ASTM D6816-11 (Reapproved 2016)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organiziation Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6816 11 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Practice for

Determining Low-Temperature Performance Grade (PG) of
Asphalt Binders1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6816; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope NOTE 1The algorithms contained in this standard require implemen-

tation by a person trained in the subject of numerical methods and
1.1 This practice covers the calculation of low-temperature viscoelasticity. However, due to the complexity of the calculations they
properties of asphalt binders using data from the bending beam must, of necessity, be performed on a computer. Software to perform the
rheometer (see Test Method D6648) (BBR) and the direct calculation may be written, purchased as a spreadsheet, or as a stand-alone
tension tester (see Test Method D6723) (DTT). It can be used program.2
on data from unaged material or from material aged using Test 2. Referenced Documents
Method D2872 (RTFOT), Practice D6521 (PAV), or Test
Method D2872 (RTFOT) and Practice D6521 (PAV). It can be 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
used on data generated within the temperature range from C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
+6 C to 36 C. This practice generates data suitable for use in for Test Methods for Construction Materials
binder specifications such as Specification D6373. D8 Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pave-
ments
1.2 This practice is only valid for data on materials that fall D2872 Test Method for Effect of Heat and Air on a Moving
within the scope of suitability for both Test Method D6648 and Film of Asphalt (Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test)
Test Method D6723. D6373 Specification for Performance Graded Asphalt
1.3 This practice can be used to determine the following: Binder
1.3.1 Critical cracking temperature of an asphalt binder, and D6521 Practice for Accelerated Aging of Asphalt Binder
1.3.2 Whether or not the failure stress exceeds the thermal Using a Pressurized Aging Vessel (PAV)
stress in a binder at a given temperature. D6648 Test Method for Determining the Flexural Creep
Stiffness of Asphalt Binder Using the Bending Beam
1.4 This practice determines the critical cracking tempera-
Rheometer (BBR)
ture for a typical asphalt binder based on the determination of
D6723 Test Method for Determining the Fracture Properties
the temperature where the asphalt binders strength equals its
of Asphalt Binder in Direct Tension (DT)
thermal stress as calculated by this practice. The temperature so
determined is intended to yield a low temperature PG Grade of 3. Terminology
the sample being tested. The low temperature PG grade is
3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of general terms used in this
intended for use in purchase specifications and is not intended
standard, refer to Terminology D8.
to be a performance prediction of the HMA (Hot Mix Asphalt)
in which the asphalt binder is used. 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 Arrhenius parameter, a1, nthis is the constant coef-
1.5 The development of this standard was based on SI units.
ficient in the Arrhenius model for shift factors: ln(aT) =
In cases where units have been omitted, SI units are implied.
a1((1/T) (1/Tref)).
1.6 This standard may involve hazardous materials,
3.2.2 coeffcient of linear thermal expansion, , nthe
operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
fractional change in size in one dimension associated with a
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
temperature increase of 1 C.
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
2
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. The sole source of supply of the software package TSAR known to the
committee at this time is Abatech, Incorporated. If you are aware of alternative
suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.44 on technical committee1, which you may attend.
3
Rheological Tests. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2016. Published December 2016. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D6816 11. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
10.1520/D6816-11R16. the ASTM website.
Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 26 00:21:33 EST 2016
1
Downloaded/printed by
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D6816 11 (2016)
3.2.3 creep compliance, D(T,t), nthe reciprocal of the 3.2.12 relaxation modulus, E(T,t), nthe modulus of a
stiffness of a material, 1/S(T,t), at temperature T and time t, material determined using a strain-controlled (relaxation) ex-
which may also be expressed using reduced time, , as periment at temperature T and time t, which may also be
D(Tref,). expressed using reduced time as E(Tref,).
3.2.4 critical cracking temperature, Tcr, nthe temperature, 3.2.13 shift factor, aT, nthe shift in the time or frequency
estimated using this practice, at which the induced thermal domain associated with a shift from temperature T to the
stress in a material exceeds its fracture stress; the critical reference, Tref.
cracking temperature is a single event cracking limit predic- 3.2.14 stiffness modulus, S(T,t), nthe modulus (stress/
tion which does not include the effect of low temperature strain) of a material at temperature T and time t, which may
thermal fatigue. also be expressed using reduced time as S(Tref,).
3.2.5 failure stress, f, nthe tensile stress value at the point 3.2.15 specification temperature, Tspec, nthe specified
