Human Resource Management

Biyani's Think Tank
Concept based notes
Human Resource Management

MBA (II SEM)
Richa Khunteta
Surbhi Mathur
Dept of MBA
Biyani Institute of Science & Management,
Jaipur
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Published by :
Think Tanks
Biyani Group of Colleges
Concept & Copyright :

Biyani Shikshan Samiti
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E-mail : acad@biyanicolleges.org
Website :www.gurukpo.com; www.biyanicolleges.org
First Edition : 2011
While every effort is taken to avoid errors or omissions in this Publication, any mistake or
omission that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note of that neither the
publisher nor the author will be responsible for any damage or loss of any kind arising to
anyone in any manner on account of such errors and omissions.
Leaser Type Setted by :
Biyani College Printing Department

Human Resource Management 3
Preface
I am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of the students. The
book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in understanding the fundamental
concepts of the topics. The book is self-explanatory and adopts the “Teach Yourself” style. It is
based on question-answer pattern. The language of book is quite easy and understandable based
on scientific approach.
Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections, omission and
inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the readers for which the author shall
be obliged.
I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay Biyani,
Director (Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and main concept provider
and also have been constant source of motivation throughout this Endeavour. They played an
active role in coordinating the various stages of this Endeavour and spearheaded the pub lishing
work.
I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various educational

institutions, other faculty members and students for improvement of the quality of the book. The
reader may feel free to send in their comments and suggestions to the under mentioned address.
Author
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Contents
S.No Title of Chapter
1 Human Resource Management: An Introduction

and Scope
2 Job Design and Job Analysis
3 Training and Development
4 Performance Measurement and Performance

Appraisal
5 Leadership and Grievance
6 Discipline
7 Employee Compensation
8 Key Terms & Terminologies

Annexure
1. Bibliography - 67
2. Solved question papers - 68 - 82
3. Multiple Choice Questions - 83 - 85
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Syllabus
Objectives:
To become a successful manager of people, students need to understand behavior of human

resources in various organizational situations. In a complex world of industry and business,
organizational efficiency is largely dependent on the contribution made by the human resources
of the organization. The objective of this course is to sensitize students to various facts of
managing people and to create an understanding of the various policies and practices of human
resource management.
Section A
Human Resource Management-. Introduction and Scope, HRD-Concept, Need, Human Resource
Planning-Concept, Process, job design-Concept approaches, job analysis, job description, job
specification. Human Resource Procurement-Recruitment. Selection and induction.
Training, Training phases, Need Assessment, Establishment, Establishment of Training

objectives, Training method Lecture, case method, Role playing. Business in Basket T- Group,
Incident, Syndicate, Evaluation of a training Programme. Performance measurement and reward
systems-introduction, performance drivers, leadership and performance, reward management
performance appraisals. Discipline. The grievance procedure.
Employee compensation-purpose and importance, components. non monetary rewards, workers

participation in Management Employee. Strategic challenges for leadership, career management,
SHRM Mergers and acquisitions..
Section B
Case and Problems
Dean, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota/ 2008-2009/Prof. Surendra Kumar Vyas, Chairman
BoS, Department of Management & Technology, Engineering Co llege, Bikaner.
Chapter 1
Human Resource Management: An Introduction and
Scope
Q.1 What is Human Resource Management?
Ans. Human Resource Management (HRM) is the process of managing people in organizations
in a structured and thorough manner. This covers the fields of staffing (hiring people), retention
of people, pay and perks setting and management, performance management, change
management and taking care of exits from the company.
Importance of Human Factor:
1.Output will be greater than the input
2.Each individual is different from culture, education, environment, background etc
3. We can‟t purchase the loyalty, dedication, devotion towards the organization.

4.Time passes human factor can bring experience to organization to accept the challenges
5. Recent developments like legislation, trade unions enhanced their importance. Apart from
above factors there are certain other factors that one should consider in the management of human
resource such as:
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Q .2 Explain the difference between Personnel Management and HRM?
Ans.
Dimensions Personnel Management HRM

Beliefs and assumptions
1. Contract Careful delineation of Aim to go beyond
written contracts contract
2. Rules Importance of devising 'Can-do' outlook;
clear rules/mutually Impatience with 'rule'
3. Guide to management Procedures Business-need'
action
4. Behavior referent Norms/custom and Values/mission
practice
6. Nature of relations Pluralist Unitarist
Strategic aspects
8. Key relations Labor management Customer

9. Initiatives Piecemeal Integrated
11. Speed of decision Slow Fast
Line manage ment
12. Management role Transactional Transformational
leadership
13. Key managers Personnel/ IR General/business/line
specialists managers
14. Communication Indirect Direct
16. Management skills Negotiation Facilitation
Key levers
17. Selection Separate, marginal task Integrated, key task
18. Pay Job evaluation (fixed Performance-related
grades)
19. Conditions Separately negotiated Harmonization
21. Thrust of relations Regularized through Marginalized (with
with stewards facilities and training exception of some
bargaining for change
models)
22. Job categories and Many Few
grades
23. Communication Restricted flow Increased flow
24. Job design Division of labor Teamwork
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Q. 3 Discuss the nature and scope of HRM?

Ans. 1. Organizations are the people who manage.
2. HRM involves acquisitioning, developing, maintaining
3. Decisions relating to employees must be integrated.
4. Decisions made must influence the effectiveness of an organization.
5. HRM functions are confirmed to Non-business organization also.
Scope of HRM
Nature of
HRM Employee
Hiring
Prospects
HRM Remun
eration
Industrial
Relation
Moti vation
Maintenance
Q. 4 What is the significance of Human Resource Development(HRD)?

Ans. Human resource development (HRD) is an essential component for growth and economic
development. It can occur at both the nationwide level and the firm-wide level.
The need & importance of HRD can be measured from the following points:
 Growth of organization: Growth of organization is associated with the development of its

workforce. In changing situation HRD must be viewed as the total system interrelated and
interacting with other systems at work: production, finance, and marketing.
  Development of work culture : The need of HRD is felt as it improves the efficiency of
employees, checks monotony at work, better communication, development of mutual
cooperation and creativity of all the members comes into limelight.
  Developing potentialities: The focus of HRD manager essentially is on enabling people to
self-actualize through a systematic approach by which their existing talents are further
developed.
  Growth of employees: HRD is associated with growth of employees. It helps employees to
know their strengths and weaknesses and enable them to improve their performance. The
management should provide adequate opportunity for the development of human resource
management for the development of their talents so that their development will benefits the
organizational growth.
 Country Develops if The Human Resource is Developed:
To enhance economic development the state constructs roads, buildings bridges, dams, power houses,
hospitals, etc. to run these units doctors, engineers, scientist, teachers, are required. So if the state
invests in a human resource it pays dividend in response.
 Entrepreneurship Increase:
Education, clean environment, good health, investment on the human resource, will all have its
positive effects. Job opportunities would be created in the country. And even business environment
will flourish in the state which creates many job opportunities.
Q.5 What is Human Resources planning and also explain its components?
Ans. E.W Vetter viewed human resources planning as “a process by which an organization should move
from its current manpower position to its desired manpower position. Through planning management
strives to have the right number and right kind of people at the right places at the right time, doing things
which result in both the organization and the individual receiving maximum long-run benefit”.
According to Leon C Megginson human resources planning is an integrated approach to performing the
planning aspects of the personnel function in order to have a sufficient supply of adequately developed
and motivated people to perform the duties and tasks required to meet organizational objectives and
satisfy the individual needs and goals of organizational members.
Components of Human Resource Planning comprises:

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Estimating Manpower Requirement
Workload analysis
Workforce analysis
Absenteeism
Labor turnover
Recruitment & Selection
Induction & development
Personnel Development
Ensuring quality to products & services
Overall assessment & performance & fine- tuning
Q.6 Discuss the process of Human Resource Planning.
1. Analyzing the Corporate Level Strategies : – Human Resource Planning should start with analyzing
corporate level strategies which include expansion, diversification, mergers, acquisitions,
reduction in operations, technology to be used, method of production etc. Therefore Human
Resource Planning should begin with analyzing the corporate plans of the organization before
setting out on fulfilling its tasks.
2. Demand forecasting: – Forecasting the overall human resource requirement in accordance with the
organizational plans is one of the key aspects of demand forecasting. Forecasting of quality of
human resources like skills, knowledge, values and capabilities needed in addition to quantity of
human resources is done through the following methods: -
a. Executive or Managerial Judgment: – Here the managers decide the number of employees in
the future. They adopt one of the three approaches mentioned below: -
o Bottom-Up approach: – Here the concerned supervisors send their proposals to the top
officials who compare these with the organizational plans, make necessary adjustments and
finalize them.
o Top-Down approach: – Here the management prepares the requirements and sends the
information downwards to the supervisory –level who finalizes the draft and approves it.
o Participative Approach: – Here the supervisors and the management sit together and
projections are made after joint consultations.
The chief drawback of these methods is that estimation of manpower is made using guesswork.
b. Statistical Techniques: – These methods use statistical methods and mathematical techniques
to forecast and predict the supply and demand of Human Resources in the future.
c. Ratio-Trend analysis: – In this method depending on the past data regarding number of
employees in each department, like production department, sales department, marketing
department and workload level, etc ratios for manpower are estimated. Past values are plotted and
extrapolated to get fairly accurate future projections.
d. Work Study method: – This technique is suitable to study the correlation between volume of
work and labor i.e. demand for human resources is estimated based on the workload. Work study
method is more appropriate for repetitive and manual jobs when it is possible to measure work
and set standards.
e. Delphi Technique: – „Delphi’ Technique is named after the Greek Oracle at the city of Delphi.
In this method, the views of different experts related to the industry are taken into consideration
and then a consensus about the Human Resource requirement is arrived at. Delphi technique is
used primarily to assess long-term needs of human resource.
3. Analyzing Human Resource Supply: – Every organization has two sources of supply of Human
Resources: Internal & External. Internally, human resources can be obtained for certain posts
through promotions and transfers. In order to judge the internal supply of human resources in
future human resource inventory or human resource audit is necessary. Human resource inventory
helps in determining and evaluating the quantity of internal human resources available. Once the
future internal supply is estimated, supply of external human resources is analyzed.
4. Estimating manpower gaps : – Manpower gaps can be identified by comparing demand and
supply forecasts. Such comparison will reveal either deficit or surplus of Human Resources in the
future. Deficit suggests the number of persons to be recruited from outside, whereas surplus
implies redundant employees to be re-deployed or terminated. Employees estimated to be
deficient can be trained while employees with higher, better skills may be given more enriched
jobs.
5. Action Planning: – Once the manpower gaps are identified, plans are prepared to bridge these
gaps. Plans to meet the surplus manpower may be redeployment in other departments and
retrenchment. People may be persuaded to quit voluntarily through a golden handshake. Deficit
can be met through recruitment, selection, transfer and promotion. In view of shortage of certain
skilled employees, the organization has to take care not only of recruitment but also retention of
existing employees. Hence, the organization has to plan for retaining of existing employees.
6. Modify the Organizational plans : – If future supply of human resources form all the external
sources is estimated to be inadequate or less than the requirement, the manpower planner has to
suggest to the management regarding the alterations or modifications in the organizational plans.
7. Controlling and Review: – After the action plans are implemented, human resource structure and
the processes should be controlled and reviewed with a view to keep them in accordance with
action plans.
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CASE STUDY: How FCO Meet Business Needs through Human Resource Planning
The staffing needs of an organization change constantly. Without proper planning, an organization may
suffer from skills shortages. It may be unable to provide a good service because it does not have sufficient
staff with the right experience. Workforce planning involves estimating the present and future staffing
requirements of the organization. It needs to take into account that:
existing employees may retire, resign or get promoted

new technology may change working methods and require different skill sets
More staff (or staff with different skills) may be needed to fulfill new business or operational
requirements.
The process helps the FCO to identify what skills it needs to deliver its strategic objectives. It helps it
assess the skills available within the existing workforce and see where there might be gaps in the future.
Workforce planning involves thinking ahead to fit individuals with the right skills into different parts of
the organization.
The FCO has to undertake this planning in the context of the current political and economic environment.
Workforce planning can be a challenge. As an organization with operations in countries across the world,
the FCO has to ensure balanced workloads for employees both within the UK and overseas. It faces the
challenge of rotating staff between different overseas postings.
Chapter 2
Job Design and Job Analysis
Q.1 What is JOB ANALYSIS?

