Parliament by law, and, until so amendments to be made in the Bill; or Salaries
defined, 1[shall be those of that House and of its and allowances of members.
members and committees immediately before (c) more than six months elapse from the date of
the coming into force of section 15 of the the reception of the Bill by the other House
Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, without the Bill being passed by it, the President
may, unless the Bill has elapsed by reason of a
106. Members of either House of Parliament dissolution of the House of the People, notify to
shall be entitled to receive such salaries and the Houses by message if they are sitting or by
allowances as may from time to time be public notification if they are not sitting, his
determined by Parliament by law and, until intention to summon them to meet in a joint
provision in that respect is so made, allowances sitting for the purpose of deliberating and voting
at such rates and upon such conditions as were on the Bill: Provided that nothing in this clause
immediately before the commencement of this shall apply to a Money Bill.
Constitution applicable in the case of members (2) In reckoning any such period of six months
as is referred to in clause (1), no account shall be

taken of any period during which the House of India or the increasing of the amount of any
referred to in sub-clause (c) of that clause is such
prorogued or adjourned for more than four expenditure;
consecutive days. (f) the receipt of money on account of the
(3) Where the President has under clause (1) Consolidated Fund of India or the public
notified his intention of summoning the Houses account of India or the custody or issue of such
to meet in a joint sitting, money or the audit of the accounts of the Union
(4) If at the joint sitting of the two Houses the or of a State; or
Bill, with such amendments, if any, as are agreed (g) any matter incidental to any of the matters
to in joint sitting, is passed by a majority of the specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f).
total number of members of both Houses
present and voting, it shall be deemed for the (3) If any question arises whether a Bill is a
purposes of this Constitution to have been Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of
passed by both Houses: the House of the People thereon shall be final.
(4) There shall be endorsed on every Money Bill
109. (1) A Money Bill shall not be introduced in when it is transmitted to the Council of States
the Council of States. under article 109, and when it is presented to the
(2) After a Money Bill has been passed by the President for assent under article 111, the
House of the People it shall be transmitted to the certificate of the Speaker of the House of the
Council of States for its recommendations and People signed by him that it is a Money Bill.
the Council of States shall within a period of
fourteen days from the date of its receipt of the Presidents Assent:
Bill return the Bill t o the House of the People 111. When a Bill has been passed by the Houses
with its recommendations and the House of the of Parliament, it shall be presented to the
People may thereupon either accept or reject all President, and the President shall declare either
or any of the recommendations of the Council of that he assents to the Bill, or that he withholds
States. assent therefrom: Provided that the President
may, as soon as possible after the presentation to
Money Bill: him of a Bill for assent, return the Bill if it is not
110. (1) For the purposes of this Chapter, a Bill a Money Bill to the Houses with a message
shall be deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains requesting that they will reconsider the Bill or
only provisions dealing with all or any of the any specified provisions thereof and, in
following matters, namely: particular, will consider the desirability of
(a) the imposition, abolition, remission, introducing any such amendments as he may
alteration or regulation of any tax; recommend in his message, and when a Bill is so
(b) the regulation of the borrowing of money or returned, the Houses shall reconsider the Bill
the giving of any guarantee by the Government accordingly, and if the Bill is passed again by the
of India, or the amendment of the law with Houses with or without amendment and
respect to any financial obligations undertaken presented to the President for assent, the
or to be undertaken by the Government of India; President shall not withhold assent therefrom.
(c) the custody of the Consolidated Fund or the
Contingency Fund of India, the payment of Procedure in Financial Matters
moneys into or the withdrawal of moneys from
any such Fund; Annual Financial Statement / BUDGET
(d) the appropriation of moneys out of the
Consolidated Fund of India; 112. (1) The President shall in respect of every
(e) the declaring of any expenditure to be financial year cause to be laid before both the
expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund Houses of Parliament a statement of the

estimated receipts and expenditure of the character of the service the demand cannot be
Government of India for that year, in this Part stated with the details ordinarily given in an
referred to as the annual financial statement. annual financial statement;
(2) The estimates of expenditure embodied in (c) to make an exceptional grant which forms no
the annual financial statement shall show part of the current service of any financial year;
separately (a) the sums required to meet and Parliament shall have power to authorise by
expenditure described by this Constitution as law the withdrawal of moneys from the
expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Consolidated Fund of India for the purposes for
Fund of India; and Assent to Bills. which the said grants are made.
(b) the sums required to meet other expenditure
proposed to be made from the Consolidated 117. (1) A Bill or amendment making provision
Fund of India, and shall distinguish expenditure for any of the matters specified in sub-clauses
on revenue account from other expenditure. (a) to (f) of clause (1) of article 110 shall not be
introduced or moved except on the
113. (1) So much of the estimates as relates to recommendation of the President and a Bill
expenditure charged upon the Consolidated making such provision shall not be introduced in
Fund of India shall not be submitted to the vote the Council of States:
of Parliament, but nothing in this clause shall be It provides for the imposition, abolition,
construed as preventing the discussion in either remission, Special provisions as to financial
House of Parliament of any of those estimates. Bills.
(2) So much of the said estimates as relates to
other expenditure shall be submitted in the form Procedure Generally
of demands for grants to the House of the 120. (1) Notwithstanding anything in Part XVII,
People, and the House of the People shall have but subject to the provisions of article 348,
power to assent, or to refuse to assent, to any business in Parliament shall be transacted in
demand, or to assent to any demand subject to a Hindi or in English: Provided that the Chairman
reduction of the amount specified therein. of the Council of States or Speaker of the House
(3) No demand for a grant shall be made except of the People, or person acting as such, as the
on the recommendation of the President. case may be, may permit any member who
cannot adequately express himself in Hindi or in
No money shall be withdrawn from the English to address the House in his mother-
Consolidated Fund of India except under tongue.
appropriation made by law passed in
accordance with the provisions of this 121. No discussion shall take place in
article. Parliament with respect to the conduct of any
Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court
116. (1) Notwithstanding anything in the in the discharge of his duties except upon a
foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the House motion for presenting an address to the
of the People shall have power President praying for the removal of the Judge
(a) to make any grant in advance in respect of as hereinafter provided.
the estimated expenditure for a part of any
financial Supplementary, additional or excess
grants.
Votes on account, votes of credit and
exceptional grants.
(b) to make a grant for meeting an unexpected
demand upon the resources of India when on
account of the magnitude or the indefinite

CHAPTER IV.THE UNION JUDICIARY (7) No person who has held office as a Judge of
the Supreme Court shall plead or act in any
124. (1) There shall be a Supreme Court of India court or before any authority within the territory
consisting of a Chief Justice of India and, until of India.
Parliament by law prescribes a larger number, of
not more than 30 other Judges. 125. There shall be paid to the Judges of the
(2) Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be Supreme Court such salaries as may be
appointed by the President by warrant under his determined by Parliament by law and, until
hand and seal after consultation with such of the provision in that behalf is so made, such salaries
Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High as are specified in the Second Schedule.
Courts in the States as the President may deem
necessary for the purpose and shall hold office 129. The Supreme Court shall be a court of
until he attains the age of sixty -five years: record and shall have all the powers of such a
court including the power to punish for
A Judge may, by writing under his hand contempt of itself.
addressed to the President, resign his office
Seat of Supreme Court:
Qualification of Judges: A person shall not 130. The Supreme Court shall sit in Delhi or in
be qualified for appointment as a Judge of the such other place or places, as the Chief Justice of
Supreme Court unless India may, with the approval of the President,
he is a citizen of India and from time to time, appoint.
(a) has been for at least five years a Judge of a
High Court or of two or more such Courts in Jurisdictions:
succession; or 131. The Supreme Court shall, to the exclusion
(b) has been for at least ten years an advocate of of any other court, have original jurisdiction
a High Court or of two or more such Courts in in any dispute
succession; or (a) between the Government of India and one or
(c) is, in the opinion of the President, a more States; or
distinguished jurist. (b) between the Government of India and any
State or States on one side and one or more
Removal of Judges: other States on the other; or
Judge of the Supreme Court shall not be (c) between two or more States,
removed from his office except by an order of
the President passed after an address by each 132. An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court
House of Parliament supported by a majority of from any judgment, decree or final order of a
the total membership of that House and by a High Court in the territory of India, whether in a
majority of not less than two thirds of the civil, criminal or Supreme Court other
members of that House present and voting has proceeding, if the High Court certifies under
been presented to the President in the same article 134A that the case involves a substantial
session for such removal on the ground of question of law as to the interpretation of this
proved misbehavior or incapacity Constitution.
(6) Every person appointed to be a Judge of the 133. An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court
Supreme Court shall, before he enters upon his from any judgment, decree or final order in a
office, make and subscribe before the President, civil proceeding of a High Court in the territory
or some person appointed in that behalf by him, of India
an oath or affirmation according to the form set (a) that the case involves a substantial question
out for the purpose in the Third Schedule. of law of general importance; and