of failure obtained from Test Method D6723. low-temperature grade of the binder being verified.
3.2.6 glassy modulus, nthe modulus at which the binder
exhibits glass-like behavior, which is assumed to be equal to 4. Summary of Practice
3 109 Pa. 4.1 This practice describes the procedure used to calculate
3.2.7 induced thermal stress, th, nthe stress induced in a the relaxation modulus master curve and subsequently the
material by cooling it while it is restrained so that it cannot thermally induced stress curve for an asphalt binder from data
contract. generated on the BBR.
3.2.8 master curve, na composite curve at a single refer- 4.2 The stiffness master curve is calculated from the stiff-
ence temperature, Tref, which can be constructed by shifting, ness versus time data measured in the BBR at two tempera-
along the log time or log frequency axis, a series of overlap- tures. The fitting procedure follows Christensen-Anderson-
ping modulus data curves at various test temperatures; the Marasteanu (CAM) rheological model for asphalt binder. The
modulus data curve at the reference temperature is not shifted; stiffness master curve is then converted to the creep compli-
the shifted smooth curve is called the master curve at the ance curve by taking its inverse.
reference temperature.
4.3 The creep compliance is converted to relaxation modu-
3.2.9 pavement constant, C, na constant factor that serves lus using the Hopkins and Hamming method (3), which is fitted
as a damage transfer function to convert the thermal stresses to the CAM model. The Hopkins and Hamming method is a
calculated from laboratory data to the thermal stresses gener- numerical solution of the convolution integral.
ated in the pavement. The damage transfer function is needed
to account for the differences in the strain rates experienced by 4.4 The thermally induced stress is calculated by numeri-
the distribution of binder films in the pavement and the bulk cally solving the convolution integral.
strain rate used in the Test Method D6723 DTT test. Full 4.5 The thermal stress calculations are based on Boltz-
details on the determination of the pavement constant may be manns Superposition Principle for linear viscoelastic materi-
found in Refs (1)4 and (2), copies of which are on file at ASTM als. The calculated thermally induced stress is then multiplied
International. After extensive analysis, the most appropriate by the Pavement Constant to predict the thermal stress pro-
pavement constant was determined to be 18. The pavement duced in the hot-mix asphalt pavement. A value of 18 (eigh-
constant of 18 is based on the most current available pavement teen) is used for the Pavement Constant.
performance data. The Federal Highway Administration 4.6 The calculated thermal stress is then compared to the
(FHWA) and the Transportation Research Board (TRB) Binder failure stress from DTT to determine the critical cracking
Expert Task Group (ETG) continue to collect and analyze field temperature of the pavement.
performance data. In the future, based on these analyses, the
pavement constant will be adjusted as appropriate. The pave-
5. Significance and Use
ment constant is an empirical factor required to relate binder
thermal stress to the pavement thermal stress. 5.1 Estimated critical cracking temperature, as determined
by this practice, is a criterion for specifying the low-
NOTE 2Research suggests that changing the pavement constant from
temperature properties of asphalt binder in accordance with
16 to 24 results in a 2 to 4 C change in the critical cracking temperature,
which is less than one low temperature grade interval (6 C). Specification D6373.
3.2.10 reduced time, , nthe computed loading time at the 5.2 This practice is designed to identify the temperature
reference temperature, Tref, equivalent to actual loading at region where the induced thermal stress in a typical HMA
temperature T, which is determined by dividing actual loading subjected to rapid cooling (1 C h) exceeds the fracture stress
time, t, at temperature T, by the shift factor, aT, = t/aT. of the HMA.
3.2.11 reference temperature, Tref, nthe temperature at 5.3 For evaluating an asphalt binder for conformance to
which the master curve is constructed. Specification D6373, the test temperature for the BBR and
DTT data is selected from Table 1 of Specification D6373
according to the grade of asphalt binder.
4
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of NOTE 3Other rates of elongation and test temperatures may be used
this standard. to test asphalt binders for research purposes.
2
D6816 11 (2016)
6. Methodology and Required Data t dt'
~t! 5 * 0 aT
(3)
6.1 This practice uses data from both BBR and DTT
measurements on an asphalt binder. When T is constant with time, this reduces to the following
6.1.1 The DTT data required is stress at failure obtained by equation:
testing at a strain rate of 3 % min. For continuous grade and t
PG grade determination, DTT results are required at a mini- ~t! 5 (4)
aT
mum of two test temperatures. The DTT tests shall be
conducted at Specification D6373 specification test tempera- 7.1.6 For all 12 values S(T,t) obtained then becomes
tures at the 6 C increments that represent the low temperature S(Tref,) with time being replaced by reduced time.
binder grade. For pass-fail determination, DTT results are 7.1.7 The values are fitted to the Christensen-Anderson-
required at a single temperature that is the low temperature Marasteanu (CAM) (5) model for asphalt master curves in the
grade plus 10 C. following equation:
6.1.2 Two BBR data sets at two different temperatures are
required with deflection measurements at 8, 15, 30, 60, 120, S ~ T ref, ! 5 S glassy 11 F S DG