Ans. Job Analysis is the formal process of identifying the content of a job in terms activit ies involved and
attributes needed to perform the work and identifies major job requirements. In other words it means:
 The procedure for determining the duties and skill requirements of a job and the kind of person
who should be hired for it.
 The process of job analysis results in two set of data:

i. Job description-A list of job‟s duties, responsibilities, reporting relationships, working
environment and supervisory responsibility.
ii. Job specification-A list of job‟s “human requirements,” that is requisite education, skills,
personality and so on.
Q. 2 What is Job description?

Ans. A job description should include the following:
 Job Title: Clarifies the position, rank or level (if applicable).
 Job location: It includes the physical location of the job, the days and hours of the position, and
includes any potential overtime that may be required to perform the job.
 Goals and Objectives: it includes goals and objectives the incumbents should be accomplishing in
its job.
 Position Reports To :It includes those persons who the employee should report to i.e. the boss of
the job holder
 Immediate level subordinates: A job description also includes the subordinates of the job holder.
 Machines, tools and equipments used: It includes those machines and tools which will be used by
the job holder in order to perform his duties.
 Key Responsibilities: The key responsibilities section of your job description should give clear
and unambiguous detail of the main tasks that your employee is accountable and responsible for.
 Core Skills: The core skills section of a job description are those minimum skills and experience
that the incumbent will need to perform the job in a professional and responsible manner for your
business.
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 Authority limits: The employee should know his authority limits. He shouldn‟t go beyond his
authority limits.
 Working environment: It includes the kind of environment in which the job holder will work.
 Hazards : The hazards involved in performing the job is also included in it
Q.3 What is Job specification?

Ans. It includes the following:
 Quantitative factors:
• Age, sex, education, professional qualification,
• Experience
• Special qualification: languages, marital status, vehicle ownership, achievement in other fields
• Intelligence
 Character traits:
Stability, industrious, loyalty, self reliance, leadership.
 Job motivation:
Money, security, status, power, perfection, competitiveness, service, recognition.
 Degree of emotional immaturity:

• Incapacity of self dependence
• Disregard of consequences
• Selfishness
• Pleasure mindedness
• Unwillingness to accept responsibility
Q.4 Explain the types of information to be collected by job analysis?
Ans.
 Work activities: Information is usually collected on the actual work activities such as cleaning,
selling, teaching or painting. Such a list may also indicate how, why, and when the worker
performs each activity.
 Human behaviors: Information on human being like sensing, communication, decision making
and writing may also be collected
 Machines, tools ,equipment and work aids used:
• Computers (hardware and software)
• Safety equipment(goggles and gloves)
• Office tools (phones, fax and books)
Types of information to be collected by job analysis:
 Work Performance :
• Work measurements(i.e. time taken)
• Work standard
• Error analysis
 Job context:
• Physical working conditions
• Work schedule
• Organized context
• Social context
• Incentives (financial and non financial)
 Personal requirements:
• Job related knowledge or skills(such as education, training or work experience required)
• Personal attributes(such as aptitudes, physical characteristics, personality, interests required)
Job analysis and competitive advantage

 Laying the foundation for human resource planning.
 Laying the foundation for employee hiring.
 Laying the foundation for training and development.
 Laying the foundation for performance appraisal.
 Laying the foundation for salary and wage fixation
 Laying the foundation for safety and wealth

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Q.5 Explain the process of job analysis?
Ans.
Q. 6 What are the methods for collecting job data?
Ans.
 Observation: In this method, the job analyst carefully observes the job holder at work and
records what he or she does, how he or she does, and how much time is needed for completion of
a given task.
 Interview: In this, the analyst interviews the job holder and his/her supervisor to elicit
information about the job
 Questionnaire: Job holder fills in the given structured questionnaires, which are then approved
by their supervisors. The filled in questionnaires offer enough data on jobs
 Checklists: checklist is similar to a questionnaire, but the response sheet contains fewer
subjective judgments and tends to be either-yes-or-no variety.
 Technical Conference Method: In this method, the details of job are obtained by the supervisors
who possess extensive knowledge about a job.
 Diary Method: In this method, the job holders are required to record in detail their activities of
each day.
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QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
 Position Analysis Questionnaire(PAQ): The PAQ itself is filled by a job analyst, a person who
should already be acquainted with a particular job to be analyzed.
 Department of labor(DOL) procedure: Standardized method for rating, classifying and
comparing virtually every kind of job based on data, people and things.
 Functional job analysis: A method for classifying job similar to the DOL analysis but
additionally taking into account the extent to which instructions, reasoning, judgment and verbal
facility are necessary for performing job tasks.
Q. 7 What is Job Analysis and Total Quality Management (TQM)?

Ans. The essential features of TQM are as follows:
1. Creation of common company theme;
2. Creation of a customer centric mentality;
3. Improvement becoming part of the job ;
4. Each function reassess its purpose;
5. Improvement becoming a continuous process;
6. Communications to improve; and
7. Bureaucracy to be reduced.
Q.8 What is Job design & also discuss the factors affecting job design.
Ans. Job design follows job analysis. Job analysis provides job related data as well as the skills and
knowledge expected of the incumbent to discharge the job. Job design, then involves conscious effort to
organize tasks, duties and responsibilities into a unit of work to achieve certain objectives.
CASE STUDY: Job Analysis
You are an HR Manager at a telecommunication company. You are given a responsibility to

design jobs and to redesign job titles so that work is performed efficiently. You have some human
resource specialists. You plan to design jobs and titles from three different perspectives: the entire
organization, work groups and individual employees. You decided to examine each of these
perspectives and their implications for human resource management. A group of managers
requested you to allow them to use people-focused job titles and to design such titles which
reflect the breaking down of hierarchies and people barriers. Some examples of the titles that they
have proposed include “welfare leader”, “people developer”, “career promoter”, “employee
relations specialist” etc. they also suggested that companies should use generic job titles in order
to minimize the differences between employees that arise due to differences in rank, states,
experience and salary levels. You decided to discuss this proposal with your team members and
HR specialists.
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Chapter 3
Training and Development
Q.1 What is training? Explain the Role of training.

Ans The term training refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of
the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful
competencies.
 To make proficient with specialized instruction and practice.

Meaning:
It is a learning process that involves the acquisition of knowledge, sharpening of skills, concepts,
rules, or changing of attitudes and behaviors to enhance the performance of employees.
Training is activity leading to skilled behavior.
* It‟s not what you want in life, but it knows how to reach it.
* It‟s not where you want to go, but it knows how to get there.
* It‟s not how high you want to rise, but it knows how to take off.
* It may not be quite the outcome you were aiming for, but it will be an outcome.
* It‟s not what you dream of doing, but it‟s having the knowledge to do it
* It‟s not a set of goals, but it‟s more like a vision
* It‟s not the goal you set, but it‟s what you need to achieve it
Training is about knowing where you stand (no matter how good or bad the current situation
looks) at present, and where you will be after some point of time.
Training is about the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA) through professional
development.
Q .2 Explain the concept of training and development with reference to its objectives ?
Ans TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT is a subsystem of an organization. It ensures that

randomness is reduced and learning or behavioral change takes place in structured format.
TRADITIONAL AND MODERN APPROACH OF TRAINING AND DEVLOPMENT
Traditional Approach – Most of the organizations before never used to believe in training. They
were holding the traditional view that managers are born and not made. There were also some
views that training is a very costly affair and not worth. Organizations used to believe more in
executive pinching. But now the scenario seems to be changing.
The modern approach of training and development is that Indian Organizations have realized
the importance of corporate training. Training is now considered as more of retention tool than a
cost. The training system in Indian Industry has been changed to create a smarter workforce and
yield the best results
TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES

The principal objective of training and development division is to make sure the availability of a
skilled and willing workforce to an organization. In addition to that, there are four other
objectives: Individual, Organizational, Functional, and Societal.
Individual Objectives – help employees in achieving their personal goals, which in turn,
enhances the individual contribution to an organization.
Organizational Objectives – assist the organization with its primary objective by bringing
individual effectiveness.
Functional Objectives – maintain the department‟s contribution at a level suitable to the
organization‟s needs.
Societal Objectives – ensure that an organization is ethically and socially responsible to the
needs and challenges of the society.
Q.3 What you unde rstand by training need assessment? How do you analysis need of training?
Ans.A “training needs assessment”, or “training needs analysis”, is the systematic method of
determining if a training need exists and if it does, what training is required to fill the gap
between the standard and the actual performance of the employee. Therefore, training needs
analysis is:
 Systematic method of determining performance discrepancies

 causes of performance discrepancies
Reasons to conduct training needs analysis
 Identify the deficiencies
 Determine whether employees lack KSAs
 Benchmark for evaluationof training
 makes sure training is provided to the right people
 Increases the motivation of training
Training needs = Job and organizational requirements –
Employee Specifications
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Training needs can be identified through identifying the organizational needs based on:
1. Organizational Analysis:
This includes analysis of objectives, resource utilization, environments canning and
organizational climate. Organizational strengths and weakness in different areas like
accidents, excessive scrap, frequent breakage of machinery ,excessive labor turnover ,market
share, and other marketing areas ,quality and quantity of the output ,production schedule
,raw materials and other production areas, personnel, finance , etc
2. Department Analysis :
Department strength and weakness including special problems of the department or a
common problem of a group of employees like acquiring skills and knowledge in operating
computer by accounting personnel . .
3. Job Role Analysis: This includes study of jobs/roles, design of jobs due to changes, job
enlargement and job enrichment etc.
4. Manpowe r Analysis: Individual strengths and weakness in the areas of job knowledge,
skills etc…
Individual Training Group Training Needs Organizational

Needs Training Needs
Q.4 How training plays an important role in organization?
Ans. Importance of Training is:
Optimum Utilization of Human Resources – Training and Development helps in

optimizing the utilization of human resource that further helps the employee to achieve
the organizational goals as well as their individual goals.
Development of Human Resources – Training and Development helps to provide an
opportunity and broad structure for the development of human resources‟ technical and
behavioral skills in an organization. It also helps the employees in attaining personal
growth.
Development of skills of employees – Training and Development helps in increasing the
job knowledge and skills of employees at each level. It helps to expand the horizons
human intellect and an overall personality of the employees.
Productivity – Training and Development helps in increasing the productivity of the
employees that helps the organization further to achieve its long-term goal
Team spirit – Training and Development helps in inculcating the sense of team work,
team spirit, and inter-team collaborations. It helps in inculcating the zeal to learn within
the employees
Organization Culture – Training and Development helps to develop and improve the
organizational health culture and effectiveness. It helps in creating the learning culture
within the organization
Organization Climate – Training and Development helps building the positive perception
and feeling about the organization. The employees get these feelings from leaders,
subordinates, and peers.
Quality – Training and Development helps in improving upon the quality of work and
work- life.
Healthy work-environment – Training and Development helps in creating the healthy
working environment. It helps to build good employee, relationship so that individual
goals aligns with organizational goal.
Health and Safety – Training and Development helps in improving the health and safety
of the organization thus preventing obsolescence.
Morale – Training and Development helps in improving the morale of the work force.
Image – Training and Development helps in creating a better corporate image.
Profitability – Training and Development leads to improved profitability and more
positive attitudes towards profit orientation.
Training and Development aids in organizational development i.e. Organization gets
more effective decision making and problem solving. It helps in understanding and
carrying out organizational policies.
Training and Development helps in developing leadership skills, motivation, loyalty,
better attitudes, and other aspects that successful workers and managers usually display.
Q.5 What are training methods?
Ans There are two methods of training which are as:
1. On the job methods