(b) that in the opinion of the High Court the said CHAPTER V - COMPTROLLER AND
question needs to be decided by the Supreme AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA (CAG)
Court.
148. (1) There shall be a Comptroller and
136. Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, Auditor- General of India who shall be
the Supreme Court may, in its discretion, grant appointed by the President by warrant under his
special leave to appeal from any judgment, hand and seal and shall only be removed from
decree, determination, sentence or order in any office in like manner and on the like grounds as
cause or matter passed or made by any court or a Judge of the Supreme Court.
tribunal in the territory of India. (2) Every person appointed to be the
Comptroller and Auditor-General of India shall,
137. Subject to the provisions of any law made before he enters upon his office, make and
by Parliament or any rules made under article subscribe before the President, or some person
145, the Supreme Court shall have power to appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or
review any judgment pronounced or order affirmation according to the form set out for the
made by it. purpose in the Third Schedule.
(3) The salary and other conditions of service of
141. The law declared by the Supreme Court the Comptroller and Auditor-General shall be
shall be binding on all courts within the territory such as may be determined by Parliament
of India. (4) The Comptroller and Auditor-General shall
not be eligible for further office
Advisory Jurisdiction:
143. If at any time it appears to the President The administrative expenses of the office of the
that a question of law or fact has arisen, or is Comptroller and Auditor-General, including all
likely to arise, which is of such a nature and of salaries, allowances and pensions payable to or
such public importance that it is expedient to in respect of the persons serving in that office,
obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court upon it, shall be charged upon the Consolidated Fund of
he may refer the question to that Court for India.
consideration and the Court may, after such
hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its 149. The Comptroller and Auditor-General shall
opinion thereon. perform such duties and exercise such powers in
The President may, notwithstanding anything in relation to the accounts of the Union and of the
the proviso to article 131, refer a dispute of the States and of any other authority or body as may
kind mentioned in the 3[said proviso] to the be prescribed by or under any law made by
Supreme Court for opinion and the Supreme Parliament
Court shall, after such hearing as it thinks fit,
report to the President its opinion thereon. 151. The reports of the Comptroller and
Auditor- General of India relating to the
The administrative expenses of the Supreme accounts of the Union shall be submitted to the
Court, including all salaries, allowances and President, who shall cause them to be laid before
pensions payable to or in respect of the officers each House of Parliament.
and servants of the Court, shall be charged upon (2) The reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-
the Consolidated Fund of India, and any fees or General of India relating to the accounts of a
other moneys taken by the Court shall form part State shall be submitted to the Governor of the
of that Fund. State, who shall cause them to be laid before the
Legislature of the State.

PART VI to a matter to which the executive power of the
THE STATES State extends.
CHAPTER I.GENERAL Council of Ministers

152. In this Part, unless the context otherwise
requires, the expression State does not include 163. (1) There shall be a Council of Ministers
the State of Jammu and Kashmir with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and
advise the Governor in the exercise of his
CHAPTER II.THE EXECUTIVE functions, except in so far as he is by or under
The Governor this Constitution required to exercise his
functions or any of them in his discretion.
153. There shall be a Governor for each State:
164. (1) The Chief Minister shall be appointed
155. The Governor of a State shall be appointed by the Governor and the other Ministers shall be
by the President by warrant under his hand and appointed by the Governor on the advice of the
seal. Chief Minister, and the Ministers shall hold
156. (1) The Governor shall hold office during office during the pleasure of the Governor:
the pleasure of the President.
(2) The Governor may, by writing under his (2) The Council of Ministers shall be collectively
hand addressed to the President, resign his responsible to the Legislative Assembly of the
office. State.
(3) Subject to the foregoing provisions of this (3) Before a Minister enters upon his office, the
article, a Governor shall hold office for a term of Governor shall administer to him the oaths of
five years from the date on which he enters upon office and of secrecy according to the forms set
his office: Provided that a Governor shall, out for the purpose in the Third Schedule.
notwithstanding the expiration of his term, (4) A Minister who for any period of six
continue to hold office until his successor enters consecutive months is not a member of the
upon his office. Legislature of the State shall at the expiration of
that period cease to be a Minister.
Qualifications: (5) The salaries and allowances of Ministers
157. No person shall be eligible for appointment shall be such as the Legislature of the State may
as Governor unless he is a citizen of India and from time to time by law determine and, until
has completed the age of thirty-five years. the Legislature of the State so determines, shall
be as specified in the Second Schedule.
159. Every Governor and every person
discharging the functions of the Governor shall,
before entering upon his office, make and
subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice of
the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation
to the State, or, in his absence, the senior most
Qualifications for appointment as Governor.
161. The Governor of a State shall have the

power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or
remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit
or commute the sentence of any person
convicted of any offence against any law relating

The Advocate-General for the State such supplemental,incidental and consequential
provisions as Parliament may deem necessary.
165. (1) The Governor of each State shall (3) No such law as aforesaid shall be deemed to
appoint a person who is qualified to be be an amendment of this Constitution for the
appointed a Judge of a High Court to be purposes of article 368.
Advocate-General for the State.
(2) It shall be the duty of the Advocate-General (1) Subject to the provisions of article 333, the
to give advice to the Government of the State Legislative Assembly of each State shall consist
upon such legal matters, and to perform such of not more than five hundred, and not less than
other duties of a legal character, as may from sixty, members chosen by direct election from
time to time be referred or assigned to him by territorial constituencies in the State.
the Governor, and to discharge the functions (2) For the purposes of clause (1), each State
conferred on him by or under this Constitution shall be divided into territorial constituencies in
or any other law for the time being in force. such manner that the ratio between the
(3) The Advocate-General shall hold office population of each constituency and the number
during the pleasure of the Governor, and shall of seats allotted to it shall, so far as practicable,
receive such remuneration as the Governor may be the same throughout the State.
determine Conduct of Government Business
171. (1) The total number of members in the
CHAPTER III-THE STATE LEGISLATURE Legislative Council of a State having such a
General Council shall not exceed one-third of the total
number of members in the Legislative Assembly
168. (1) For every State there shall be a of that State:
Legislature which shall consist of the Governor, Provided that the total number of members in
and (a) in the States of Telungana, Andhra the Legislative Council of a State shall in no case
Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, be less than forty.
Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh, two Houses; (2) Until Parliament by law otherwise provides,
(b) in other States, one House. the composition of the Legislative Council of a
(2) Where there are two Houses of the State shall be as provided in clause (3).
Legislature of a State, one shall be known as the (3) Of the total number of members of the
Legislative Council and the other as the Legislative Council of a State
Legislative Assembly, and where there is only (a) as nearly as may be, one-third shall be
one House, it shall be known as the Legislative elected by electorates consisting of members of
Assembly. municipalities, district boards and such other
local authorities in the State as Parliament may
169. (1) Parliament may by law provide for the by law specify;
abolition of the Legislative Council of a State (b) as nearly as may be, one-twelfth shall be
having such a Council for the creation of such a elected by electorates consisting of persons
Council in a State having no such Council, if the residing in the State who have been for at least
Legislative Assembly of the State passes a three years graduates of any university in the
resolution to that effect by a majority of the total territory of India or have been for at least three
membership of the Assembly and by a majority years in possession of qualifications prescribed
of not less than two-thirds of the members of the by or under any law made by Parliament as
Assembly present and voting. equivalent to that of a graduate of any such
(2) Any law referred to in clause (1) shall contain university;
such provisions for the amendment of this (c) as nearly as may be, one-twelfth shall be
Constitution as may be necessary to give effect to elected by electorates consisting of persons who
the provisions of the law and may also contain have been for at least three years engaged in