2/
(5)
and 240 s. The BBR test temperatures T and T minus 6 C
(T 6) are selected such that S(T, 60) < 300 MPa and S(T 6, where:
60) > 300 MPa. T shall be one of the Specification D6373 Sglassy = the assumed glassy modulus for the binder: Sglassy =
specification test temperatures at the 6 C increments that 3 109 Pa.
represent the low temperature binder grade. 7.1.8 Fit the resulting master curve data to this equation
using a nonlinear least squares fitting method to achieve a root
7. Calculations mean square error, rms(%), of less than or equal to 1.25 %.
7.1 Calculation of the Stiffness Master Curve: Appendix X1 contains an example calculation of this error
7.1.1 BBR Compliance DataD(T, t) = compliance at time criterion.
t and temperature T D(T, 8), D(T, 15), D(T, 30), D(T, 60), 7.2 Convert Stiffness Master Curve to Tensile Relaxation
D(T, 120), D(T, 240), D(T 6, 8), D(T 6, 15), D(T 6, 30), Modulus Master Curve:
D(T 6, 60), D(T 6, 120), D(T 6, 240). 7.2.1 Use Hopkins and Hammings method to convert creep
7.1.2 BBR Stiffness Data is calculated as S(T, t) = 1/D(T, t) compliance values D(Tref,) = 1 S(Tref,) to relaxation modulus
7.1.3 Let the shift factor at the reference temperature aT = 1. E(Tref,).
Determine aT 6, the shift factor for the data at temperature
T 6 C, numerically using Gordon and Shaws method to NOTE 6This procedure is described in Ref (3).
produce master curves. The reference temperature shall be the 7.2.2 The glassy modulus value of 3 109 Pa shall be
higher of the two test temperatures. The linear coefficient of adopted in the analysis for S(Tref, 1 108 s) = E(Tref, 1 108
thermal expansion, above and below the glass transition s). Calculate relaxation modulus data points using the follow-
temperature, shall be 0.00017 m/m/C. The glass transition ing iterative formula from t = 1 108 to t = 1 107 s with
temperature is taken as 20 C. intervals of 4 points per decade1.000, 1.778, 3.162 and 5.623
NOTE 4This procedure is described in Gordon and Shaw (4)the (100.0, 100.25, 100.5, 100.75).
( ES t 1 2 D @~t
master curve procedure is the SHIFTT routine found in Chapter 5. The n21
1
value of 20 C is used for the glass transition temperature but has no t n11 2 i n11 2 t i ! 2 ~ t n11 2 t i11 ! #
i50
effect on the calculation as the linear expansion coefficient is assumed to E ~ t n1 1 ! 5
be the same either side of this temperature. Although a constant value of 2 ~ t n11 2 t n !
the linear coefficient of thermal expansion alpha is assumed, asphalt (6)
binders may have variable values of alpha. The alpha for mixes, however,
has been shown by various researchers to be approximately constant and where,
does not vary with asphalt binders.
1
7.1.4 From aT-6 calculate the Arrhenius parameter from the ~ t n11 ! 5 ~ t n ! 1 @ D ~ t n11 ! 1D ~ t n ! #@ t n11 2 t n # (7)
2
following equations:
Use the same time intervals as above and use (t0) = 0. A
ln~ a T26 ! 5 a 1 S~ 1
2
1
T ref 2 6 ! T ref D (1) cubic spline has been found to be suitable for interpolation.
7.2.3 Fit the relaxation modulus values to the CAM as
ln~ a T26 ! described in 7.1.7 and 7.1.8.
S D
a1 5 (2)
1
7.3 Calculation of Thermal Stress:
1
~ T ref 2 6 ! 2 T NOTE 7The calculation of thermal stress is performed using three
ref
NOTE 5The Gordon/Shaw method uses a shift factor (aT) in the form procedures: stress generation, stress relaxation, and stress summation.
of a base 10 log (log10). However, this specification is based on the natural Stress calculations are based on Boltzmanns Superposition Principle for
log (ln or loge). linear viscoelastic materials.
7.1.5 Reduced time, , for data at temperature T, is deter- 7.3.1 Stress Generation:
mined by integrating the reciprocal of the shift factor with 7.3.1.1 Use the following constants:
respect to time in the following equation: (a) Starting temperature 0 C,
3
D6816 11 (2016)
(b) End temperature 45 C, 7.3.1.5 The reduced time at time t from the start of the
(c) Increment 0.2 C, increment is then given by:
(d) Coefficient of linear thermal expansion, = 1.7 104
m/m/C,
(e) t = 720 s,
~t! 5 S D 1
b1
ln~ b 0 1b 1 t ! (17)
(f) Strain per increment, = Ti = 3.4 104 m/m, and 7.3.1.6 Calculate the average modulus for the increment.
(g) Strain rate = 4.72 108 m/m/s. (1) Calculate tiN for i = 0 to 2n as t0N = 0; t2iN =2(i/N-1) t
7.3.1.2 For the Nth increment the initial temperature shall be and t2I-1N = (t2i+t2i-2))/2 for i = 1 to n.
TN = 0.2(N 1). (2) The reduced time at each point is then:
7.3.1.3 Divide each increment N into sub-steps. 1
(1) Use n sub-steps where n = 20 0.048(N 1) truncated ~ t iN ! 5 1n ~ b 0 1b 1 t iN ! (18)
b1
to an integer. The number of sub-steps n varies from 20 (3) The relaxation modulus at each point is then given by
sub-steps at 0 C to 9 sub-steps at 45 C. the CAM fitted master curve:
(2) Divide the increment logarithmically so that each
sub-step is twice the size of the previous one. This defines
n + 1 points in the increment.
F S DG
E ~ iN ! 5 E glassy 1 1
iN