2. Off the job methods
I. ON THE JOB METHODS (OJT): -
1. On the Job Training:
It is the responsibility of supervisors and managers to utilize available resources to train, qualify,
and develop their employees. On-the-job training (OJT) is one of the best training methods
because it is planned, organized, and conducted at the employee's worksite. OJT will generally
be the primary method used for broadening employee skills and increasing productivity. It is
particularly appropriate for developing proficiency skills unique to an employee's job - especially
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jobs that are relatively easy to learn and require locally-owned equipment and facilities. Morale,
productivity, and professionalism will normally be high in those organizations that employ a
sound OJT program. An analysis of the major job requirements (identified in the position
description and performance plan) and related knowledge‟s, skills, and abilities form the basis
for setting up an OJT plan. To be most effective, an OJT plan should include:
The subject to be covered;

Number of hours;
Estimated completion date; and
Method by which the training will be evaluated
To have a successful OJT program, supervisors need to assign a coach to each employee
involved in OJT. It is the responsibility of the coach to plan training carefully and conduct it
effectively. Various on the job training method include:
I. Job Instruction Training (JIT):
Job Instruction Training (JIT) is a logical outgrowth of Job Hazard Analysis. It is a proven
technique for teaching new skills and safe, healthful work habits faster and more effectively. All
new employees and those transferred to new jobs should receive JIT. One of the first steps is
trainer selection – preferably a supervisor or a skilled person within the department.
Regardless of who is selected, the trainer should:
■ Know the job in question thoroughly
■ Have leadership skills
■ Have a desire to teach others
■ Be friendly and cooperative
■ Have a professional attitude toward the job and other employees
II.Vestibule Training (Training Centre):
In the early 1800s, factory schools were created, due to the industrial revolution, in which
workers were trained in classrooms within the factory walls. The apprentice system was
inadequate due to the number of learners that had to be trained as the machines of the Industrial
Revolution increased the ability of the factory to produce goods. The factory owners needed
trained workers quickly because there was a large demand for the produced goods.
Towards the end of the 1800s, a method that combined the benefits of the classroom w ith the
benefits of on-the-job training, called vestibule training, became a popular form of training. The
classroom was located as close as conditions allowed to the department for which the workers
were being trained. It was furnished with the same machines as used in production. There were
normally six to ten workers per trainer, who were skilled workers or supervisors from the
company.
III.Simulation Training :
Technical companies that are required to train employees on dangerous or expensive equipment
are most likely to benefit from simulation-based training. Simulations allow the user to observe
the impact of their choices without the outcomes having any impact on the real operation.
Trainees can learn how to respond to emergencies, how individual actions and decisions affect
entire processes, and how to operate complex pieces of equipment.
Eg:
Figure 1. Simulated Airplane cockpit.
The airplane cockpit simulation takes on a new approach to simulation training. The user has the
opportunity to observe how all the components of the cockpit work together. This approach
allows the user to gain a perspective of the interactions and correlations between the numerous
components contained in an airplane cockpit.
Eg:
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1. Demonstration and examples :

This method is a visual display of how something works or how to do something. As an
example, trainer shows the trainees how to perform or how to do the tasks of the job. In order to
be more effective, demonstration method should be should be accompanied by the discussion or
lecture method.
To carry out an effective demonstration, a trainer first prepares the lesson plan by breaking the
task to be performed into smaller modules, easily learned parts. Then, the trainer sequentially
organizes those modules and prepares an explanation for why that part is required. While
performing the demonstration, trainer.
Demonstrates the task by describing how to do, while doing.

Helps the focusing their attention on critical aspects of the task.
Tells the trainees what you will be doing so they understand what you will be showing
them.
Explains why it should be carried out in that way.
The difference between the lecture method and the demonstration method is the level of
involvement of the trainee. In the lecture method, the more the trainee is involved, the more
learning will occur.
The financial costs that occur in the demonstration method are as follows:
Cost of training facility for the program
Cost of materials that facilitate training
Food, travel, lodging for the trainees and the trainers
Compensation of time spent in training to trainers and trainees

Cost related to creating content, material
Cost related to the organization of the training
After completing the demonstration the trainer provide feedback, both positive and or
negative, give the trainee the opportunity to do the task and describe what he is doing and
why.
2. Apprenticeship :
A major part of training time is spent on the on the job productive work. Each apprenticeship
is given a programme of assignments according to predetermined schedules which provides
for efficient training in trade skills. This method is appropriate for training in crafts, trades,
and technical areas, especially when proficiency in a job is the result of a relatively long
training or apprenticeship period, e.g.; job of a crafts man, a printer, a tool maker, and a
mechanic. Etc.
2. OFF THE JOB METHODS:
1. Lecturers (or class room instructions) :

Lectures are regarding as one of the simplest ways of imparting knowledge to the trainees,
especially when facts, or principles, attitudes, theories and problem solving abilities are to be
taught. Lectures are formal organized talks by the training specialist, the formal superior or
other individual specific topics.
The lecture method can be used for very large groups which are to be trained within a short
time, thus reducing the cost per trainee. Lectures are essential when it is a question of
imparting technical or special information of a complex nature.
2. Conference Method:
The conference training method is a good problem-solving approach. A group considers a

specific problem or issue and they work to reach agreement on statements or solutions.
Pros: There is a lot of trainee participation. The trainees build consensus and the trainer can
use several methods (lecture, panel, and seminar) to keep sessions interesting.
Cons: It can be difficult to control a group. Opinions generated at the conference may differ
from the manager‟s ideas, causing conflict.
3. Seminar :
Seminars often combine several group methods: lectures, discussions, conferences,

demonstrations.
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Pros: Group members are involved in the training. The trainer can use many group methods
as part of the seminar activity.
Cons: Planning is time-consuming. The trainer must have skill in conducting a seminar. More
time is needed to conduct a seminar than is needed for many other methods
4. Role Playing
During a role play, the trainees assume roles and act out situations connected to the learning
concepts. It is good for customer service and sales training.
Pros: Trainees can learn possible results of certain behaviors in a classroom situation. They
get an opportunity to practice people skills. It is possible to experiment with many different
approaches to a situation without alienating any actual customers.
Cons: A lot of time is spent making a single point. Trainers must be skilled and creative in
helping the class learn from the situation. In some role play situations, only a few people get
to practice while others watch.
5. T Group:
T- Group Training is a technique of off the job training methods. It is a group experience
designed to provide maximum opportunity for the individuals to expose their behavior, give and
take feedback and experience new behavior and develop awareness about self and others. The t-
group training is also known as several names such as sensitivity training, action training, human
capacity movement, group dynamics, and awareness expertise and as forth.
This training involves development techniques to attempt to increase or improve human

sensitivity and awareness. The goal of this training is to helping trainees to improve and
participate in human affairs. The T- group training enables trainee to understand themselves and
others, changed their attitude towards self, others and groups role, increase their interpersonal
skills and provide organizational improvement as groups rather than individuals.
In this training, the numbers of trainees should be limited to 10 to 15 persons so that regular
interaction could happen throughout the training programme. Usually there is no leader, no
planned agenda and stated goal. The trainees can be given any assignment like case study, role
play etc that leads the group interaction. The participants would be encouraged to be thoughtful
and understanding towards the feeling of others. The trainees should feel secure to express their
personal feeling and reactions to what happening in the group and understand the others behavior
and feelings. The emphasis is on face to face interaction.
Merits of T-group training
1. The trainee learn more about themselves, specially their weakness and emotions
2. They understand that how they react to others and how others react to them
3. They discover how the groups work and identify human relation problems
4. Find out how to behave more effectively in inter-personal relationship and manage
people through means rather than power.
5. Developed more capable and genuine relations in which feelings are expressed openly.
6. Confront interpersonal problems directly to find out solution instead of avoiding them.
After training, trainees usually become more sensitive to others and open. Such training can also
result in improved performance and increased company‟s profit.
The demerits T-group training
1. During the training, the trainer often create stressful situation. In such situation, the training
may do a job of tearing apart people instead of bringing them together.
2. The changes trainees acquire during the training are tend to face out when trainee returns to c
insensitive environment of workplace.
3. This training may make the management trainee as sensitive towards others that they become
unwilling to take necessary hard decisions.
4. T group training proved less effective when it is applied ob technical professional.
5. Such training may make people frustrated and upset as many stressful situations are created
during this technique.
Some basic points to imple ment the T group training:
1. T-group training is more suitable for develop “organic” Organization. If such openness and
flexible organizational structure is not available, this training is not appropriate.
2. The participants should be selected on the basis of their emotio nal stability and anxiety
tolerance
3. The participation should be strictly voluntary

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4. The trainees should know in advance that what sort of training they are going to receive
5. The transfer of learning back to the Organization should be ensured.
6. In-Basket Method:
In-Basket Technique – It provides trainees with a log of written text or information and requests,
such as memos, messages, and reports, which would be handled by manger, engineer, reporting
officer &administrator.
Procedure of the In-basket Technique:
 In this technique, trainee is given some information about the role to be played such as,
description, responsibilities, general context about the role.
 The trainee is then given the log of materials that make up the in-basket and asked to respond
to materials within a particular time period.
 After all the trainees complete in-basket, a discussion with the trainer takes place.
 In this discussion the trainee describes the justification for the decisions.
 The trainer then provides feedback, reinforcing decisions made suitably or encouraging the
trainee to increase alternatives for those made unsuitably.
A variation on the technique is to run multiple, simultaneous in-baskets in which each trainee
receives a different but organized set of information. It is important that trainees must
communicate with each other to accumulate the entire information required to make a suitable
decision.
This technique focuses on:
Building decision making skills
Assess and develops Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes (KSAs)
Develops of communication and interpersonal skills
Develops procedural knowledge
Develops strategic knowledge

7. Incident Method:
This method was developed by Paul Pigors. It aims to develop the trainee in the areas of
intellectual ability, practical judgment and social awareness. Under this method each
employee developed in a group process .Incidents are prepared on the basis of actual
situations which happened in different organizations. Each Employee in the training
group is asked to study the incident and to make short term decisions in the role of a
person who has to cope with the incident in the actual situation. Later, the group studies
and discusses the incident and takes decisions relating to incident, based on the group
interaction and decisions taken by each member . Thus, this method is similar to a
combination of case method and in basket method.
8. Syndicate Method:
Syndicate is a group of individuals or organizations combined or making a joint effort to

undertake some specific duty or carry out specific transactions or negotiations. It is not
actually one group that constitutes the components of syndicate method.
This method is suitable for learning at a higher level. Therefore, this method was
experimented, found useful and widely used in teaching- learning situations, especially in
top level management training.
Q. 6 Is training Evaluation is important? Explain.
Ans. EVALUATION OF A TRAINING PROGRAMME
Vital aspect of any sort of evaluation is its effect on the person being evaluated.
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Feedback is essential for people to know how they are progressing, and also, evaluation is crucial
to the learner's confidence too.
And since people's commitment to learning relies so heavily on confidence and a belief that the
learning is achievable, the way that tests and assessments are designed and managed, and results
presented back to the learners, is a very important part of the learning and development process.
People can be switched off the whole idea of learning and development very quickly if they
receive only negative critical test results and feedback. Always look for positives in negative
results. Encourage and support - don't criticize without adding some positives, and certainly
never focus on failure, or that's just what you'll produce.
This is a much overlooked factor in all sorts of evaluation and testing, and since this element is
not typically included within evaluation and assessment tools the points is emphasised point loud
and clear here.
So always remember - evaluation is not just for the trainer or teacher or Organization or policy-
makers - evaluation is absolutely vital for the learner too, which is perhaps the most important
reason of all for evaluating people properly, fairly, and with as much encouragement as the
situation allows.
Training Evaluation
The process of examining a training program is called training evaluation. Training evaluation
checks whether training has had the desired effect. Training evaluation ensures that whether
candidates are able to implement their learning in their respective workplaces, or to the regular
work routines.
Purposes of Training Evaluation
The five main purposes of training evaluation are:
Feedback: It helps in giving feedback to the candidates by defining the objectives and linking it
to learning outcomes.
Research: It helps in ascertaining the relationship between acquired knowledge, transfer of