teaching in such educational institutions within he (a) is a citizen of India, and makes and
the State, not lower in standard than that of a subscribes before some person authorised in
secondary school, as may be prescribed by or that behalf by the Election Commission an oath
under any law made by Parliament; or affirmation according to the form set out for
(d) as nearly as may be, one-third shall be the purpose in the Third Schedule;
elected by the members of the Legislative (b) is, in the case of a seat in the Legislative
Assembly of the State from amongst persons Assembly, not less than twenty-five years of age
who are not members of the Assembly; and, in the case of a seat in the Legislative
(e) the remainder shall be nominated by the Council, not less than thirty years of age; and
Governor in accordance with the provisions of (c) possesses such other qualifications as may be
clause (5). prescribed in that behalf by or under any law
(4) The members to be elected under sub-clauses made by Parliament.
(a), (b) and (c) of clause (3) shall be chosen in
such territorial constituencies as may be 174. (1) The Governor shall from time to time
prescribed by or under any law made by summon the House or each House of the
Parliament, and the elections under the said Legislature of the State to meet at such time and
sub-clauses and under sub-clause (d) of the said place as he thinks fit, but six months shall not
clause shall be held in accordance with the intervene between its last sitting in one session
system of proportional representation by means and the date appointed for its first sitting in the
of the single transferable vote. next session.
(5) The members to be nominated by the (2) The Governor may from time to time
Governor under sub-clause (e) of clause (3) shall (a) prorogue the House or either House;
consist of persons having special knowledge or (b) dissolve the Legislative Assembly.
practical experience in respect of such matters as
the following, namely: Literature, science, art, 200. When a Bill has been passed by the
co-operative movement and social service. Legislative Assembly of a State or, in the case of
a State having a Legislative Council, has been
172. (1) Every Legislative Assembly of every passed by both Houses of the Legislature of the
State, unless sooner dissolved, shall continue for State, it shall be presented to the Governor and
five years from the date appointed for its first the Governor shall declare either that he assents
meeting and no longer and the expiration of the to the Bill or that he withholds assent there from
said period of 1[five years shall operate as a or that he reserves the Bill for the consideration
dissolution of the Assembly: of the President:
Provided that the said period may, while a
proclamation of Emergency is in operation, be Provided that the Governor may, as soon as
extended by Parliament by law for a period not possible after the presentation to him of the Bill
exceeding one year at a time and not extending for assent, return the Bill if it is not a Money Bill
in any case beyond a period of six months after together with a message requesting that the
the Proclamation has ceased to operate. House or Houses will reconsider the Bill or any
(2) The Legislative Council of a State shall not be specified provisions thereof and, in particular,
subject to dissolution, but as nearly as possible will consider the desirability of introducing any
one-third of the members thereof shall retire as such amendments as he may recommend in his
soon as may be on the expiration of every second message and, Assent to Bills.
year in accordance with the provisions made in
that behalf by Parliament by law. when a Bill is so returned, the House or Houses
shall reconsider the Bill accordingly, and if the
173. A person shall not be qualified to be chosen Bill is passed again by the House or Houses with
to fill a seat in the Legislature of a State unless or without amendment and presented to the

Governor for assent, the Governor shall not Procedure Generally
withhold assent there from:
210. (1) Notwithstanding anything in Part XVII,
Provided further that the Governor shall not but subject to the provisions of article 348,
assent to, but shall reserve for the consideration business in the Legislature of a State shall be
of the President, any Bill which in the opinion of transacted in the official language or languages
the Governor would, if it became law, so of the State or in Hindi or in English:
derogate from the powers of the High Court as to Provided that the Speaker of the Legislative
endanger the position which that Court is by this Assembly or Chairman of the Legislative
Constitution designed to fill. Council, or person acting as such, as the case
may be, may permit any member who cannot
201. When a Bill is reserved by a Governor for adequately express himself in any of the
the consideration of the President, the President languages aforesaid to address the House in his
shall declare either that he assents to the Bill or mother tongue.
that he withholds assent therefrom:
Provided that, where the Bill is not a Money Bill, 211. No discussion shall take place in the
the President may direct the Governor to return Legislature of a State with respect to the conduct
the Bill to the House or, as the case may be, the of any Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High
Houses of the Legislature of the State together Court in the discharge of his duties.
with such a message as is mentioned in the first
proviso to article 200 and, when a Bill is so CHAPTER IV.LEGISLATIVE POWER OF
returned, the House or Houses shall reconsider THE GOVERNOR
it accordingly within a period of six months from 213. (1) If at any time, except when the
the date of receipt of such message and, if it is Legislative Assembly of a State is in session, or
again passed by the House or Houses with or where there is a Legislative Council in a State,
without amendment, it shall be presented again except when both Houses Restriction on
to the President for his consideration. discussion in the Legislature.
Procedure in Financial Matters Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the

Legislature.
202. (1) The Governor shall in respect of every
financial year cause to be laid before the House The Governor is satisfied that circumstances
or Houses of the Legislature of the State a exist which render it necessary for him to take
statement of the estimated receipts and immediate action, he may promulgate such
expenditure of the State for that year, in this Ordinances as the circumstances appear to him
Part referred to as the "annual financial to require:
statement". Provided that the Governor shall not, without
(2) The estimates of expenditure embodied in instructions from the President, promulgate any
the annual financial statement shall show such Ordinance if
separately (a) a Bill containing the same provisions would
(a) the sums required to meet expenditure under this Constitution have required the
described by this Constitution as expenditure previous sanction of the President for the
charged upon the Consolidated Fund of the introduction thereof into the Legislature; or
State; and Bills reserved for consideration. (b) he would have deemed it necessary to reserve
a Bill containing the same provisions for the
No demand for a grant shall be made except on consideration of the President; or
the recommendation of the Governor. (c) an Act of the Legislature of the State
containing

the same provisions would under this (4) of article 124 for the removal of a Judge of
Constitution have been invalid unless, having the Supreme Court;
been reserved for the consideration of the (c) the office of a Judge shall be vacated by his
President, it had received the assent of the being appointed by the President to be a Judge
President. of the Supreme Court or by his being transferred
(2) An Ordinance promulgated under this article by the President to any other High Court within
shall have the same force and effect as an Act of the territory of India.
the Legislature of the State assented to by the
Governor, but every such Ordinance HC Judge Qualifications:
(a) shall be laid before the Legislative Assembly (2) A person shall not be qualified for
of the State, or where there is a Legislative appointment as a Judge of a High Court unless
Council in the State, before both the Houses, and he is a citizen of India and
shall cease to operate at the expiration of six (a) has for at least ten years held a judicial office
weeks from the reassembly of the Legislature, or in the territory of India; or
if before the expiration of that period a (b) has for at least ten years been an advocate of
resolution disapproving it is passed by the a High Court or of two or more such Courts in
Legislative Assembly and agreed to by the succession;
Legislative Council, if any, upon the passing of
the resolution or, as the case may be, on the 219. Every person appointed to be a Judge of a
resolution being agreed to by the Council; and High Court shall, before he enters upon his
(b) may be withdrawn at any time by the office, make and subscribe before the Governor
Governor. of the State, or some person appointed in that
behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according
CHAPTER V-THE HIGH COURTS to the form set out for the purpose in the Third
Schedule.
214. There shall be a High Court for each State.
221. There shall be paid to the Judges of each
216. Every High Court shall consist of a Chief High Court such salaries as may be determined
Justice and such other Judges as the President by Parliament by law and, until provision in that
may from time to time deem it necessary to behalf is so made, such salaries as are specified
appoint. in the Second Schedule.
217. (1) Every Judge of a High Court shall be 222. (1) The President may, after consultation
appointed by the President by warrant under his with the Chief Justice of India, transfer a Judge
hand and seal after consultation with the Chief from one High Court to any other High Court.
Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and,
in the case of appointment of a Judge other than 226. (1) Notwithstanding anything in article 32
the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High every High Court shall have power, throughout
Court, and shall hold office, in the case of an the territories in relation to which it exercises
additional or acting Judge, as provided in article jurisdiction, to issue to any person or authority,
224, and in any other case, until he attains the including in appropriate cases, any Government,
age of sixty two years. within those territories directions, Jurisdiction
Provided that of existing High Courts.
(a) a Judge may, by writing under his hand Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.
addressed to the President, resign his office; orders or writs, including 1[writs in the nature of
(b) a Judge may be removed from his office by habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo
the President in the manner provided in clause warranto and certiorari, or any of them, for the