2/
(19)
(4) Finally, the average relaxation modulus for the incre-
NOTE 8For example, with 9 sub-steps, the 10 points are t0, t0 + t/ ment is given by the numerical sum:
255, t0 + 2t/255, t0 + 4t/255, t0 + 8t/255, t0 + 16t/255, t0 + 32t/ n
255, t0 + 64t/255, t0 + 128t/255, and t0 + t.
(3) Define the midpoint of each sub-step as the arithmetic 5
( @~E
i51
2i22 14E 2i21 1E 2i !~ t 2i 2 t 2i22 ! #
E (20)
midpoint. This defines additional n points. ~ 6t !
(4) The endpoints and midpoints of the sub-steps now
7.3.1.7 The generated stress at increment N, strN, is deter-
define 2n + 1 points in the increment. Define TiN and tiN for
mined as follows:
i = 0 to 2n as the temperature and time, respectively, at each of
these points in order. N
str n 5 E
5E n T (21)
7.3.1.4 For each increment calculate the shift factor aTi as 7.3.1.8 This cycle is repeated for all increments.
follows: 7.3.2 Stress Relaxation:
(1) Calculate the second-order gauss-points as follows: 7.3.2.1 The stress relaxation of the stress generated in each
t p1 5 t
S= D 121
3
(8)
individual strain increment N is modeled.
7.3.2.2 The stress relaxation is approximated by evaluating
the equation, as follows:
2
t p2 5 t
S= D111
3
(9)
~ t ! 5 E @ ~ t ! 2 #
7.3.2.3 The first operation in the stress relaxation calcula-

(22)
2 tion is to obtain the correction term in Eq 22.