knowledge at the work place, and training
Control: It helps in controlling the training program because if the training is not effective, then
it can be dealt with accordingly.
Powe r games: At times, the top management (higher authoritative employee) uses the evaluative
data to manipulate it for their own benefits.
Inte rvention: It helps in determining that whether the actual outcomes are aligned with the
expected outcomes.
Process of Training Evaluation
Before Training: The learner‟s skills and knowledge are assessed before the training
program. During the start of training, candidates generally perceive it as a waste of resources
because at most of the times candidates are unaware of the objectives and learning outcomes
of the program. Once aware, they are asked to give their opinions on the methods used and
whether those methods confirm to the candidates preferences and learning style
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During Training: It is the phase at which instruction is started. This phase usually consist of
short tests at regular intervals
After Training: It is the phase when learner‟s skills and knowledge are assessed again to
measure the effectiveness of the training. This phase is designed to determine whether
training has had the desired effect at individual department and organizational levels. There
are various evaluation techniques for this phase.
Techniques of Evaluation
The various methods of training evaluation are:
1. Observation
2. Questionnaire
3. Interview
4. Self diaries
5. Self recording of specific incidents
Case Study: Nestle Training & Development
Introduction
Nestlé is today the world‟s leading food company, with a 135-year history and operations in
virtually every country in the world. Nestlé‟s principal assets are not office buildings, factories,
or even brands. Rather, it is the fact that they are a global organization comprised of many
nationalities, religions, and ethnic backgrounds all working together in one single unifying
corporate culture.
Training Programs at Nestlé
The willingness to learn is therefore an essential condition to be employed by Nestlé. First and
foremost, training is done on-the-job. Guiding and coaching is part of the responsibility of each
manager and is crucial to make each one progress in his/her position. Formal training programs
are generally purpose-oriented and designed to improve relevant skills and competencies.
Therefore they are proposed in the framework of individual development programs and not as a
reward.
Lite racy Training
Most of Nestlé‟s people development programs assume a good basic education on the part of
employees. However, in a number of countries, we have decided to offer employees the
opportunity to upgrade their essential literacy skills. A number of Nestlé companies have
therefore set up special programs for those who, for one reason or another, missed a large part of
their elementary schooling.
Inte rnational Training
Nestlé‟s success in growing local companies in each country has been highly influenced by the
functioning of its international Training Centre, located near our company‟s corporate
headquarters in Switzerland. For over 30 years, the Rive-Reine International Training Centre has
brought together managers from around the world to learn from senior Nestlé managers and from
each other.
Conclusion
Nestlé‟s overarching principle is that each employee should have the opportunity to develop to
the maximum of his or her potential. Nestlé do this because they believe it pays off in the long
run in their business results, and that sustainable long-term relationships with highly competent
people and with the communities where they operate enhance their ability to make consistent
profits. It is important to give people the opportunities for lifelong learning as at Nestle that all
employees are called upon to upgrade their skills in a fast-changing world. By offering
opportunities to develop, they not only enrich themselves as a company, they also make
themselves individually more autonomous, confident, and, in turn, more employable and open to
new positions within the company. Enhancing this virtuous circle is the ultimate goal of their
training efforts at many different levels through the thousands of training programs they run each
year.
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Chapter 4
Performance Measurement and Performance

Appraisal
Q.1 Explain the concept of Performance Measure ment & also the challenges associated with
it?
Ans. Performance Measurement can be best understood through considering the definitions of the
words 'performance' and 'measurement' according to the Baldrige Criteria.
Performance refers to output results and their outcomes obtained from processes,
products, and services that permit evaluation and comparison relative to goals, standards,
past results, and other organizations. Performance can be expressed in non-financial and
financial terms.
Measurement refers to numerical information that quantifies input, output, and

performance dimensions of processes, products, services, and the overall Organization
(outcomes). Performance measures might be simple (derived from one measurement) or
composite
The challenge for organizations today is how to match and align performance measures with
business strategy, structures and corporate culture, the type and number of measures to use, the
balance between the merits and costs of introducing these measures, and how to deploy the
measures so that the results are used and acted upon.
Who uses Performance Measurement
All organizations measure performance to some extent. However, there is a large disparity
among organizations in terms of which performance measures are used with many primarily
focusing on financial measures. There has however, been a general move away from financial
measurement since the early 1980's. This was accelerated in the 1990's and 2000‟s by the
worldwide acceptance of business excellence models and performance measurement frameworks
that address all stakeholders' needs.
Performance measurement is one of the cornerstones of business excellence. Business excellence

models encourage the use of performance measures, but in addition and more importantly, they
consider the design of performance measurement systems to ensure that measures are aligned to
strategy, and that the system is working effectively in monitoring, communicating, and driving
performance.
Common challenges associated with the Performance Measurement approach
The performance measurement revolution has seen a move away from the problems of past
measurement systems. Five common features of out-dated performance measurements systems
were:
Dominant financial or other backward- looking indicators
Failure to measure all the factors that create value
Little account taken of asset creation and growth
Poor measurement of innovation, learning and change
A concentration on immediate rather than long-term goals
The focus in performance measurement is now on achieving a balanced framework that

addresses the issues described above. Examples of these new frameworks are Kaplan and
Norton‟s Balanced Scorecard, Skandia‟s navigator model and the Performance Prism. Others
recommend that the results sections of business excellence models should be used to generate a
balanced set of performance measures.
There are a number of challenges that are faced when designing an effective Performance
Measurement System, these include the following:
How to measure non- financial performance
What measures to choose and why
How to use them - what to do with the results
Who should be responsible for using the results
How and to whom, to communicate the results
The resources needed to consider the above and design and deploy the measurement
system
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There are other major requirements that an Organization needs to consider before an effective
performance measurement system can be designed or installed. Apart from lower level measures
that may be vital for the operation of processes, all measures need to be chosen to support the
attainment of specific performance or behavior identified by the organization‟s leaders as
important or necessary to work towards the organizational goals. This being the case, there must
be clearly defined goals/objectives and strategies chosen to reach them before measures can be
chosen to support their attainment. Similarly the key processes, drivers of performance, and the
core competencies required by employees need to be identified before effective performance
measurement can be achieved.
Q .2 What you unde rstand by Performance Appraisal? Explain the approaches of

Performance Appraisal?
Ans People differ in their abilities and their aptitudes. There is always some difference between the
quality and quantity of the same work on the same job being done by two different people.
Therefore, performance management and performance appraisal is necessary to understand each
employee‟s abilities, competencies and relative merit and worth for the organization.
Performance appraisal rates the employees in terms of their performance.
Performance appraisals are widely used in the society. The history of performance appraisal can
be dated back to the 20th century and then to the second world war when the merit rating was
used for the first time. An employer evaluating their employees is a very old concept.
Performance appraisals are an indispensable part of perfo rmance measurement. Performance
appraisal is necessary to measure the performance of the employees and the organization to
check the progress towards the desired goals and aims.
Approaches to Performance Development or Methods of Performance Appraisal
Performance appraisal - Traditional approach
Traditionally, performance appraisal has been used as just a method for determining and
justifying the salaries of the employees. Than it began to be used a tool for determining
rewards (a rise in the pay) and punishments (a cut in the pay) for the past performance of the
employees.
This approach was a past oriented approach which focused only on the past performance of
the employees i.e. during a past specified period of time. This approach did not consider the
developmental aspects of the employee performance i.e. his training and development needs or
career developmental possibilities. The primary concern of the traditional approach is to judge
the performance of the organization as a whole by the past performances of its employees.
Therefore, this approach is also called as the overall approach. In 1950s the performance
appraisal was recognized as a complete system in itself and the Modern Approach to
performance appraisal was developed.
Performance appraisal - Modern approach

The modern approach to performance development has made the performance appraisal process
more formal and structured. Now, the performance appraisal is taken as a tool to identify better
performing employees from others, employees‟ training needs, career development paths,
rewards and bonuses and their promotions to the next levels.
Appraisals have become a continuous and periodic activity in the organizations. The results of
performance appraisals are used to take various other HR decisions like promotions, demotions,
transfers, training and development, reward outcomes. The modern approach to performance
appraisals includes a feedback process that helps to strengthen the relationships between
superiors and subordinates and improve communication throughout the organization.
The modern approach to Performance appraisal is a future oriented approach and is

developmental in nature. This recognizes employees as individuals and focuses on their
development. The various methods and techniques used for Performance appraisal can be
categorized as the following traditional and modern methods
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Traditional Methods of Performance Appraisal:
1. ESSAY APPRAISAL METHOD
This traditional form of appraisal, also known as “Free Form method” involves a description of
the performance of an employee by his superior. The description is an evaluation of the

performance of any individual based on the facts and o ften includes examples and evidences to
support the information. A major drawback of the method is the inseparability of the bias of the
evaluator.
2. STRAIGHT RANKING METHOD
This is one of the oldest and simplest techniques of performance appraisal. In this method, the
appraiser ranks the employees from the best to the poorest on the basis of their overall
performance. It is quite useful for a comparative evaluation.
3. PAIRED COMPARISON
A better technique of comparison than the straight ranking method, this method compares each
employee with all others in the group, one at a time. After all the comparisons on the basis of the
overall comparisons, the employees are given the final rankings.
4. CRITICAL INCIDENTS METHODS
In this method of Performance appraisal, the evaluator rates the employee on the basis of critical
events and how the employee behaved during those incidents. It includes both negative and
positive points. The drawback of this method is that the supervisor has to note down the critical
incidents and the employee behavior as and when they occur.
5. FIELD REVIEW
In this method, a senior member of the HR department or a training officer discusses and
interviews the supervisors to evaluate and rate their respective subordinates. A major drawback
of this method is that it is a very time consuming method. But this method helps to reduce the
superiors‟ personal bias.
6. CHECKLIST METHOD
The rater is given a checklist of the descriptions of the behavior of the employees on job. The
checklist contains a list of statements on the basis of which the rater describes the on the job
performance of the employees.
7. GRAPHIC RATING SCALE
In this method, an employee‟s quality and quantity of work is assessed in a graphic scale
indicating different degrees of a particular trait. The factors taken into consideration include both
the personal characteristics and characteristics related to the on-the-job performance of the
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employees. For example a trait like Job Knowledge may be judged on the range of average,
above average, outstanding or unsatisfactory.
8. FORCED DISTRIBUTION
To eliminate the element of bias from the rater‟s ratings, the evaluator is asked to distribute the
employees in some fixed categories of ratings like on a normal distribution curve. The rater
chooses the appropriate fit for the categories on his own discretion.
Modern Appraisal Methods
1. MBO:
The concept of „Management by Objectives‟ (MBO) was first given by Peter Drucker in 1954. It
can be defined as a process whereby the employees and the superiors come together to identify
common goals, the employees set their goals to be achieved, the standards to be taken as the
criteria for measurement of their performance and contribution and deciding the course of action
to be followed.
The essence of MBO is participative goal setting, choosing course of actions and decision
making. An important part of the MBO is the measurement and the comparison of the
employee‟s actual performance with the standards set. Ideally, when employees themselves have
been involved with the goal setting and the choosing the course of action to be followed by them,
they are more likely to fulfill their responsibilities.
THE MBO PROCESS

Reward Manage ment
Reward management involves the analysis and effective control of employee remuneration and
covers salary and all benefits. It assesses the nature and extent of rewards and the way they are
delivered as well as considering their effect on both the Organization and staff.
Cornwell consultants take a holistic approach to reward management, treating every element of
reward as an investment. We assist organizations to review each part of reward to determine:
Its purpose
An organization‟s „return‟ on investment
The most appropriate areas for investment
2. 360 DEGREE APPRAISAL:

360-degree feedback is an evaluation method that incorporates feedback from the worker, his/her
peers, superiors, subordinates, and customers. Results of these confidential surveys are tabulated and
shared with the worker, usually by a manager. Interpretation of the results, trends and themes are
46
discussed as part of the feedback. The primary reason to use this full circle of confidential reviews is
to provide the worker with information about his/her performance from multiple perspectives. From
this feedback, the worker is able to set goals for self-development which will advance their career and
benefit the organization. With 360-degree feedback, the worker is central to the evaluation process
and the ultimate goal is to improve individual performance within the organization. Under ideal
circumstances, 360-degree feedback is used as an assessment for personal development rather than
evaluation.
3. ASSESSMENT CENTERS:
This technique was first developed in USA and UK in 1943. An assessment center is a
central location where managers may come together to have their participation in job related
exercises evaluated by trained observers. It is more focused on observation of behaviors
across a series of select exercises or work samples. Assesses are requested to participate in
in-basket exercises, work groups, computer simulations, role playing and other s imilar
activities which require same attributes for successful performance in actual job. The
characteristics assessed in assessment center can be assertiveness, persuasive ability,
communicating ability, planning and organizational ability, self confidence, resistance to
stress, energy level, decision making, sensitivity to feelings, administrative ability, creativity
and mental alertness etc.
An assessment centre for Performance appraisal of an employee typically includes:
Social/Informal Events – An assessment centre has a group of participants and also a

few assessors which gives a chance to the employees to socialize with a variety of people
and also to share information and know more about the organization.
Information Sessions – information sessions are also a part of the assessment centers.
They provide information to the employees about the organization, their roles and
responsibilities, the activities and the procedures etc.
Assignments- assignments in assessment centers include various tests and exercises
which are specially designed to assess the competencies and the potential of the
employees. These include various interviews, psychometric tests, management games etc.
all these assignments are focused at the target job.
4. Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales: statements of effective and ineffective behaviors

determine the points. They are said to be behaviorally anchored. The rater is supposed to say,
which behavior describes the employee performance. Advantages – helps overcome rating
errors. Disadvantages – Suffers from distortions inherent in most rating techniques.
Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS) is a relatively new technique which combines
the graphic rating scale and critical incidents method. It consists of predetermined critical
areas of job pe rformance or sets of behavioral statements describing important job
performance qualities as good or bad (for e.g. the qualities like inter-personal relationships,
adaptability and reliability, job knowledge etc). These statements are developed from critical
incidents.
In this method, an employee‟s actual job behavior is judged against the desired behavior by
recording and comparing the behavior with BARS. Developing and practicing BARS
requires expert knowledge.
5. HUMAN RESOURCE ACCOUNTING METHOD

Human resources are valuable assets for every organization. Human resource accounting
method tries to find the relative worth of these assets in the terms of money. In this method
the performance of the employees is judged in terms of cost and contribution of the
employees. The cost of employees include all the expenses incurred on them like their
compensation, recruitment and selection costs, induction and training costs etc whereas their
contribution includes the total value added (in monetary terms). The difference between the
cost and the contribution will be the performance of the employees. Ideally, the contr ibution
of the employees should be greater than the cost incurred on them.
Case Study: Performance Appraisal
Here is a bizarre case of performance appraisal. A pulp making unit located at Harihar in Karnataka, hired
40 engineers in 1994, as management trainees. The new hires were fresh from, REC, Suratkal, and
other prestigious institut ions. Obvious ly they were toppers in their respective branches and
institutions. T he ma na ge me nt of t he pla nt a do pt e d a f r e a kis h po l ic y w it h r e ga r d t o
pe r f or ma nc e a p p r a i s a l – 1 0 p e r c e n t o f a l l t h e e m p l o y e e s w e r e t o b e
r a t e d b e l o w a v e r a g e . T h e management did not want a ll the employees to be ranked
48
high, notwit hstanding the ir excellent performance. T h e a xe f e l l o n t h e t r a i n e e s . T h e

r a t e r s r a t e d a l l t h e 4 0 t r a i n e e s b e l o w a v e r a g e . Humiliated, these 40 put in their
papers even before their training period expired.
Solving Rater‟sProblems
The best way to overcome the pr oble ms is t o provide tra ining to t he raters. At Hew lett -
P ackard, a 2 day tra ining course is or ganized ever y year t o pre pare managers to handle
appraisals better. Not that training is a „cure-all‟ for all the ills of appraisal systems. From a pract ical
point of view, severa l factors , inc luding the extent which pa y is relate d to perfor mance
ratings , union pressure , tur n over rates, t ime constra ints and the need to justify ratings may
be more important than training, influencing the ratings they actually give. This means that
improving rat ing syste ms involves not just tra ining the rater‟s but remedying outside factors
such ass union pressure.
In effect, training of raters must help strengthen the factors that tend to improve accuracy of ratings and
weaken those that lower the accuracy of the performance measurement.
Chapter 5
Leadership and Grievance
Q.1 What is leadership?
Ans. Definition: “Leadership is the factor that helps individuals and groups to achieve the goal. It is the
process of influencing and supporting employees or others to work enthusiastically toward achieving the
objectives”.
“Leadership is the process of influencing people to direct their efforts towards the attainment of some
particular goal or goals”.
Q.2 Explain the procedure of grievance?
Ans. A grievance is a wrong or hardship suffered, which is the grounds of a complaint.
Grievance Procedure
Grievance procedure is a formal communication between an employee and the management

designed for the settlement of a grievance. The grievance procedures differ from organization to
organization.
1. Open door policy

2. Step-ladder policy
Open door policy: Under this policy, the aggrieved employee is free to meet the top executives
of the organization and get his grievances redressed. Such a policy works well only in small
organizations. However, in bigger organizations, top management executives are usually busy
with other concerned matters of the company. Moreover, it is believed that open door
policy is suitable for executives; operational employees may feel shy to go to top management.
Step ladder policy: Under this policy, the aggrieved employee has to follow a step by step
procedure for getting his grievance redressed. In this procedure, whenever an employee is
confronted with a grievance, he presents his problem to his immediate supervisor. If the
employee is not satisfied with superior‟s decision, then he discusses his grievance with the
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departmental head. The departmental head discusses the problem with joint grievance
committees to find a solution. However, if the committee also fails to redress the grievance, then
it may be referred to chief executive. If the chief executive also fails to redress the grievance,
then such a grievance is referred to voluntary arbitration where the award of arbitrator is binding
on both the parties.
GRIEVANCE PROCEDURE IN INDIAN INDUSTRY
The 15th session of Indian Labor Conference held in 1957 emphasized the need of an established
grievance procedure for the country which would be acceptable to unions as well as to
management. In the 16th session of Indian Labor Conference, a model for grievance procedure
was drawn up. This model helps in creation of grievance machinery. According to it, workers‟
representatives are to be elected for a department or their union is to nominate them.
Management has to specify the persons in each department who are to be approached first and
the departmental heads who are supposed to be approached in the second step. The Model
Grievance Procedure specifies the details of all the steps that are to be followed while redressing
grievances. These steps are:
STEP 1: In the first step the grievance is to be submitted to departmental representative, who is a
representative of management. He has to give his answer within 48 hours.
STEP 2: If the departmental representative fails to provide a solution, the aggrieved employee
can take his grievance to head of the department, who has to give his decision within 3 days.
STEP 3: If the aggrieved employee is not satisfied with the decision of departmental head, he
can take the grievance to Grievance Committee. The Grievance Committee makes its
recommendations to the manager within 7 days in the form of a report. The final decision of the
management on the report of Grievance Committee must be communicated to the aggrieved
employee within three days of the receipt of report. An appeal for revision of final decision can
be made by the worker if he is not satisfied with it. The management must communicate its
decision to the worker within 7 days.
STEP 4: If the grievance still remains unsettled, the case may be referred to voluntary
arbitration.
Case Study: Building a Team (Leadership Training)
Joe is Maintenance Coordinator for a public university. Joe is responsible for all the building
maintenance and physical systems on campus. He has a number of departments to accomplish
the assigned workload. He has an Electrical Department, a Plumbing Department, an HVAC
Department, a Carpentry Department, and a Painting Department. The workload for his
departments has increased in the last several years as the physical plant continues to age. Joe
requested to hire additional workers, but the budget did not allow for it. It became apparent that
Joe needed to find more creative ways to better utilize his current resources in order to get more
accomplished.
Joe had observed that his departments were not working together well, or even at all, in some
cases. It was common for one department to go into a building, “fix” a problem, and then leave a
mess for the next department coming in behind them to do their part of the work. Workers
seemed to think only about maximizing the output of their own department and finishing their
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own work quickly, with little regard for the impact on other departments and the long-term
impact on the university.
Q. What could Joe do to better coordinate the work of his departments and make better use of the
resources he has, so that more work can be accomplished with the limited budget?
Ans. Joe could:
• Have each department select a team leader to represent them

• Call a meeting of all team leaders, share his budget numbers with them, and explain that they
will be expected to work together more closely
• Have each team leader identify what he could do to help each of the other departments
• Continue to hold weekly meetings with team leaders so they get to know each other better, to
share information, and to hear requests from each department for what they could use from
others
• Begin cross-training people in more than one trade in order to promote sharing of available
workers between functions when the workload permits this.
Chapter 6
Discipline
Q .1Explain discipline?
Ans –Discipline is a process of dealing with job related behavior that does not meet expected and
communicated performance standards.
Employee discipline is basically adherence to established norms and regulations or conformity

with the accepted order of the organization.
Q.2 Explain the purpose of discipline?
Ans. There are various purposes of discipline such as:
 To change behavior.
 To encourage employees to behave “Sensibly” at work.
 To inform employees (preferably in writing) ahead of time, what is and is not the
acceptable behavior.
 Clarity of expectations.
 Better performance.
 Not designed to punish or embarrass an employee.
Q.3 Define the Disciplinary Proble ms?
Ans. The disciplinary problems comprise of:
1. Attendance related issues

2. Performance at work
3. Dishonesty and related problems
4. On the job behavior

5. Off the job behavior
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Q .4 What are the possible reasons for failure of discipline?
Ans. Possible reasons for failure are as below:

A. Lack of direction from the management
B. Communication gap or poor communication
C. Excessive workload
D. Lack of challenge, boredom

E. Inadequate appreciation and recognition of work
F. Anxiety about the future job
Q.5 How to review an Infraction/how to make discipline more effective?
Ans. In order to make discipline more effective following points should keep into consideration:
 Did the employee clearly understand the rule or policy that was violated
 Was the rule or policy consistently and fairly enforced by management
 Did the employee know that violating the rule or policy could lead to discipline
 The seriousness of the offence in terms of violating company rules of conduct or

company obligations
 The duration of service of an employee

 The previous good (or bad) work record of the employee
 Provocation
 Did the employee admit to the misconduct and apologize for his\her behaviour.
Q .6 What should be main points of Good Disciplinary Process?
Ans. A good disciplinary process should include:
A. Should be documented
B. Have lucid rules and regulations

C. Fair
D. Include a system of progressive penalties

E. Have an appeal process
Q.7 What do you mean by Progressive Discipline? Explain its advantages?
Ans. Progressive discipline is:
• The process features increasingly formal efforts to provide feedback to the employee, so
that he or she can correct the problem.
• It intends to assist the employee overcome problems and satisfy job expectations
• Discipline without or very less punishment

Advantages
• No one feels good about being punished
• Forcing rules onto employees would only lead to short term compliance
Q .8 Discuss the process of Discipline.

Ans. The process of discipline includes:
1) Issue an Oral Reminder after informal counselling

2) Issue a Formal Written Reminder
3) Give a one-day “Decision-Making” leave
4) Probation
5) Termination
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The Process
The Investigation Stage
The Discipline Stage
Case Study: No Gambling
A foreman says, “We have rules posted against gambling. Of course, we don‟t enforce them
against small bets and there is some card playing for money in the washroom at lunch break.
However, we have the rules posted as a standby measure if things get out of hand”.
Questions:
Q.1 Do you agree with this foreman‟s approach?