enforcement of any of the rights conferred by throughout the territories in relation to which it
Part III and for any other purpose. exercises jurisdiction.
227. Every High Court shall have

superintendence over all courts and tribunals
Court Establis Act
Jurisdiction Seat Benches
name hed established
Allahabad 11 June Indian High Uttar Pradesh Allahabad Lucknow
High 1866 Courts Act 1861
Court [2 ]
Bombay 14 August Indian High Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra Mumbai Aurangabad,Nagpur,
High 1862 Courts Act 1861 and Nagar Haveli, Daman Panaji
Court and Diu
Calcutta 2 July Indian High West Bengal, Andaman and Kolkata Port Blair
High 1862 Courts Act 1861 Nicobar Islands
Court
Chhattisg 1 Madhya Chhattisgarh Bilaspur
arh High Novembe Pradesh
Court r 2000 Reorganisation
Act, 2000
Delhi 31 Delhi High National Capital Territory New Delhi
High October Court Act, 1966 of Delhi
Court [3 ] 1966
Gauhati 1 March Government of Arunachal Guwahati Aizwal,Itanagar,Kohi
High 1948 India Act, 1935 Pradesh,Assam, Nagaland, ma
Court [4 ] Mizoram
Gujarat 1 May Bombay Gujarat Ahmedabad
High 1960 Reorgansisatio
Court n Act, 1960
High 5 July Andhra State Andhra Pradesh,Telangana Hyderabad
Court of 1954 Act, 1953
Judicatur
e at
Hyderaba
d[5 ]
Himachal 1971 State of Himachal Pradesh Shimla
Pradesh Himachal
High Pradesh Act,
Court 1970
Jammu 28 Letters Patent Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar/Ja
and August issued by mmu[6 ]
Kashmir 1943 thenMaharaja
High of Kashmir
Court
Jharkhan 15 Bihar Jharkhand Ranchi
d High Novembe Reorganisation
Court r 2000 Act, 2000
Karnatak 1884 Mysore High Karnataka Bengaluru Dharwad,Gulbarga
a High Court Act, 1884
Court [7 ]
Kerala 1956 States Kerala, Lakshadweep Kochi
High Reorganisation
Court [8 ] Act, 1956
Madhya 2 January Government of Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur Gwalior,Indore
Pradesh 1936 India Act, 1935
High
Court [9 ]
Madras 15 August Indian High Tamil Nadu, Puducherry Chennai Madurai
High 1862 Courts Act 1861
Court
Manipur 25 March North-Eastern Manipur, Imphal
High 2013 Areas
Court (Reorganisatio
n) and Other
Related Laws
(Amendment)
Act, 2012
Meghalay 25 March North-Eastern Meghalaya, Shillong
a High 2013 Areas
n) and Other
Related Laws
(Amendment)
Act, 2012
Orissa 3 April Orissa High Odisha Cuttack
High 1948 Court Order,
Court 1948
Patna 2 Government of Bihar Patna
High Septembe India Act, 1915
Court r 1916
Punjab 21 March High Court Punjab, Haryana,Chandigar Chandigarh
and 1919 (Punjab) h
Haryana Order, 1947
High
Court [1 1]
Rajasthan 21 June Rajasthan High Rajasthan Jodhpur Jaipur
High 1949 Court
Court Ordinance,
1949
Sikkim 16 May The 36th Sikkim Gangtok
High 1975 Amendment to
Court the Indian
Constitution
Tripura 26 March North-Eastern Tripura Agartala
High 2013Areas
n) and Other
Related Laws
(Amendment)
Act, 2012
Uttarakha 9 Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand Nainital
nd High Novembe Reorganisation
Court r 2000 Act, 2000
CHAPTER VI.SUBORDINATE COURTS PART VIII

THE UNION TERRITORIES
233. (1) Appointments of persons to be, and the
posting and promotion of, district judges in any 239. (1) Save as otherwise provided by
State shall be made by the Governor of the State Parliament by law, every Union territory shall be
in consultation with the High Court exercising administered by the President acting, to such
jurisdiction in relation to such State. extent as he thinks fit, through an administrator
(2) A person not already in the service of the to be appointed by him with such designation as
Union or of the State shall only be eligible to be he may specify.
appointed a district judge if he has been for not
less than seven years an advocate or a pleader The President may appoint the Governor of a
and is recommended by the High Court for State as the administrator of an adjoining Union
appointment. territory, and where a Governor is so appointed,
he shall exercise his functions as such
235. The control over district courts and courts administrator independently of his Council of
subordinate thereto including the posting and Ministers.
promotion of, and the grant of leave to, persons
belonging to the judicial service of a State and
holding any post inferior to the post of district
judge shall be vested in the High Court, but
nothing in this article shall be construed as
taking away from any such person any right of
appeal which he may have under the law
regulating the conditions of his service or as
authorizing the High Court to deal with him
otherwise than in accordance with the
conditions of his service prescribed under such
law.

PART IX Panchayats shall be vested in Audit of accounts
THE PANCHAYATS of Panchayats. Elections to the Panchayats.
243. In this Part, unless the context otherwise PART IXA

requires, THE MUNICIPALITIES
(a) district means a district in a State;
(b) Gram Sabha means a body consisting of 243P. In this Part, unless the context otherwise
persons registered in the electoral rolls relating requires,
to a village comprised within the area of (a) Committee means a Committee constituted
Panchayat at the village level; under article 243S;
(c) intermediate level means a level between (b) district means a district in a State;
the village and district levels specified by the (c) Metropolitan area means an area having a
Governor of a State by public notification to be population of ten lakhs or more, comprised in
the intermediate level for the purposes of this one or more districts and consisting of two or
Part; more Municipalities or Panchayats or other
(d) Panchayat means an institution (by contiguous areas, specified by the Governor by
whatever name called) of self-government public notification to be a Metropolitan area for
constituted under article 243B, for the rural the purposes of this Part;
areas; (d) Municipal area means the territorial area
(e) Panchayat area means the territorial area of a Municipality as is notified by the Governor;
of a Panchayat; (e) Municipality means an institution of self
(f) population means the population as government constituted under article 243Q;
ascertained at the last preceding census of which (f) Panchayat means a Panchayat constituted
the under article 243B;
relevant figures have been published; (g) population means the population as
(g) village means a village specified by the ascertained at the last preceding census of which
Governor by public notification to be a village for the relevant figures have been published.
the purposes of this Part and includes a group of
villages so specified. 243Q. (1) There shall be constituted in every
State, (a) a Nagar Panchayat (by whatever
243A. A Gram Sabha may exercise such powers name called) for a transitional area, that is to
and perform such functions at the village level as say, an area in transition from a rural area to an
the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide. urban area; (b) a Municipal Council for a smaller
urban area; and (c) a Municipal Corporation for
243-I. (1) The Governor of a State shall, as soon a larger urban area,
as may be within one year from the
commencement of the Constitution (Seventy- 243Y. (1) The Finance Commission constituted
third Amendment) Act, 1992, and thereafter at under article 243-I shall also review the financial
the expiration of every fifth year, constitute a position of the Municipalities and make
Finance Commission to review the financial recommendations to the Governor.
position of the Panchayats and to make
recommendations Powers to impose taxes by, 243ZA. (1) The superintendence, direction and
and Funds of, the Panchayats. control of the preparation of electoral rolls for,
and the conduct of, all elections to the
243K. (1) The superintendence, direction and Municipalities shall be vested in the State
control of the preparation of electoral rolls for, Election Commission referred to in article 243K.
and the conduct of, all elections to the