(2) Denote the temperatures at these points as Tp1 and Tp2 7.3.2.4 This correction term is the difference between
where: (t), the reduced time at the cessation of increment strain, and
m, the reduced time at which the increment strain multiplied
T p1 5 T N 1T
S= D121
3
(10)
by relaxation modulus equals the stress generated in the initial
time step of the strain increment N. This is shown by the
2 following equation:
T p2 5 T N 1T
S= D 111
3
(11)
5 ~ t ! 2 m
7.3.2.5 The value of is calculated immediately after the

(23)
2
(3) The shift factors at these points are then: numerical quadrature defined by Eq 20 has been carried out, by
storing temporarily the E and values needed to estimate the
a T p1 5 e S a 1 S T p1 2 T ref DD
1 1
(12) integral. Interpolating in these values for the reduced time m at
which E[m] equals the value of the integral yields the amount
a T p2 5 e S a 1 S DD
1 1
2
T p2 T ref (13)
of reduced time to be carried forward to the relaxation time
(4) The shift factor for the increment is then approximated steps, and accounts for the term .
by:
7.3.2.6 The increase in reduced time during each relaxation
a T 5 b 0 1b 1 t (14) time step is found using the same linearization of aT versus t as
where: described previously for the stress-generating time step of the
strain increment.
~aT p2
2 a T p1 !
b1 5 (15) NOTE 9in order to use Eq 17, the linearization is calculated afresh for
~ t p2 2 t p1 !
each time step, as specified by Eq 8-16.
and,
7.3.2.7 The increase of reduced time during a time step is
b 0 5 a T p1 2 t p1 b 1 (16) calculated with Eq 17 and added to the reduced time brought
4
D6816 11 (2016)
forward from the previous time step. The resulting reduced tion temperature of the binder. The thermal stress at the
time is substituted in the CAM equation and the modulus specification temperature shall be determined as follows.
obtained is multiplied by the increment strain to obtain the 9.3.1 Execute the procedure given in Section 7 using BBR
relaxed stress at the end of the time step. data at both test temperatures.
7.3.3 Stress Summation: 9.3.2 Determine the failure stress using the DTT at a test
7.3.3.1 The generated stress for interval N is summed with temperature that is 10 C higher than the specification
the stress relaxation from all the preceding intervals. temperature, Tspec + 10 C.
N21 9.3.3 Compare the failure stress from DTT to the calculated
N
N 5 str 1 (
i21
i,N
rel (24) thermally induced stress at the specification temperature, Tspec.
If the failure stress exceeds the thermally induced stress, the
7.3.3.2 These calculations yield the calculated binder ther- asphalt binder shall be deemed a PASS at the specification
mal stress at temperatures from 0 C to 45 C, at 0.2 C temperature. If the failure stress does not exceed the thermally
increments. induced stress, the asphalt binder shall be deemed a FAIL at
7.3.3.3 The stress resulting from the calculation is multi- the specification temperature.
plied by a constant of 18 to yield the thermally induced stress
to which all comparisons shall be made in subsequent sections 10. Report
of this practice. The generated stress in the pavement for 10.1 Report the following information:
interval n is summed with the stress relaxation from all the 10.1.1 Sample identification,
preceding intervals as described in 7.3.3. 10.1.2 Identifying information for the BBR and DTT data
S n
~ n ! pavement 5 str
N21
1 ( rel
i,n
i21
C D (25)
sets used,
10.1.3 Date and time of calculations,
10.1.4 Pavement Constant, C,
8. Critical Cracking Temperature Determination of an 10.1.5 The rms(%) error as defined in Appendix X1,
Asphalt Binder 10.1.6 Low temperature grade being determined,
8.1 Grading of an asphalt binder requires BBR data at two 10.1.7 Estimated thermal stress at this temperature,
test temperatures and DTT data at a minimum of two test 10.1.8 DTT failure stress to the nearest 0.01 MPa,
temperatures. 10.1.9 Whether the comparison of these two values results
NOTE 10The temperatures to be selected for the DTT tests may not be in a PASS or a FAIL,
consistent with the BBR test temperatures as defined in 6.1.2 and 10.1.10 If determined, the estimated critical cracking tem-
additional tests may be required. The example given in Appendix X2 perature to the nearest 0.1 C.
requires that one of the DTT test temperatures be lower than that used for
the BBR tests.
11. Precision and Bias
8.2 Using a linear relationship between the DTT test results,
determine the intercept with the thermally induced stress curve 11.1 PrecisionThe precision of this practice depends on
using linear interpolation. The intercept, rounded to the nearest the precision of Test Method D6648 and Test Method D6723.
0.1 degree, shall be reported as the estimated critical cracking A multi-laboratory (nine laboratories) round robin was con-
temperature, Tcr. ducted to determine the reproducibility of the critical cracking
temperatures determined using this practice. The results of this
8.3 In the case of no intercept being determined, additional round robin may be considered preliminary, as the require-
DTT tests shall be performed at 6 C increments higher or ments of Practice C670 were not followed in experiment
lower in temperature as appropriate until an intercept is design or data analysis from this round robin (see Table 1).
determined as described in 8.2.
11.2 BiasThere are no acceptable reference values for the
8.4 The grades that the low temperature grade meets are properties determined in this test method so bias for this test
evaluated by comparing the Tcr value to the 6 C temperature method cannot be determined.
grade intervals given in Specification D6373. The grades met
are those which have a higher temperature than Tcr. 12. Keywords
NOTE 11For example, if a binder has a Tcr value of 24.5 C it meets
the specification at 22, 16, and 10. 12.1 asphalt binder; bending beam rheometer; critical crack-
ing temperature; direct tension; failure; failure stress; fracture;
9. Pass-Fail Determination for the PG Grade of an thermal cracking; thermally induced stress
Asphalt Binder
9.1 This section describes the testing and analysis required
for pass-fail determination of an already known PG grade of an TABLE 1 Results of Round Robin Conducted to Determine the
asphalt binder at a specified low temperature grade, Tspec. Reproducibility of the Critical Cracking TemperatureA
Acceptable Range
9.2 Pass-fail determination of an asphalt binder PG grade Asphalt Critical Cracking Standard
of Test Results,
Binder Temperature, C Deviation, C
requires BBR data at two test temperatures and DTT data at C
one test temperature. AUnmodified 31.9 0.8 2.26
BModified 29.9 0.3 0.85
9.3 To pass at the specification temperature, the failure A
Nine laboratories participated.
stress shall be greater than the thermal stress at the specifica-
5
D6816 11 (2016)
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. EXAMPLE OF RMS CALCULATION
X1.1 In this example, a binder is being evaluated for a TABLE X1.3 CAM Model Parameters Obtained by Fitting the
PGXX-34 grade. Two BBR data sets are collected according to Master Curve (Table X1.2) to the CAM Model
the prescribed method. The data collected is as follows in Table CAM fit to S(t) master curve
X1.1: 35.04887058
0.176793727
0.581197694
TABLE X1.1 BBR Data Required to Determine the Critical
Cracking Temperature of a PG XX-34 Asphalt BinderA
t, s T = 24 C T = 30 C X1.3 The relative error is determined by the following
8 456 760 equation:
15 390 670
30 321 581 ~ S ~ t ! 2 S ~ t ! fitted!
Error 5 (X1.1)
60 262 493 S~t!
120 211 412
240 168 338 X1.4 The square of the relative error is determined. These
A
At t = 60 s the stiffness conforms to the 300 MPa criteria specified in 6.1.2. values for this data set are given in Table X1.4.
TABLE X1.4 Error Estimates Obtained During the Fitting of the