Chapter 7
Employee Compensation
Q.1What is Compensation?
Ans. The literal meaning of Compensation is to counter-balance. In other words it is remuneration

an employee receives in return for his or her contribution to the organization.
Q. 2 What are the objectives of compensation?

Ans. The main objectives of compensation comprise of:
•To achieve maximum satisfaction to the employee at the least cost to the employer
•Compensation is important for
– morale
– enhancing efficiency
– reduces staff turnover
– attracts best employees
– helps in dealing with unions
Q.3 What are the components of compensation?
Ans.
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Components of Compensation
Q. 4 What is Compensation Plan?

Ans. Compensation plan is to:
1. Develop a program outline
2. Designate an individual to oversee program design
3. Develop a compensation philosophy

4. Conduct a job analysis
5. Job Evaluation
6. Determining Grades
7. Establish grade pricing and salary range

8. Determine an appropriate salary structure.
9. Develop a salary administration policy
10. Obtain approval of the basic salary program

11. Communicate the final program
12. Monitor the program.
Q. 5 Discuss the WIPRO STORY and BIRLA STORY of compensation plan?

Ans. The WIPRO Story:
'We moved to individualized compe nsation in 1994'„
• We believe the performance of the business and the individual will increasingly dictate
compensation- increases for employees.
• At Wipro, our compensation review for senior management happens in the last quarter of
the calendar year.
• We have been moving towards a structure of fixed plus variable compensation.

• At the top management level, the fixed component is 40 per cent; at the senior
management level it is 60 per cent.
• Further, we moved towards individualized compensation way back in 1994.

• We feel that most industries have no option but to do this on the basis of the performance
of the business, the performance of the individual, the criticality of the role, and the
market value and potential of the employee.
The BIRLA Story

“There's more pay at risk today”
 We have always been moderate in our approach to compensation.
 We differentiate purely on the basis of performance..

 And multiple compensation-and incentive-structures are prevalent.
 We are also looking at long-term incentives linked to performance.
 At the 'very' senior level, our salaries are comparable to those in the West if you take the
cost of living into account. There are variations across sectors.
 Percentage- increments are higher at junior levels.
 Inflation and life style aspiration are also strong today at the junior levels. All these
factors impact compensation strategies.
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Q.6 What is Career Management & also explain its objectives?
Ans. Career management is the lifelong process of investing resources to achieve your career
goals. Career management is not a singular event but a continuing process that is a necessity for
adapting to the changing demands of the 21st Century economy. Career Management is the
combination of structured planning and the active management choice of one's own professional
career. The outcome of successful career management should include personal fulfillment,
work/life balance, goal achievement and financial security.
Objectives of Career Development Systems
 Fostering Better Communication in Organization: The main objective of designing a

career development system is to foster better communication within the organization as a
whole. It promotes communication at all levels of organizations for example manager and
employee and managers and top management. Proper communication is the lifeblood of
any organization and helps in solving several big issues.
 Assisting with Career Decisions: A career development system provides employees as
well as managers with helpful assistance with career decisions. They get an opportunity
to assess their skills and competencies and know their goals and future aspirations. It
helps them give a direction so that they can focus on achieving their long term career
goals.
 Better Use of Employee Skills: A career development system helps organization make
better use of employee skills. Since managers know their skills and competencies and
therefore, can put them at a job where they will be able to produce maximum output.
 Setting Realistic Goals: Setting realistic goals and expectations is another main
objective of a career development system. It helps both employees and organization to
understand what is feasible for them and how they can achieve their goals.
 Creating a Pool of Talented Employees: Creating a pool of talented employees is the
main objective of organizations. After all, they need to meet their staffing needs in
present and future and a career development system helps them fulfill their requirements.
 Enhancing the Career Satisfaction: Organizations especially design career
development systems for enhancing the career satisfaction of their employees. Since they
have to retain their valuable assets and prepare them for top notch positions in future,
they need to understand their career requirements and expectations from their
organization.
 Feedback: Giving feedback on every step is also required within an organization to
measure the success rate of a specific policy implemented and initiatives taken by the
organization. In addition to this, it also helps managers to give feedback for employees‟
performance so that they can understand what is expected of them.
Q.7 Discuss strategic human resource management (SHRM).
Ans. Strategic HRM gives direction on how to build the foundation for strategic advantage by
creating an effective organizational structure and design, culture, employee value proposition,
systems thinking, an appropriate communication strategy and preparing an organization for a
changing landscape, which includes downturns and mergers & acquisitions. Sustainability and
corporate social responsibility come within the ambit of this discipline, especially with reference
to organizational values and their expression in business decision making. Strategic HRM
emphasizes organizational codes of ethics, managing the societal impact of business decisions,
philanthropy and the role of the human resource professional in improving the quality of life of
employees, their families and the community at large.
A Strategic Approach to Human Resource Management

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Client Case Study: GMAC – Engaging Employees in Career Planning and

Development
The Graduate Management Admissions Council (GMAC) has very high employee retention and
well-engaged employees who are committed to GMAC‟s success. After a rapid growth period,
the leadership at GMAC wanted to evaluate their existing career paths, promotions, and
development processes. The ultimate goal was to develop programs that would keep employees
engaged and committed to their own careers and to the organization. The Springboard team was
tasked with; first of all, identifying which specific initiatives and programs would best keep
employees engaged, and what employees wanted from GMAC for their continued career
development. The team conducted an extensive analysis process including a series of focus
groups and individual interviews that reached out to almost 75% of all GMAC employees.
Simultaneously, the GMAC internal team conducted a survey to gather additional information.
The survey, interviews and focus groups surfaced useful details on the current and desired state
around career planning/management, professional development, promotions, and career paths
within GMAC. By analyzing this data, the Springboard team made a series of recommendations
for new and enhanced talent management programs. We then developed several critical new
tools for career planning and for employee development, including an Individual Development
Plan, a Career Guide for employees to consider their long-term career ambitions, and several
new operating procedures, including one to provide more structure for the annual promotions
process. GMAC employees were able to use the tools to take initiative for their own
development while experiencing, first hand, GMAC‟s investment in their career growth.
Meanwhile GMAC‟s leadership and Human Resources team had consistent processes to help set
expectations regarding career paths and promotions across the organization.
Key Terms & Terminologies

1. Human Resource Management (HRM): is the process of managing people in
organizations in a structured and thorough manner.
2. Human Resource Planning: a process by which an organization should move from its
current manpower position to its desired manpower position.
3. Human Resource Development: is a framework for the expansion of human capital

within an organization through the development of both the organization and the
individual to achieve performance improvement.
4. Delphi Technique: In this method, the views of different experts related to the industry
are taken into consideration and then a consensus about the Human Resource requirement
is arrived at. Delphi technique is used primarily to assess long-term needs of human
resource.
5. Job Analysis: Job Analysis refers to various methodologies for analyzing the
requirements of a job.
6. Job design: follows job analysis. Job analysis provides job related data as well as the
skills and knowledge expected of the incumbent to discharge the job . Job design, then
involves conscious effort to organize tasks, duties and responsibilities into a unit of work to
achieve certain objectives.
7. Job Description: A list of job‟s duties, responsibilities, reporting relationships, working
8. Job specification-A list of job‟s “human requirements,” that is requisite education, skills,
9. Training: refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a

result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and k nowledge that relate to
specific useful competencies.
10. Total Quality Management (TQM): total quality management (TQM) is a management
approach to long–term success through customer satisfaction.
11. Performance Measurement: is a process for collecting and reporting information
regarding the performance of an individual, group or organizations. It can involve looking at
process/strategies in place, as well as whether outcomes are in line with what was intended or
should have been achieved.
12. Performance Appraisal: is the systematic evaluation of the performance of employees

and to understand the abilities of a person for further growth and development.
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13. Leadership: is the process of influencing people to direct their efforts towards the
attainment of some particular goal or goals.
14. Grievance: A grievance is a wrong or hardship suffered, which is the grounds of a
complaint.
15. Discipline: is a process of dealing with job related behavior that does not meet
expected and communicated performance standards.
16. Compensation: it is remuneration that an employee receives in return for his or
her contribution to the organization.
17. Career Management: is the combination of structured planning and the active
management choice of one's own professional career. The outcome of successful career
management should include personal fulfillment, work/life balance, goal achievement
and financial security.
18. Strategic Human Resource Management: is the proactive management of

people. It requires thinking ahead, and planning ways for a company to better meet the
needs of its employees, and for the employees to better meet the needs of the company.
Bibliography
S.No. Name of the Book Name of the author
1. Human Resource Management G.S. Sudha
2. Human Resource Management Robert L. Mathis
3. Human Resource Management John H. Jackson
4. Human Resource Planning Deepak Kumar Bhattacharyya
5. Human Resource Planning Dr. Payal Upadhyay & Ms. Shivani Mishra
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M.B.A (Sem.II) (Main & Back) Examination, July-2009
M-401-Human Resource Management

Time: 3 Hours [Total Marks: 70
[Min. Passing Marks: 28
This question paper is divided in two sections.
There are section A and B. Section A contains 6 questions out of which the candidate is required to
attempt any 4 questions. Section B contains short case study / application base.
I question which is compulsory
All questions are carrying equal mar
Use of following supporting material is permitted during examination.
(Mentioned in form No.205)
1.___________Nill______________ 2.____________Nill__________
SECTION- A
Q.1„Managing people is the heart and essence of being a manager.”

Explain this statement and describe the meaning and characteristics of Human Resource
Management.
Ans. Human resource management (HRM or simply HR) is the management of an organization's
workforce, or human resources. It is responsible for the attraction, selection, training, assessment, and
rewarding of employees, while also overseeing organizational leadership and culture, and ensuring
compliance with employment and labor laws. In circumstances where employees desire and are legally
authorized to hold a collective bargaining agreement, HR will typically also serve as the company's
primary liaison with the employees' representatives.
In other words, HRM is the process of managing people in organizations in a structured and
thorough manner.
HRM encompasses the management of people in organizations from a macro perspective i.e. managing
people in the form of a collective relationship between management and employees. This approach
focuses on the objectives and outcomes of the HRM function.
Characteristics of Human Resource Management