PART X Seventh Schedule (in this Constitution referred
THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS to as the State List).
(4) Parliament has power to make laws with
244. (1) The provisions of the Fifth Schedule respect to any matter for any part of the territory
shall apply to the administration and control of of India not included in a State notwithstanding
the Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in that such matter is a matter enumerated in the
any State other than the States of Assam State List.
Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
(2) The provisions of the Sixth Schedule shall Parliament Legislation over State Lists:
apply to the administration of the tribal areas in
the States of Assam Meghalaya, Tripura and 249. If the Council of States has declared by
Mizoram resolution supported by not less than two thirds
of the members present and voting that it is
necessary or expedient in the national interest
PART XI that Parliament should make laws with respect
RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND to any matter enumerated in the State List
THE STATES specified in the resolution, it shall be lawful for
Parliament to make laws for the whole or any
CHAPTER I.LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS part of the territory of India with respect to that
matter while the resolution remains in force.
Distribution of Legislative Powers
250. while a Proclamation of Emergency is in
245. (1) Subject to the provisions of this operation, have power to make laws for the
Constitution, Parliament may make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India with
whole or any part of the territory of India, and respect to any of the matters enumerated in the
the Legislature of a State may make laws for the State List.
whole or any part of the State. (2) No law made
by Parliament shall be deemed to be invalid on 252. If it appears to the Legislatures of two or
the ground that it would have extra-territorial more States to be desirable that any of the
operation. matters with respect to which Parliament has no
power to make laws for the States except as
246. (1) Notwithstanding anything in clauses provided in articles 249 and 250 should be
(2) and (3), Parliament has exclusive power to regulated in such States by Parliament by law
make laws with respect to any of the matters
enumerated in List I in the Seventh Schedule (in 253. Parliament has power to make any law for
this Constitution referred to as the Union List). the whole or any part of the territory of India for
(2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (3), implementing any treaty, agreement or
Parliament, and, subject to clause (1), the convention with any other country or countries
Legislature of any State also, have power to or any decision made at any international
make laws with respect to any of the matters conference, association or other body.
enumerated in List III in the Seventh Schedule
(in this Constitution referred to as the 356. When State emergency is in operation
Concurrent List).
(3) Subject to clauses (1) and (2), the Legislature
of any State has exclusive power to make laws
for such State or any part thereof with respect to
any of the matters enumerated in List II in the

Co-ordination between States PART XII
I - Disputes relating to Waters FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND

262. (1) Parliament may by law provide for the SUITS
adjudication of any dispute or complaint with
respect to the use, distribution or control of the CHAPTER I.FINANCE
waters of, or in, any inter-State river or river
valley. 265. No tax shall be levied or collected except by
(2) Parliament may by law provide that neither authority of law.
the Supreme Court nor any other court shall
exercise jurisdiction in respect of any such Consolidated Fund Of India:
dispute or complaint as is referred to in clause 266. (1) Subject to the provisions of article 267
(1). and to the provisions of this Chapter with
respect to the assignment of the whole or part of
II - Inter State Council: the net proceeds of certain taxes and duties to
263. If at any time it appears to the President States, all revenues received by the Government
that the public interests would be served by the of India, all loans raised by that Government by
establishment of a Council charged with the duty the issue of treasury bills, loans or ways and
of means advances and all moneys received by that
(a) inquiring into and advising upon disputes Government in repayment of loans shall form
which may have arisen between States; one consolidated fund to be entitled the
(b) investigating and discussing subjects in Consolidated Fund of India, and all revenues
which some or all of the States, or the Union and received by the Government of a State, all loans
one or more of the States, have a common raised by that Government by the issue of
interest; or treasury bills, loans or ways and means advances
(c) making recommendations upon any such and all moneys received by that Government in
subject and, in particular, recommendations for repayment of loans shall form one consolidated
the better co-ordination of policy and action fund to be entitled the Consolidated Fund of the
with respect to that subject, State.
it shall be lawful for the President by order to Public Account Of India:

establish such a Council, and to define the 266. (2) All other public moneys received by or
nature of the duties to be performed by it and its on behalf of the Government of India or the
organisation and procedure. Government of a State shall be credited to the
public account of India or the public account of
the State, as the case may be.
(3) No moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of
India or the Consolidated Fund of a State shall
be appropriated except in accordance with law
and for the purposes and in the manner
provided in this Constitution.
Contingency fund of India:

267. (1) Parliament may by law establish a
Contingency Fund in the nature of an interest to
be entitled the Contingency Fund of India into
which shall be paid from time to time such sums
as may be determined by such law, and the said

Fund shall be placed at the disposal of the have been assigned to the States on or after the
President to enable advances to be made by him 1st day of April, 1996
out of such Fund for the purposes of meeting
unforeseen expenditure pending authorization 270. (1) All taxes and duties referred to in the
of such expenditure by Parliament by law under Union List, except the duties and taxes referred
article 115 or article 116. to in articles 268 and 269, respectively,
(2) The Legislature of a State may by law surcharge on taxes and duties referred to in
establish a Contingency Fund in the nature of an article 271 and any cess levied for specific
interest to be entitled the Contingency Fund of purposes under any law made by Parliament
the State into which shall be paid from time to shall be levied and collected by the Government
time such sums as may be determined by such of India and shall be distributed between the
law, and the said Fund shall be placed at the Union and the States
disposal of the Governor of the State to enable
advances to be made by him out of such Fund 271. Parliament may at any time increase any of
for the purposes of meeting unforeseen the duties or taxes referred to in those articles by
expenditure pending authorisation of such a surcharge for purposes of the Union and the
expenditure by the Legislature of the State by whole proceeds of any such surcharge shall form
law under article 205 or article 206. part of the Consolidated Fund of India.
Distribution of Revenues between the 272. Taxes which are levied and collected by
Union and the States the Union and may be distributed between the
Union and the States.
268. Duties levied by the Union but collected Repealed by the Constitution (Eightieth
and appropriated by the States. Amendment) Act, 2000
(1) Such stamp duties and such duties of excise
on medicinal and toilet preparations as are 273. There shall be charged on the Consolidated
mentioned in the Union List shall be levied by Fund of India in each year as grants-in-aid of the
the Government of India but shall be collected revenues of the States of Assam, Bihar, Orissa
(a) in the case where such duties are leviable and West Bengal, in lieu of assignment of any
within any Union territory, by the Government share of the net proceeds in each year of export
of India, and duty on jute and jute products to those States,
(b) in other cases, by the States within which such sums as may be prescribed.
such duties are respectively leviable.
(2) The proceeds in any financial year of any 274. (1) No Bill or amendment which imposes
such duty leviable within any State shall not or varies any tax or duty in which States are
form part of the Consolidated Fund of India, but interested,
shall be assigned to that State.
275. (1) Such sums as Parliament may by law
268A. (1) Taxes on services shall be levied by provide shall be charged on the Consolidated
the Government of India and such tax shall be Fund of India in each year as grants-in-aid of the
collected and appropriated by the Government revenues of such States as Parliament may
of India and the States determine to be in need of assistance, and
different sums may be fixed for different States.
269. (1) Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods
and taxes on the consignment of goods shall be
levied and collected by the Government of India
but shall be assigned and shall be deemed to

Finance Commission CHAPTER IV.RIGHT TO PROPERTY
280. (1) The President shall, within two years 300A. No person shall be deprived of his
from the commencement of this Constitution property save by authority of law.
and thereafter at the expiration of every fifth
year or at such earlier time as the President PART XIII
considers necessary, by order constitute a TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE
Finance Commission which shall consist of a WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF INDIA
Chairman and four other members to be
appointed by the President. PART XIV
(2) Parliament may by law determine the SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE
qualifications which shall be requisite for STATES
appointment as members of the Commission
and the manner in which they shall be selected. CHAPTER I.SERVICES
Duties: ALL-INDIA SERVICES.