CAM Model to Data from Table X1.2
X1.2 The data is shifted to obtain a master curve in
Relative Error Square of
accordance with Section 7. The results are as follows in Table of S(t) Relative Error
X1.2: -0.002772373 7.68605E-06
-0.001410309 1.98897E-06
0.007385997 5.4553E-05
TABLE X1.2 Shifted BBR Master Curve Data Obtained Using 0.006241641 3.89581E-05
Time-Temperature Superposition Method Applied to Data in Table 0.001879213 3.53144E-06
X1.1 -0.008819693 7.7787E-05
S(t) Mastercurve points by determined by non-linear fit -0.006571192 4.31806E-05
0.001067507 1.13957E-06
t, s S(t), MPa CAM fit S(t) -0.001142296 1.30484E-06
0.746762829 777.956079 780.1128634 0.000589305 3.4728E-07
1.400180304 685.8297012 686.7969332 0.0012365 1.52893E-06
2.800360608 594.7269499 590.3342984 0.002663312 7.09323E-06
5.600721215 504.6478249 501.4979943
11.20144243 421.7340849 420.9415568
22.40288486 345.9857299 349.0372177
8 456 458.9964638
X1.5 The sum of the square of the relative error (SSRE) is
15 390 389.5836724 computed and from this the rms(%) is determined in the
30 321 321.3666772 following equation:
60 262 261.8456021
120
240
211
168
210.7390985
167.5525635
rms~ % ! 5 100 SSRE
12
(X1.2)
X1.5.1 For the data in this example the computed rms(%) is