1. It is only the functional area which is concerned with the human Resource as well as
functional area such as, Production, Marketing & Finance.
2. It is responsible for encouraging the employees to work hard through proper motivation.
3. Human Resource Management ensure right job through proper selection of employee.
4. Human Resource Management ensures availability and de velopment of right skills in the
organization through efficient Training and Development.
5. Human Resource Management also includes creating job satisfaction among employees
working at different levels and in different departments of the organization.
6. It includes making fair remuneration to the employee‟s i.e. employees working in different
department at same level should get same pay.
2. Define Human Resource Planning and give an overview of the process of Human Resource
Planning.
Ans. E.W Vetter viewed human resources planning as “a process by which an organization should
move from its current manpower position to its desired manpower position. Through planning
management strives to have the right number and right kind of people at the right places at the right time,
doing things which result in both the organization and the individual receiving maximum long-run
benefit”.
According to Leon C Megginson human resources planning is an integrated approach to performing the
planning aspects of the personnel function in order to have a sufficient supply of adequately developed
and motivated people to perform the duties and tasks required to meet organizational objectives and
satisfy the individual needs and goals of organizational members.
Process of Human Resource Planning
1. Analyzing the Corporate Level Strategies : – Human Resource Planning should start with
analyzing corporate level strategies which inc lude expansion, diversification, mergers,
acquisitions, reduction in operations, technology to be used, method of production etc. Therefore
Human Resource Planning should begin with analyzing the corporate plans of the organization
before setting out on fulfilling its tasks.
2. Demand forecasting: – Forecasting the overall human resource requirement in accordance with the
organizational plans is one of the key aspects of demand forecasting. Forecasting of quality of
human resources like skills, knowledge, values and capabilities needed in addition to quantity of
human resources is done through the following methods: -
a. Executive or Managerial Judgment: – Here the managers decide the number of employees in
the future. They adopt one of the three approaches mentioned below: -
o Bottom-Up approach: – Here the concerned supervisors send their proposals to the top
officials who compare these with the organizational plans, make necessary adjustments and
finalize them.
o Top-Down approach: – Here the management prepares the requirements and sends the
information downwards to the supervisory –level who finalizes the draft and approves it.
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o Participative Approach: – Here the supervisors and the management sit together and
projections are made after joint consultations.
b. Statistical Techniques: – These methods use statistical methods and mathematical techniques
to forecast and predict the supply and demand of Human Resources in the future.
c. Ratio-Trend analysis: – In this method depending on the past data regarding number of
employees in each department, like production department, sales department, marketing
department and workload level, etc ratios for manpower are estimated. Past values are plotted and
extrapolated to get fairly accurate future projections.
d. Work Study method: – This technique is suitable to study the correlation between volume of
work and labor i.e. demand for human resources is estimated based on the workload. Work study
method is more appropriate for repetitive and manual jobs when it is possible to measure work
and set standards.
e. Delphi Technique: – „Delphi’ Technique is named after the Greek Oracle at the city of Delphi.
In this method, the views of different experts related to the industry are taken into consideration
and then a consensus about the Human Resource requirement is arrived at. Delphi technique is
used primarily to assess long-term needs of human resource.
3. Analyzing Human Resource Supply: – Every organization has two sources of supply of Human
Resources: Internal & External. Internally, human resources can be obtained for certain posts
through promotions and transfers. In order to judge the internal supply of human resources in
future human resource inventory or human resource audit is necessary. Human resource inventory
helps in determining and evaluating the quantity of internal human resources available. Once the
future internal supply is estimated, supply of external human resources is analyzed.
4. Estimating manpower gaps : – Manpower gaps can be identified by comparing demand and
supply forecasts. Such comparison will reveal either deficit or surplus of Human Resources in the
future. Deficit suggests the number of persons to be recruited from outside, whereas surplus
implies redundant employees to be re-deployed or terminated. Employees estimated to be
deficient can be trained while employees with higher, better skills may be given more enriched
jobs.
5. Action Planning: – Once the manpower gaps are identified, plans are prepared to bridge these
gaps. Plans to meet the surplus manpower may be redeployment in other departments and
retrenchment. People may be persuaded to quit voluntarily through a golden handshake. Deficit
can be met through recruitment, selection, transfer and promotion. In view of shortage of certain
skilled employees, the organization has to take care not only of recruitment but also retention of
existing employees. Hence, the organization has to plan for retaining of existing employees.
6. Modify the Organizational plans : – If future supply of human resources form all the external
sources is estimated to be inadequate or less than the requirement, the manpower planner has to
suggest to the management regarding the alterations or modifications in the organizational plans.
7. Controlling and Review: – After the action plans are implemented, human resource structure and
the processes should be controlled and reviewed with a view to keep them in accordance with
action plans.
3.Explain various methods of training.
Ans. There are two methods of training which are as:
1. On the job methods
2. Off the job methods

I. ON THE JOB METHODS (OJT): -
A.On the job training:
It is the responsibility of supervisors and managers to utilize available resources to train, qualify,
and develop their employees. On-the-job training (OJT) is one of the best training methods
because it is planned, organized, and conducted at the employee's worksite. OJT will generally
be the primary method used for broadening employee skills and increasing prod uctivity. It is
particularly appropriate for developing proficiency skills unique to an employee's job - especially
jobs that are relatively easy to learn and require locally-owned equipment and facilities. To have
a successful OJT program, supervisors need to assign a coach to each employee involved in OJT.
It is the responsibility of the coach to plan training carefully and conduct it effectively.
B.Job Instruction Training (JIT):
Job Instruction Training (JIT) is a logical outgrowth of Job Hazard Analysis. One of the first
steps is trainer selection – preferably a supervisor or a skilled person within the department.
Regardless of who is selected, the trainer should:
■ Know the job in question thoroughly
■ Have leadership skills
■ Have a desire to teach others
■ Be friendly and cooperative
■ Have a professional attitude toward the job and other employees.
C.Vestibule Training (Training Centre):

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Towards the end of the 1800s, a method that combined the benefits of the classroom with the
benefits of on-the-job training, called vestibule training, became a popular form of training. The
classroom was located as close as conditions allowed to the department for which the workers
were being trained. It was furnished with the same machines as used in production. There were
normally six to ten workers per trainer, who were skilled workers or supervisors from the
company.
D.Simulation Training:
Technical companies that are required to train employees on dangerous or expensive equipment
are most likely to benefit from simulation-based training. Simulations allow the user to observe
the impact of their choices without the outcomes having any impact on the real operation.
Trainees can learn how to respond to emergencies, how individual actions and decisions affect
entire processes, and how to operate complex pieces of equipment.
Eg:
Figure 1. Simulated Airplane cockpit.
The airplane cockpit simulation takes on a new approach to simulation training. The user has the
opportunity to observe how all the components of the cockpit work together. This approach
allows the user to gain a perspective of the interactions and correlations between the numerous
components contained in an airplane cockpit.
Eg:
1.Demonstration and examples :
This method is a visual display of how something works or how to do something. As an

example, trainer shows the trainees how to perform or how to do the tasks of the job. In order to
be more effective, demonstration method should be should be accompanied by the discussion or
lecture method.
To carry out an effective demonstration, a trainer first prepares the lesson plan by breaking the
task to be performed into smaller modules, easily learned parts. Then, the trainer sequentially
organizes those modules and prepares an explanation for why that part is required. While
performing the demonstration, trainer.
Demonstrates the task by describing how to do, while doing.

Helps the focusing their attention on critical aspects of the task.
Tells the trainees what you will be doing so they understand what you will be showing
them.
Explains why it should be carried out in that way.
After completing the demonstration the trainer provide feedback, both positive and or
negative, give the trainee the opportunity to do the task and describe what he is doing and
why.
2.Apprenticeship :
A major part of training time is spent on the on the job productive work. Each apprenticeship
is given a programme of assignments according to predetermined schedules which provides
for efficient training in trade skills. This method is appropriate for training in crafts, trades,
and technical areas, especially when proficiency in a job is the result of a relatively long
training or apprenticeship period, e.g.; job of a crafts man, a printer, a tool maker, and a
mechanic. Etc.
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II.OFF THE JOB METHODS

1. Lecturers (or class room instructions) :
Lectures are regarding as one of the simplest ways of imparting knowledge to the trainees,
especially when facts, or principles, attitudes, theories and problem solving abilities are to be
taught. Lectures are formal organized talks by the training specialist, the formal superior or
other individual specific topics.
The lecture method can be used for very large groups which are to be trained within a short
time, thus reducing the cost per trainee. Lectures are essential when it is a question of
imparting technical or special information of a complex nature.
2. Conference Method: The conference training method is a good problem-solving approach. A group
considers a specific problem or issue and they work to reach agreement on statements or solutions.
Pros: There is a lot of trainee participation. The trainees build consensus and the trainer can use
several methods (lecture, panel, and seminar) to keep sessions interesting.
Cons: It can be difficult to control a group. Opinions generated at the conference may differ
from the manager‟s ideas, causing conflict.
3. Seminar: Seminars often combine several group methods: lectures, discussions, conferences,
demonstrations.
Pros: Group members are involved in the training. The trainer can use many group methods as
part of the seminar activity.
Cons: Planning is time-consuming. The trainer must have skill in conducting a seminar. More
time is needed to conduct a seminar than is needed for many other methods
4. Role playing: During a role play, the trainees assume roles and act out situations connected to
the learning concepts. It is good for customer service and sales training.
Pros: Trainees can learn possible results of certain behaviors in a classroom situation. They get
an opportunity to practice people skills. It is possible to experiment with many different
approaches to a situation without alienating any actual customers.
Cons: A lot of time is spent making a single point. Trainers must be skilled and creative in
helping the class learn from the situation. In some role play situations, only a few people get to
practice while others watch.
5. T Group:
T- Group Training is a technique of off the job training methods. It is a group experience
designed to provide maximum opportunity for the individuals to expose their behavior, give and
take feedback and experience new behavior and develop awareness about self and others. The t-
group training is also known as several names such as sensitivity training, action training, human
capacity movement, group dynamics, and awareness expertise and as forth.
6. In-Basket Method:
In-Basket Technique – It provides trainees with a log of written text or information and requests,
such as memos, messages, and reports, which would be handled by manger, engineer, reporting
officer, or administrator.
Procedure of the In-basket Technique
 In this technique, trainee is given some information about the role to be played such as,
description, responsibilities, general context about the role.
 The trainee is then given the log of materials that make up the in-basket and asked to respond
to materials within a particular time period.
 After all the trainees complete in-basket, a discussion with the trainer takes place.
 In this discussion the trainee describes the justification for the decisions.
 The trainer then provides feedback, reinforcing decisions made suitably or encouraging the
trainee to increase alternatives for those made unsuitably.
This technique focuses on:

Building decision making skills
Assess and develops Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes (KSAs)
Develops of communication and interpersonal skills
Develops procedural knowledge
Develops strategic knowledge

74
8. Incident Method:
This method was developed by Paul Pigors. It aims to develop the trainee in the areas of
intellectual ability, practical judgment and social awareness. Under this method each
employee developed in a group process .Incidents are prepared on the basis of actual
situations which happened in different organizations. Each Employee in the training
group is asked to study the incident and to make short term decisions in the role of a
person who has to cope with the incident in the actual situation. Later, the group studies
and discusses the incident and takes decisions relating to incident, based on the group
interaction and decisions taken by each member . Thus, this method is similar to a
combination of case method and in basket method.
9. Syndicate Method:
Syndicate is a group of individuals or organizations combined or making a joint effort to

undertake some specific duty or carry out specific transactions or negotiations. It is not
actually one group that constitutes the components of syndicate method.
This method is suitable for learning at a higher level. Therefore, this method was
experimented, found useful and widely used in teaching- learning situations, especially in top
level management training.
14
1. Write short notes on any Two:
(i) 3600 appraisal
Ans. 360-degree feedback is an evaluation method that incorporates feedback from the worker,
his/her peers, superiors, subordinates, and customers. Results of these confidential surveys are
tabulated and shared with the worker, usually by a manager. Interpretation of the results, trends and
themes are discussed as part of the feedback. The primary reason to use this full circle of confidential
reviews is to provide the worker with information about his/her performance from multiple
perspectives. From this feedback, the worker is able to set goals for self-development which will
advance their career and benefit the organization. With 360-degree feedback, the worker is central to
the evaluation process and the ultimate goal is to improve individual performance within the
organization. Under ideal circumstances, 360-degree feedback is used as an assessment for personal
development rather than evaluation.
(ii) HRD (Human Resource Development)
Ans. HRD is a framework for the expansion of human capital within an organization through the
development of both the organization and the individual to achieve performance improvement.
(iii) „Hot stove rule‟ of discipline
Ans. Without the continual support of the subordinates, no manager can get things done. But,
disciplinary action against a delinquent employee is painful and generates resentment on his part.
Hence, a question arises as to how to impose discipline without generating resentment? This is
possible through what Douglas McGregor called the “Red Hot Stove Rule”, which draws an
analogy between touching a hot stove and undergoing discipline. According to the Red Hot
Stove rule, disciplinary action should have the following consequences:
(a) Burns immediately: If disciplinary action is to be taken, it must occur immediately so

the individual will understand the reason for it. With the passage of time, people have
the tendency to convince themselves that they are not at fault.
(b) Provides warning: It is very important to provide advance warning that punishment
will follow unacceptable behavior. As you move closer to hot stove, you are warned
by its heat that you will be burned if you touch it.
(c) Gives consistent punishment: Disciplinary action should also be consistent in that
everyone who performs the same act will be punished accordingly. As with a hot
stove, each person who touches it is burned the same.
(d) Burns impersonally: Disciplinary action should be impersonal. There are no

favorites when this approach is followed.
(iv) Job enrichment

Ans. Job enrichment is a type of job redesign intended to reverse the effects of tasks that are
repetitive requiring little autonomy. Some of these effects are boredom, lack of flexibility, and
employee dissatisfaction (Leach & Wall, 2004). The underlying principle is to expand the scope
76
of the job with a greater variety of tasks, vertical in nature, that require self-sufficiency. Since the
goal is to give the individual exposure to tasks normally reserved for differently focused or higher
positions, merely adding more of the same responsibilities related to an employee's current
position is not considered job enrichment.
14
2. What do you understand by workers participation in management? Explain the ways of workers
participation in management.
Ans. A process by which subordinate employees, either individually or collectively, become involved
in one or more aspects of organizational decision making within the enterprises in which they work.
Workers‟ participation in management is an essential ingredient of Industrial democracy. The concept
of workers‟ participation in management is based on Human Relations approach to Management
which brought about a new set of values to labor and management. Traditionally the concept of
Workers‟ Participation in Management (WPM) refers to participation of non-managerial employees
in the decision-making process of the organization. Workers‟ participation is also known as „labor
participation‟ or „employee participation‟ in management. In Germany it is known as co-
determination while in Yugoslavia it is known as self-management. The International Labor
Organization has been encouraging member nations to promote the scheme of Workers‟ Participation
in Management.
Forms of Participation
Different forms of participation are discussed below:
Collective Bargaining: Collective bargaining results in collective agreements which lay

down certain rules and conditions of service in an establishment. Such agreements are
normally binding on the parties. Theoretically, collective bargaining is based on the
principle of balance of power, but, in actual practice, each party tries to outbid the other
and get maximum advantage by using, if necessary, threats and co unter threats like;
strikes, lockouts and other direct actions. Joint consultation, on the other hand, is a
particular technique which is intended to achieve a greater degree of harmony and
cooperation by emphasizing matters of common interest. Workers pre fer to use the
instrument of collective bargaining rather than ask for a share in management. Workers‟
participation in the U.S.A has been ensured almost exclusively by means of collective
agreements and their application and interpretation rather than by way of labor
representation in management.
Works Councils: These are exclusive bodies of employees, assigned with different
functions in the management of an enterprise. In West Germany, the works councils have
various decision- making functions. In some countries, their role is limited only
to receiving information about the enterprise. In Yugoslavia, these councils have wider
decision- making powers in an enterprise like; appointment, promotion, salary fixation and
also major investment decisions.
Joint Management Councils and Committees: Mainly these bodies are consultative and
advisory, with decision-making being left to the top management. This system of
participation is prevalent in many countries, including Britain and India. As they are
consultative and advisory, neither the managements nor the workers take them seriously.
Board Representation: The role of a worker representative in the board of directors is

essentially one of negotiating the worker‟s interest with the other members of the board.
At times, this may result in tension and friction inside the board room. The effectiveness of
workers‟ representative at the board depend upon his ability to participate in decision-
making, his knowledge of the company affairs, his educational background, his le vel of
understanding and also on the number of worker representatives in the Board.
Workers Owne rship of Enterprise: Social self- management in Yugoslavia is an example

of complete control of management by workers through an elected board and workers
council. Even in such a system, there exist two distinct managerial and operative functions
with different sets of persons to perform them. Though workers have the option to
influence all the decisions taken at the top level, in actual practice, the board and the top
management team assume a fairly independent role in taking major policy decisions for
the enterprises, especially in economic matters.
Levels of Participation
Workers‟ participation is possible at all levels of management; the only difference is that of
degree and nature of application. For instance, it may be vigorous at lower level and faint at top
level. Broadly speaking there is following five levels of participation:
1. Information participation: It ensures that employees are able to receive information and
express their views pertaining to the matters of general economic importance.
2. Cons ultative participation: Here works are consulted on the matters of employee welfare
such as work, safety and health. However, final decision always rests at the option of
management and employees‟ views are only of advisory nature.
3. Associative participation: It is extension of consultative participation as management here is

under moral obligation to accept and implement the unanimous decisions of emp loyees.
4. Administrative participation: It ensure greater share of works in discharge of managerial

functions. Here, decision already taken by the management come to employees, preferably with
alternatives for administration and employees have to select the best from those for
implementation.
5. Decisive participation: Highest level of participation where decisions are jointly taken on the
matters relation to production, welfare etc. is called decisive participation.
78
14
3. During one week the workman x manufactured 200 units. He received wages for a guaranteed 44
hours a week at the rate of Rs.1.50/hour. The time allotted to produce 1 unit is 18 minutes.
Calculate his gross wages under each of the methods:
(a) Time rate
(b) Piece rate
(c) Halsey Premium plan
(d) Rowan Premium plan. 14
SECTION-B
Job Analysis at Universal Manufactures
Universal Manufactures, was to recruit a large part of its workforce for its various operations. The
organization was established by Ashutosh Ghosh and Avinash Chopra. While Ghosh was an engineering
graduate, Chopra had a rich experience of handling various operations in different companies. Universal
needed highly talented people at all the levels of the organization structure.
The hired an external human resource consultant, Aparna Rao for this purpose, who suggested a
detailed job analysis in the firm to study manpower requirements “This would not only help select the
right people for the jobs but will also provide important clues to design the compensation package for
each job position in the organization” said Rao.
Rao appointed two-member team to study the important tasks and responsibilities associated with
each job position at universal. They analyzed the qualifications, skills, and abilities that each job holder
should possess so that the company could gain optimum advantage of its manpower deployment. The
team with help of Ghosh (who had a wide range of technical qualification and experience), determined
the Key Result Area (KRAS) for all the jobs in organization. The KRAs helped in determining the
important responsibilities and deliverables of a job holder. This in turn, helped in determining the
competencies required in each job. After a detailed study of the findings of the team, Rao prepared the job
description and job specification for each job activity.
Bases on the levels of the vacant positions in the organizational hierarchy, Rao used various
sources of recruitment like newspaper advertisement, campus recruitment etc. to select people for
different opening. Universal received a good response from qualified people. Rao also used the findings
of the job analysis to design the compensation plan for the various sources of recruitment like newspaper
advertisement, campus recruitment etc. to select people for different opening. Universal received a good
response from qualified people. Rao also used the finding of the job analysis to design the compensation
plan for the various positions in the firm. Rao used the finding of the job analysis for various other
purposes as well.
Thus, universal was benefited by the process of job analysis in more than one
way. Therefore, job analysis continued to remain an on-going process at universal, which had to
constantly keep changing with the changes in the external environment.
Questions:
(i) Universal introduced a systematic job analysis process on the advice of Aparna Rao. Briefly
describe the various elements and stages involves in the process of job analysis.
(ii) The results of job analysis were used to determine the selection criteria for candidates and also to
design the compensation plan. How important is the job analysis for any organization.
80
Multiple Choice Questions

Q.1 is the process of managing people in organizations in a
structured and thorough manner:
(a) Human Resource Planning
(b) Human Resource Management
(c) Human Resource Development
(d) All of the above.
Q.2 is viewed as process by which an organization should move from its current
manpower position to its desired manpower position.
(a) Human Resource Planning
(b) Human Resource Management
(c) Human Resource Development
Q.3 Under this method of demand forecasting, the supervisors and the management sit together and
projections are made after joint consultations. This method is known as:
(a) Top Down Approach
(b) Bottom Up Approach
(c) Managerial Judgment.
(d) Participative Approach
Q.4 is the formal process of identifying the content of a job in terms activities involved
and attributes needed to perform the work and identifies major job requirements.
(a) Job Analysis
(b) Job Design
(c) Job Specification
(d) None of the above.

Q.5 is a list of job‟s duties, responsibilities, reporting relationships, working

(a) Job Specification
(b) Job Analysis
(c) Job Description
Q.6 is a list of job‟s “human requirements,” that is requisite education, skills,

(a) Job Specification
(b) Job Analysis
(c) Job Description

Q.7 In this method, the details of job are obtained by the supervisors who possess extensive knowledge
about a job.
(a) Diary Method
(b) Technical Conference Method
(c) Observation Method
Q.8 The essential characteristics of Total Quality Management (TQM) comprises of :
(a) Creation of common company theme;
(b) Creation of a customer centric mentality;
(c) Improvement becoming part of the job;
Q.9 It is a learning process that involves the acquisition of knowledge, sharpening of skills,
concepts, rules, or changing of attitudes and behaviors to enhance the performance of employees.
(a) Development
(b) Coaching
(c) Training
82
Q.10 Under this method of performance appraisal a senior member of the HR department or a
training officer discusses and interviews the supervisors to evaluate and rate their respective
subordinates. This method is called:
(a) Paired Comparison
(b) Field Review
(c) Critical Incident

Q.11 Which of the following is not a type of performance appraisal?

(a) Team Based Appraisal
(b) Appraisal of Managers
(c) Customer Appraisals

(d) 45 Degree Appraisal
Q.12 What is meant by RPO?

(a) Recruitment Process Outsourcing
(b) Retirement Process Outsourcing
(c) Recruitment Process Output

(d) Recruitment Procedure Outsourcing.
Answers: 1(b), 2(a), 3(d), 4(a), 5(c), 6(a), 7(b), 8(d), 9(c), 10(b), 11(d), 12(a).

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Biyani's Think Tank

Concept based notes

Human Resource Management

Concept & Copyright :

First Edition : 2011

Leaser Type Setted by :

Biyani College Printing Department

I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various educational

S.No Title of Chapter

1 Human Resource Management: An Introduction

2 Job Design and Job Analysis

3 Training and Development

4 Performance Measurement and Performance

5 Leadership and Grievance

8 Key Terms & Terminologies

To become a successful manager of people, students need to understand behavior of human

Training, Training phases, Need Assessment, Establishment, Establishment of Training

Employee compensation-purpose and importance, components. non monetary rewards, workers

Case and Problems

Q.1 What is Human Resource Management?

2.Each individual is different from culture, education, environment, background etc

3. We can‟t purchase the loyalty, dedication, devotion towards the organization.

Q .2 Explain the difference between Personnel Management and HRM?

Dimensions Personnel Management HRM

8. Key relations Labor management Customer

Q. 3 Discuss the nature and scope of HRM?

2. HRM involves acquisitioning, developing, maintaining

3. Decisions relating to employees must be integrated.

4. Decisions made must influence the effectiveness of an organization.

5. HRM functions are confirmed to Non-business organization also.

Q. 4 What is the significance of Human Resource Development(HRD)?

 Growth of organization: Growth of organization is associated with the development of its

Components of Human Resource Planning comprises:

Estimating Manpower Requirement

Q.6 Discuss the process of Human Resource Planning.

existing employees may retire, resign or get promoted

Q.1 What is JOB ANALYSIS?

 The process of job analysis results in two set of data:

Q. 2 What is Job description?

 Job Title: Clarifies the position, rank or level (if applicable).

 Hazards : The hazards involved in performing the job is also included in it

Q.3 What is Job specification?

Stability, industrious, loyalty, self reliance, leadership.

 Degree of emotional immaturity:

• Unwillingness to accept responsibility

Q.4 Explain the types of information to be collected by job analysis?

 Machines, tools ,equipment and work aids used:

• Computers (hardware and software)

• Safety equipment(goggles and gloves)

• Office tools (phones, fax and books)

Types of information to be collected by job analysis:

• Incentives (financial and non financial)

• Personal attributes(such as aptitudes, physical characteristics, personality, interests required)

Job analysis and competitive advantage

 Laying the foundation for employee hiring.

 Laying the foundation for training and development.

 Laying the foundation for performance appraisal.

 Laying the foundation for salary and wage fixation

 Laying the foundation for safety and wealth

Q.5 Explain the process of job analysis?