(3) It shall be the duty of the Commission to 312. If the Council of States has declared by
make recommendations to the President as to resolution supported by not less than two-thirds
(a) the distribution between the Union and the of the members present and voting that it is
States of the net proceeds of taxes which are to necessary or expedient in the national interest so
be, or may be, divided between them under this to do, Parliament may by law provide for the
Chapter and the allocation between the States of creation of one or more all India services
the respective shares of such proceeds; (including an all-India judicial service) common
(b) the principles which should govern the to the Union and the States, and, subject to the
grants in- aid of the revenues of the States out of other provisions of this Chapter, regulate the
the Consolidated Fund of India; recruitment, and the conditions of service of
(4) The Commission shall determine their persons appointed, to any such service.
procedure and shall have such powers in the
performance of their functions as Parliament CHAPTER II. PUBLIC SERVICE
may by law confer on them. COMMISSIONS
315. (1) Subject to the provisions of this article,
281. The President shall cause every there shall be a Public Service Commission for
recommendation made by the Finance the Union and a Public Service Commission for
Commission under the provisions of this each State.
Constitution together with an explanatory (2) Two or more States may agree that there
memorandum as to the action taken thereon to shall be one Public Service Commission for that
be laid before each House of Parliament. group of States, and if a resolution to that effect
is passed by the House or, where there are two
Miscellaneous Financial Provisions Houses, by each House of the Legislature of each
of those States, Parliament may by law provide
282. The Union or a State may make any grants for the appointment of a Joint State Public
for any public purpose, notwithstanding that the Service Commission (referred to in this Chapter
purpose is not one with respect to which as Joint Commission) to serve the needs of those
Parliament or the Legislature of the State, as the States.
case may be, may make laws. 316. (1) The Chairman and other members of a
Public Service Commission shall be appointed,
in the case of the Union Commission or a Joint
Commission, by the President, and in the case of

a State Commission, by the Governor of the PART XV
State. ELECTIONS
(2) A member of a Public Service Commission
shall hold office for a term of six years from the Election Commission
date on which he enters upon his office or until 324. (1) The superintendence, direction and
he attains, in the case of the Union Commission, control of the preparation of the electoral rolls
the age of sixty-five years, and in the case of a for, and the conduct of, all elections to
State Commission or a Joint Commission, the Parliament and to the Legislature of every State
age of sixty-two years, whichever is earlier: and of elections to the offices of President and
Vice-President
320. (1) It shall be the duty of the Union and the (2) The Election Commission shall consist of the
State Public Service Commissions to conduct Chief Election Commissioner and such number
examinations for appointments to the services of of other Election Commissioners, if any, as the
the Union and the services of the State President may from time to time fix and the
respectively. appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner
and other Election Commissioners shall, subject
323. (1) It shall be the duty of the Union to the provisions of any law made in that behalf
Commission to present annually to the President by Parliament, be made by the President.
a report as to the work done by the Commission
and on receipt of such report the President shall Subject to the provisions of any law made
cause a copy thereof together with a by Parliament, the conditions of service
memorandum explaining, as respects the cases, and tenure of office of the Election
if any, where the advice of the Commission was Commissioners and the Regional
not accepted, the reasons for such non- Commissioners shall be such as the
acceptance to be laid before each House of President may by rule determine.
Parliament. Provided that the Chief Election
Commissioner shall not be removed from
PART XIVA his office except in like manner and on
TRIBUNALS the like grounds as a Judge of the
Supreme Court and the conditions of
323A. (1) Parliament may, by law, provide for service of the Chief Election
the adjudication or trial by administrative Commissioner shall not be varied to his
tribunals of disputes and complaints with disadvantage after his appointment.
respect to recruitment and conditions of service Provided further that any other Election
of persons appointed to public services and posts Commissioner or a Regional
in connection with the affairs of the Union or of Commissioner shall not be removed from
any State or of any local or other authority office except on the recommendation of
within the territory of India or under the control the Chief Election Commissioner.
of the Government of India or of any corporation
owned or controlled by the Government.

PART XVI PART XVII
SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
CERTAIN CLASSES
CHAPTER I.LANGUAGE OF THE UNION
338. There shall be a Commission for the
Scheduled Castes to be known as the National 343. (1) The official language of the Union shall
Commission for the Scheduled Castes. be Hindi in Devanagari script.
(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made in
this behalf by Parliament, the Commission shall 344. (1) The President shall, at the expiration of
consist of a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and five years from the commencement of this
three other Members and the conditions of Constitution and thereafter at the expiration of
service and tenure of office of the Chairperson, ten years from such commencement, by order
Vice-Chairperson and other Members so constitute a Commission which shall consist of a
appointed shall be such as the President may by Chairman and such other members representing
rule determine. the different languages specified in the Eighth
Schedule as the President may appoint, and the
338A. There shall be a Commission for the order shall define the procedure to be followed
Scheduled Tribes to be known as the National by the Commission.
Commission for the Scheduled Tribes. (2) It shall be the duty of the Commission to
(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made in make recommendations to the President as to
this behalf by Parliament, the Commission shall (a) the progressive use of the Hindi language for
consist of a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and the official purposes of the Union;
three other Members and the conditions of (b) restrictions on the use of the English
service and tenure of office of the The words language for all or any of the official purposes of
and Scheduled Tribes omitted by the the Union;
Constitution (Eighty-ninth Amendment) Act, (c) the language to be used for all or any of the
2003. purposes mentioned in article 348;
Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other
Members shall be appointed by the President by
warrant under his hand and seal.
340. (1) The President may by order appoint a

Commission consisting of such persons as he
thinks fit to investigate the conditions of socially
and educationally backward classes within
the territory of India and the difficulties under
which they labour and to make
recommendations as to the steps that should be
taken by the Union or any State to remove such
difficulties and to improve their condition and as
to the grants that should be made for the
purpose by the Union or any State and the
conditions subject to which such grants should
be made, and the order appointing such
Commission shall define the procedure

PART XVIII Proclamations on different grounds,
EMERGENCY PROVISIONS being war or external aggression or armed
rebellion
National Emergency:
353. While a Proclamation of Emergency is in
352. (1) If the President is satisfied that a grave operation, then (a) notwithstanding anything
emergency exists whereby the security of India in this Constitution, the executive power of the
or of any part of the territory thereof is Union shall extend to the giving of directions to
threatened, whether by war or external any State as to the manner in which the
aggression or armed rebellion, he may, by executive power thereof is to be exercised;
Proclamation, make a declaration to that effect (b) the power of Parliament to make laws with
in respect of the whole of India or of such part of respect to any matter shall include power to
the territory thereof as may be specified in the make laws conferring powers and imposing
Proclamation. duties, or authorising the conferring of powers
and the imposition of duties, upon the Union or
(2) A Proclamation issued under clause (1) may officers and authorities of the Union as respects
be varied or revoked by a subsequent that matter, notwithstanding that it is one which
Proclamation. is not enumerated in the Union List:
(3) The President shall not issue a Proclamation 355. It shall be the duty of the Union to protect
under clause (1) or a Proclamation varying such every State against external aggression and
Proclamation unless the decision of the Union internal disturbance and to ensure that the
Cabinet that such a Proclamation may be issued Government of every State is carried on in
has been communicated to him in writing. accordance with the provisions of this
Constitution.
(4) Every Proclamation issued under this article
shall be laid before each House of Parliament State Emergency:
and shall, except where it is a Proclamation
revoking a previous Proclamation, cease to 356. (1) If the President, on receipt of a report
operate at the expiration of one month unless from the Governor of a State or otherwise, is
before the expiration of that period it has been satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the
approved by resolutions of both Houses of Government of the State cannot be carried on in
Parliament. accordance with the provisions of this
Constitution, the President may by
(5)The Proclamation shall cease to operate at the Proclamation.
expiration of thirty days from the date on which
the House of the People first sits after its 365. Where any State has failed to comply with,
reconstitution unless before the expiration of the or to give effect to, any directions given in the
said period of thirty days, a resolution approving exercise of the executive power of the Union
the continuance in force of the Proclamation has under any of the provisions of this Constitution,
been also passed by the House of the People. it shall be lawful for the President to hold that a
situation has arisen in which the Government of
(6) For the purposes of clauses (4) and (5), a the State cannot be carried on in accordance
resolution may be passed by either House of with the provisions of this Constitution.
Parliament only by a majority of the total
membership of that House and by a majority of (2) Any such Proclamation may be revoked or
not less than two-thirds of the Members of that varied by a subsequent Proclamation.
House present and voting.