X1.2.1 In Table X1.2 the fit was obtained using computer 0.45 %. This fit of the master curve is illustrated in Fig. X1.1.
software. The CAM fit parameters, for this example, are as The rms% shall be less than or equal to 1.25 % for the data set
follows in Table X1.3: to be deemed acceptable.
6
D6816 11 (2016)
FIG. X1.1 Plot of CAM Model Fitted to the Shifted Master Curve in
Table X1.2
X2. EXAMPLE OF RESULTS FOR THE EXAMPLE DATA SET
X2.1 In addition to BBR data sets the DTT testing was X2.3 At 34 C (the grade for which this binder would be
performed at two temperatures. This data is as follows in Table evaluated) report:
X2.1: X2.3.1 The sample ID.
X2.3.2 The BBR and DTT data sets as given in Appendix
TABLE X2.1 Binder Strength Data from the DTT at Two Test X2.
Temperatures
X2.3.3 The date and time of the calculations.
Temperature, C DTT Failure Stress, MPa
24 5.713 X2.3.4 The rms(%) error as 0.45 %.
30 3.238 X2.3.5 The grade being determined as PGXX-34.
X2.3.6 The estimated stress at 34 C as 3.88 MPa.
X2.3.7 The DTT failure stress at 34 C as 5.71 MPa.
X2.2 The graph obtained from the stress calculation is
plotted below with the DTT test points. Using linear interpo- X2.3.8 The result is a PASS.
lation the intersection is determined to be 35.7 C. X2.3.9 The critical cracking temperature is 35.7 C.
7
D6816 11 (2016)
FIG. X2.1 Graphical Illustration of the Procedure Used to Calcu-

late the Critical Cracking Temperature
REFERENCES
(1) Bouldin, M. G., Dongr, R., Sharrock, M. J., Dunn, L., Anderson, D. (4) Gordon, G. V. and Shaw, M. T., Superposition of Linear Properties,
A., Marasteanu, M. O., Rowe, G. M., Zanzotto, L., and Kluttz, R. Q., chap. 5 in Computer Programs for Rheologists, Hanser Gardner
Report for the FHWA Binder ETG, A Comprehensive Evaluation of Publications, Cincinnati, OH, 1994.
the Binders and Mixtures Placed on the Lamont Test Sections, (5) Marasteanu, M. O., Anderson, D. A., Improved Model for Bitumen
Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 1999. Rheological Characterization, Eurobitume Workshop on
(2) Dongr, R., Bouldin, M. G., Anderson, D. A., Reinke, G. H., Performance-Related Properties for Bituminous Binders, paper no.
DAngelo J., Kluttz, R. Q., and Zanzotto, L., Report for the FHWA 133, Luxembourg, 1999.
Binder ETG, Overview of the Development of the New Low- (6) Rowe, G. M., Sharrock, M. J, Bouldin, M. G., and Dongr, R.,
Temperature Binder Specification, Federal Highway Administration, Advanced Techniques to Develop Master Curves from the Bending
Washington, DC, 1999.
Beam Rheometer, The Asphalt Yearbook 2000, Institute of Asphalt
(3) Hopkins, L. L., and Hamming, R. W., On Creep and Relaxation,
Technology, Stanwell, Middlesex, England, 2000, pp. 21-26.
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol 28, No. 8, 1957, pp. 906909.
8
D6816 11 (2016)
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

Designation: D6816 11 (Reapproved 2016)

Standard Practice for

1. Scope NOTE 1The algorithms contained in this standard require implemen-

7.3.2.3 The first operation in the stress relaxation calcula-

2 tion is to obtain the correction term in Eq 22.

7.3.2.5 The value of is calculated immediately after the

X1. EXAMPLE OF RMS CALCULATION

TABLE X1.4 Error Estimates Obtained During the Fitting of the

X1.5.1 For the data in this example the computed rms(%) is

X2. EXAMPLE OF RESULTS FOR THE EXAMPLE DATA SET

FIG. X2.1 Graphical Illustration of the Procedure Used to Calcu-

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