(3) Every Proclamation under this article shall months, unless before the expiration of that
be laid before each House of Parliament and period it has been approved by resolutions of
shall, except where it is a Proclamation revoking both Houses of Parliament:
a previous Proclamation, cease to operate at the
expiration of two months unless before the Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution
expiration of that period it has been approved by (a) any such direction may include
resolutions of both Houses of Parliament. (i) a provision requiring the reduction of salaries
and allowances of all or any class of persons
It would otherwise have ceased to operate in 6 serving in connection with the affairs of a State;
months, but no such Proclamation shall in any (ii) a provision requiring all Money Bills or other
case remain in force for more than three years. Bills to which the provisions of article 207 apply
to be reserved for the consideration of the
358. While a Proclamation of Emergency, President after they are passed by the
article 19 shall restrict the power of the State Legislature of the State;
as defined in Part III to make any law or to take
any executive action which the State would but PART XIX
for the provisions contained in that Part be MISCELLANEOUS
competent to make or to take, but any law so
made shall, to the extent of the incompetency, 361. (1) The President, or the Governor or
cease to have effect as soon as the Proclamation Rajpramukh of a State, shall not be answerable
ceases to operate, except as respects things done to any court for the exercise and performance of
or omitted to be done before the law so ceases to the powers and duties of his office or for any act
have effect. done or purporting to be done by him in the
exercise and performance of those powers and
359. Where a Proclamation of Emergency is in duties
operation, the President may by order declare
that the right to move any court for the
enforcement of such of the rights conferred by
Part III (except articles 20 and 21) as may be
mentioned in the order and all proceedings
pending in any court for the enforcement of the
rights so mentioned shall remain suspended for
the period during which the Proclamation is in
force or for such shorter period as may be
Financial Emergency:
360. If the President is satisfied that a situation

has arisen whereby the financial stability or
credit of India or of any part of the territory
thereof is threatened, he may by a Proclamation
make a declaration to that effect.
(b) shall be laid before each House of

Parliament;
(c) shall cease to operate at the expiration of two

PART XX give his assent to the Bill and thereupon the
AMENDMENT Constitution shall stand amended in accordance
with the terms of the Bill.
368. Parliament may in exercise of its Provided that if such amendment seeks to make
constituent power amend by way of addition, any change in
variation or repeal any provision of this (a) article 54, article 55, article 73, article 162 or
Constitution in accordance with the procedure article 241, or
laid down in this article. (b) Chapter IV of Part V, Chapter V of Part VI, or
Chapter I of Part XI, or
Procedure: (c) any of the Lists in the Seventh Schedule, or
An amendment of this Constitution may be (d) the representation of States in Parliament, or
initiated only by the introduction of a Bill for the (e) the provisions of this article,
purpose in either House of Parliament, and the amendment shall also require to be ratified
when the Bill is passed in each House by a by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of
majority of the total membership of that House the States by resolutions to that effect passed by
and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of those Legislatures
the members of that House present and voting,
it shall be presented to the President who shall
Amendments to the Indian Constitution
Here is a list of all amendments to the Indian Constitution.
No. Year Objectives

To fully secure the constitutional validity of zamindari abolition
laws.
To place reasonable restriction on freedom of speech.
A new constitutional device, called Schedule 9 introduced to
1st amendment June 18, 1951
protect laws that are contrary to the Constitutionally guaranteed
fundamental rights.
These laws encroach upon property rights, freedom of speech and
equality before law
A technical amendment to fix the size of each parliamentary
2nd amendment May 1, 1953
constituency between 650,000 and 850,000 voters.
Limits maximum no of seats in lok Sabha up to 500
February 22,
3rd amendment States to be divided into constituencies such that one member of a
1955
constituency represents between 500000 and 750000 people
Restrictions on property rights and inclusion of related bills in
4th amendment April 27, 1955
Schedule 9 of the constitution
Provides for a consultation mechanism with concerned states in
December 24,
5th amendment matters relating to the amendments to the territorial matters and
1955
in the re-naming of the state
September 11, Amended the Union and State Lists with respect to raising of
6th amendment
1956 taxes

Reorganization of states on linguistic lines
November 1,
7th amendment Abolition of Class A, B, C, D states
1956
Introduction of Union Territories
Clarify state's power of compulsory acquisition and requisitioning
8th amendment January 5, 1960 of private property
Include Zamindari abolition laws in Schedule 9 of the constitution
Minor adjustments to territory of Indian Union consequent to
December 28,
9th amendment agreement with Pakistan for settlement of disputes by
1960
demarcation of border villages, etc.
10th Incorporation of Dadra, Nagar and Haveli as a Union Territory
August 11, 1961
amendment after acquisition from Portugal
Election of Vice President by Electoral College consisting of
members of both Houses of Parliament, instead of election by a
December 19, Joint Sitting of Parliament.
11th amendment
1961 Indemnify the President and Vice President Election procedure
from challenge on grounds of existence of any vacancies in the
electoral college
December 20, Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union Territory, after
12th amendment
1961 acquisition from Portugal
December 1, Formation of State of Nagaland, with special protection under
13th amendment
1963 Article 371A
Incorporation of Pondicherry into the Union of India
December 28,
14th amendment Creation of Legislative Assemblies for Himachal Pradesh, Tripura,
1962
Manipur and Goa
Raise retirement age of judges from 60 to 62
15th amendment October 5, 1963 Other minor amendments for rationalizing interpretation of rules
regarding judges etc.
Make it obligatory for seekers of public office to swear their
16th amendment October 5, 1963 allegiance to the Indian Republic and prescribe the various
obligatory templates
To secure the constitutional validity of acquisition of Estates and
17th amendment June 20, 1964
place land acquisition laws in Schedule 9 of the constitution
Technical Amendment to include Union Territories in Article 3
18th amendment August 27, 1966
and hence permit reorganisation of Union Territories
December 11, Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial of election petitions by
19th amendment
1966 regular High Courts

Indemnify & validate judgments, decrees, orders and sentences
passed by judges.
Validate the appointment, posting, promotion and transfer of
20th December 22,
judges except those not eligible for appointment under article 233.
amendment 1966
Amendment was needed to overcome the effect of judgement
invalidating appointments of certain judges in the state of Uttar
Pradesh
21th amendment April 10, 1967 Included Sindhi as a National Language
22nd September 25,
Provision to form Autonomous states within the State of Assam
amendment 1969
Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian
23rd January 23,
members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten
amendment 1970
years i.e. up to 1980
24th November 5, Enable parliament to dilute fundamental rights through
amendment 1971 amendments to the constitution
25th Restrict property rights and compensation in case the state takes
April 20, 1972
amendment over private property
26th December 28, Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states
amendment 1971 which were incorporated into the Indian Republic
27th February 15, Reorganization of Mizoram into a Union Territory with a
amendment 1972 legislature and council of ministers
28th Rationalized Civil Service rules to make it uniform across those
August 29, 1972
amendment appointed prior to Independence and post independence
29th Places land reform acts and amendments to these act under
June 9, 1972
amendment Schedule 9 of the constitution
Changes the basis for appeals in Supreme Court of India in case of
30th February 27,
Civil Suits from value criteria to one involving substantial
amendment 1973
question of law
Increased size of Parliament from 525 to 545 seats.
31th amendment October 17, 1973 Increased seats went to the new states formed in North East India
and minor adjustment consequent to 1971 Delimitation exercise
32nd Protection of regional rights in Telangana and Andhra regions of
July 1, 1974
amendment State of Andhra Pradesh
Prescribes procedure for resignation by members of parliament
33rd and state legislatures
May 19, 1974
amendment Prescribes procedure for verification and acceptance of
resignation by house speaker
34th September 7, Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under
amendment 1974 Schedule 9 of the constitution
35th Terms and Conditions for the Incorporation of Sikkim into the
March 1, 1975
amendment Union of India
36th April 26, 1975 Formation of Sikkim as a State within the Indian Union
amendment
37th
May 3, 1975 Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly
amendment
38th Enhances the powers of President and Governors to pass
August 1, 1975
amendment ordinances
Negated the judgement of Allahabad High Court invalidating
39th Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's election to parliament.
August 10, 1975
amendment Amendment placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of
Prime Minister
Enable Parliament to make laws with respect to Exclusive
40th Economic Zone and vest the mineral wealth with Union of India.
May 27, 1976
amendment Place land reform & other acts and amendments to these act
under Schedule 9 of the constitution
September 7, Raised Retirement Age Limit of Chairmen and Members of Union
41th amendment
1976 and State Public Commissions from sixty to sixty two.
Amendment passed during internal emergency by Indira Gandhi.
42nd Provides for curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes
April 1, 1977
amendment fundamental duties and changes to the basic structure of the
constitution by making India a "Socialist Secular" Republic
Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the
43rd Country.
April 13, 1978
amendment Repeals some of the more 'Anti-Freedom' amendments enacted
through Amendment Bill 42
Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the
Country.
44th September 6,
Provides for human rights safeguards and mechanisms to prevent
amendment 1979
abuse of executive and legislative authority.
Annuls some Amendments enacted in Amendment Bill 42
45th January 25,
amendment 1980
46th February 2, Amendment to negate judicial pronouncements on scope and
amendment 1983 applicability on Sales Tax
47th Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under
August 26, 1984
48th Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to two years in
April 1, 1985
amendment the state of Punjab
49th September 11, Recognize Tripura as a Tribal State and enable the creation of a
amendment 1984 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council
Technical Amendment to curtailment of Fundamental Rights as
50th September 11,
per Part III as prescribed in Article 33 to cover Security Personnel
amendment 1984
protecting property and communication infrastructure

Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya,
Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies
Anti Defection Law - Provide disqualification of members from
52nd
March 1, 1985 parliament and assembly in case of defection from one party to
amendment
other
53rd February 20,
Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
amendment 1987
Increase the salary of Chief Justice of India & other Judges
54th
April 1, 1986 Provisions for determining future increases without the need for
amendment
constitutional amendment
55th February 20, Special powers to Governor consequent to formation of state of
amendment 1987 Arunachal Pradesh
56th
May 30, 1987 Transition provision to enable formation of state of Goa
amendment
September 21, Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya,
57th amendment
1987 Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies
Provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of constitution
58th December 9,
Provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of future
amendment 1987
amendments
Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years
in the state of Punjab
59th
March 30, 1988 Articles 352 and Article 359A amended to permit imposing
amendment
emergency in state of Punjab or in specific districts of the state of
Punjab
60th December 20, Professional Tax increased from a maximum of Rs. 250/- to a
amendment 1988 maximum of Rs. 2500/-
61th amendment March 28, 1989 Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18
62nd December 20,
amendment 1989
63rd Emergency powers applicable to State of Punjab, accorded in
January 6, 1990
amendment Article 359A as per amendment 59 repealed
64th Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years
April 16, 1990
amendment and six months in the state of Punjab
65th National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
March 12, 1992
amendment formed and its statutory powers specified in The Constitution.
June 7, 1990
67th Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to four years in
October 4, 1990
68th Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to five years in
March 12, 1991

To provide for a legislative assembly and council of ministers for
69th
February 1, 1992 Federal National Capital of Delhi. Delhi continues to be a Union
amendment
Territory
70th December 21, Include National Capital of Delhi and Union Territory of
amendment 1991 Pondicherry in electoral college for Presidential Election
71th amendment August 31, 1992 Include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali as National Languages
72nd December 5, Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Tripura State
amendment 1992 Legislative Assembly
73rd Statutory provisions for Panchayat Raj as third level of
April 24, 1993
amendment administration in villages
74th Statutory provisions for Local Administrative bodies as third level
June 1, 1993
amendment of administration in urban areas such as towns and cities
75th amendment May 15, 1994 Provisions for setting up Rent Control Tribunals
Enable continuance of 69% reservation in Tamil Nadu by
76th
August 31, 1994 including the relevant Tamil Nadu Act under 9th Schedule of the
amendment
constitution
A technical amendment to protect reservation to SC/ST
Employees in promotions
August 30, 1995
79th January 25,
amendment 2000
Implement Tenth Finance Commission recommendation to
80th
June 9, 2000 simplify the tax structures by pooling and sharing all taxes
amendment
between states and The Centre
81th amendment June 9, 2000 Protect SC / ST reservation in filling backlog of vacancies
82nd September 8, Permit relaxation of qualifying marks and other criteria in
amendment 2000 reservation in promotion for SC / ST candidates
83rd September 8, Exempt Arunachal Pradesh from reservation for Scheduled Castes
amendment 2000 in Panchayati Raj institutions
84th February 21, Extend the usage of 1971 national census population figures for
amendment 2002 state wise distribution of parliamentary seats
85th A technical amendment to protect seniority in case of promotions
January 4, 2002
amendment of SC/ST Employees
86th December 12, Provides Right to Education until the age of fourteen and Early
amendment 2002 childhood care until the age of six
87th Extend the usage of 1971 national census population figures for
June 22, 2003
amendment state wise distribution of parliamentary seats
88th January 15,
To extend statutory cover for levy and utilization of Service Tax
amendment 2004

The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
89th September 28, Tribes was bifurcated into The National Commission for
amendment 2003 Scheduled Castes and The National Commission for Scheduled
Tribes
90th September 28, Reservation in Assam Assembly relating to Bodoland Territory
amendment 2003 Area
Restrict the size of council of ministers to 15 % of legislative
91th amendment January 1, 2004
members & to strengthen Anti Defection laws
92nd Enable Levy of Service Tax
January 7, 2004
amendment Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Maithili as National Languages
93rd January 20, To enable provision of reservation for other backward classes
amendment 2006 (O.B.C.) in government as well as private educational institutions
94th To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in newly created
June 12, 2006
amendment Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh States
95th 25 January Extended the reservation of seats in Lok Sabha and State
amendment 2010 Assemblies for SC and ST from sixty to seventy years
96th 23 September
Substituted "Odia" for "Oriya"
amendment 2011
Added the words "or co-operative societies" in Article 19(l)(c) and
97th
12 January 2012 inserted article 43B i.e, Promotion of Co-operative Societies and
amendment
added Part-IXB i.e, THE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES
Insertion of ne article 371 J. Special provisions with respect to
98t h amendment 2012
state of Karnataka

PART XXI PART XXII
TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL
PROVISIONS SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT
AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN HINDI AND
369. Notwithstanding anything in this REPEALS
Constitution, Parliament shall, during a period
of five years from the commencement of this
Constitution, have power to make laws with
respect to the following matters as if they were
enumerated in the Concurrent List,
Special Status to Jammu and Kashmir:
370. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this

Constitution, (a) the provisions of article 238
shall not apply in relation to the State of Jammu
and Kashmir;
(b) the power of Parliament to make laws for the
said State shall be limited to
(i) those matters in the Union List and the
Concurrent List which, in consultation with the
Government of the State, are declared by the
President to correspond to matters specified in
the Instrument of Accession governing the
accession of the State to the Dominion of India
as the matters with respect to which the
Dominion Legislature may make laws for that
State; and
(ii) such other matters in the said Lists as, with
the concurrence of the Government of the State,
the President may by order specify.

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NATRAJ INSTITUTE OF TNPSC THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN Reduced the strength of the Governor

Compiled by Rex Christopher 1

The legislative and executive Indian Councils Act of 1861

Abolished Board of Control and Court of

1. This Act is also known as the Morley-

Compiled by Rex Christopher 2

Points to be noted implemented.

Part VIII The Union Territories Part XIX Miscellaneous

Part IX The Panchayats Part XX Amendment of t he Const itution

Schedules office, judges, and Comptroller and Auditor

Eleventh Schedule (Article 243-D)

Twelfth Schedule (Article 243-W)

Compiled by Rex Christopher 12

2. Parliament may by law admit into the Union,

3. Parliament may by law

4. Any law referred to in article 2 or article 3

Compiled by Rex Christopher 13

5. At the commencement of this Constitution, 9. No person shall be a citizen of India by virtue

Compiled by Rex Christopher 14

Compiled by Rex Christopher 15

Right against Exploitation 30. All minorities, whether based on religion or

Compiled by Rex Christopher 16

Compiled by Rex Christopher 17

Gandhian Principles 49. It shall be the obligation of the State to

48. Prohibition of slaughtering of cows/cattles.

Liberal / Intellectual Principles

44. The State shall endeavor to secure for the

45. Provision for early childhood care and

Compiled by Rex Christopher 18

Compiled by Rex Christopher 19

Compiled by Rex Christopher 20

Compiled by Rex Christopher 21

(2) The Ministers shall hold office during the

Compiled by Rex Christopher 22

Compiled by Rex Christopher 23

Compiled by Rex Christopher 24

Compiled by Rex Christopher 25

Compiled by Rex Christopher 26

Compiled by Rex Christopher 27

Compiled by Rex Christopher 28

Compiled by Rex Christopher 29

CHAPTER I.GENERAL Council of Ministers

161. The Governor of a State shall have the

Compiled by Rex Christopher 30

Compiled by Rex Christopher 31

Compiled by Rex Christopher 32

Procedure in Financial Matters Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the

Compiled by Rex Christopher 33

Compiled by Rex Christopher 34

227. Every High Court shall have

CHAPTER VI.SUBORDINATE COURTS PART VIII

Compiled by Rex Christopher 37

243. In this Part, unless the context otherwise PART IXA

Compiled by Rex Christopher 38

Compiled by Rex Christopher 39

I - Disputes relating to Waters FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND

it shall be lawful for the President by order to Public Account Of India:

Contingency fund of India: