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    Basic Properties: Circuit Description

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    karen jay cabinalan
    1. A superheterodyne receiver converts a received radio signal to a fixed intermediate frequency (IF) for easier processing than the original carrier frequency through frequency mixing. 2. It uses an antenna to receive the signal which is then amplified and tuned through RF and local oscillator stages before being mixed, producing the IF signal. 3. DSB-SC transmission suppresses the carrier level to reduce power waste, distributing power between the sidebands to increase coverage compared to AM with the same power. It is used for radio data systems.

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    Basic Properties: Circuit Description

    Uploaded by

    karen jay cabinalan
    23 views4 pages
    1. A superheterodyne receiver converts a received radio signal to a fixed intermediate frequency (IF) for easier processing than the original carrier frequency through frequency mixing. 2. It uses an antenna to receive the signal which is then amplified and tuned through RF and local oscillator stages before being mixed, producing the IF signal. 3. DSB-SC transmission suppresses the carrier level to reduce power waste, distributing power between the sidebands to increase coverage compared to AM with the same power. It is used for radio data systems.

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    1. A superheterodyne receiver converts a received radio signal to a fixed intermediate frequency (IF) for easier processing than the original carrier frequency through frequency mixing. 2. It uses an antenna to receive the signal which is then amplified and tuned through RF and local oscillator stages before being mixed, producing the IF signal. 3. DSB-SC transmission suppresses the carrier level to reduce power waste, distributing power between the sidebands to increase coverage compared to AM with the same power. It is used for radio data systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    23 views4 pages

    Basic Properties: Circuit Description

    Uploaded by

    karen jay cabinalan
    1. A superheterodyne receiver converts a received radio signal to a fixed intermediate frequency (IF) for easier processing than the original carrier frequency through frequency mixing. 2. It uses an antenna to receive the signal which is then amplified and tuned through RF and local oscillator stages before being mixed, producing the IF signal. 3. DSB-SC transmission suppresses the carrier level to reduce power waste, distributing power between the sidebands to increase coverage compared to AM with the same power. It is used for radio data systems.

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    A superheterodyne receiver (often shortened to superhet) is a type of radio receiver that

    uses frequency mixing to convert a received signal to a fixed intermediate frequency (IF) which can
    be more conveniently processed than the original carrier frequency.
    Circuit description
    To receive a radio signal, a suitable antenna is required. The output of the antenna may be very
    small, often only a few microvolts. The signal from the antenna is tuned and may be amplified in a
    so-called radio frequency (RF) amplifier, although this stage is often omitted. One or more tuned
    circuits at this stage block frequencies that are far removed from the intended reception frequency.
    In order to tune the receiver to a particular station, the frequency of the local oscillator is controlled
    by the tuning knob (for instance). Tuning of the local oscillator and the RF stage may use a variable
    capacitor, or varicap diode.[8] The tuning of one (or more) tuned circuits in the RF stage must track
    the tuning of the local oscillator.
    The Fourier transform decomposes a function of time (a signal) into the frequencies that make it
    up, in a way similar to how a musical chord can be expressed as the frequencies (or pitches) of its
    constituent notes. The Fourier transform of a function of time itself is a complex-valued function of
    frequency, whose absolute value represents the amount of that frequency present in the original
    function, and whose complex argument is the phase offset of the basic sinusoid in that frequency.
    The Fourier transform is called the frequency domain representation of the original signal. The
    term Fourier transform refers to both the frequency domain representation and the mathematical
    operation that associates the frequency domain representation to a function of time. The Fourier
    transform is not limited to functions of time, but in order to have a unified language, the domain of
    the original function is commonly referred to as the time domain. For many functions of practical
    interest, one can define an operation that reverses this: the inverse Fourier transformation, also
    called Fourier synthesis, of a frequency domain representation combines the contributions of all the
    different frequencies to recover the original function of time.

    Basic properties
    The Fourier transform has the following basic properties:
    Linearity
    For any complex numbers a and b, if h(x) = af (x) + bg(x), then () = a ff() + b ().
    Translation / time shifting
    For any real number x0, if h(x) = f(x x0), then () = e2ix0 ff().
    Modulation / frequency shifting
    For any real number 0 if h(x) = e2ix0 f(x), then () = ff( 0).
    Time scaling
    For a non-zero real number a, if h(x) = f(ax), then
    The case a = 1 leads to the time-reversal property, which states: if h(x) = f(x), then ()
    = ff().
    Conjugation
    If h(x) = f(x), then
    In particular, if f is real, then one has the reality condition
    that is, ff is a Hermitian function. And if f is purely imaginary, then
    Integration
    Substituting = 0 in the definition, we obtain
    That is, the evaluation of the Fourier transform at the origin ( = 0) equals the integral
    of f over all its domain.

    Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC) is transmission in which


    frequencies produced by amplitude modulation (AM) are symmetrically spaced above and below
    the carrier frequency and the carrier level is reduced to the lowest practical level, ideally being
    completely suppressed.

    In the DSB-SC modulation, unlike in AM, the wave carrier is not transmitted; thus, much of the power
    is distributed between the sidebands, which implies an increase of the cover in DSB-SC, compared
    to AM, for the same power used.

    DSB-SC transmission is a special case of double-sideband reduced carrier transmission. It is used


    for radio data systems.

    Spectrum[edit]

    DSB-SC is basically an amplitude modulation wave without the carrier, therefore reducing power
    waste, giving it a 50% efficiency. This is an increase compared to normal AM transmission (DSB),
    which has a maximum efficiency of 33.333%, since 2/3 of the power is in the carrier which carries no
    intelligence, and each sideband carries the same information. Single Side Band (SSB) Suppressed
    Carrier is 100% efficient.

    Spectrum plot of a DSB-SC signal:

    In radio communications, single-sideband modulation (SSB) or single-sideband suppressed-


    carrier modulation (SSB-SC) is a refinement of amplitude modulation which
    uses transmitter power and bandwidth more efficiently. Amplitude modulation produces an output
    signal that has twice the bandwidth of the original baseband signal. Single-sideband modulation
    avoids this bandwidth doubling, and the power wasted on a carrier, at the cost of increased device
    complexity and more difficult tuning at the receiver.
    Vestigial sideband (VSB) is a
    type of amplitude modulation
    ( AM ) technique (sometimes called VSB-AM ) that encodes data by varying the
    amplitude of a single carrierfrequency . Portions of one of the redundant
    sidebands are removed to form a vestigial sideband signal - so-called because
    a vestige of the sideband remains.

    In AM, the carrier itself does not fluctuate in amplitude. Instead, the
    modulating data appears in the form of signal components at frequencies
    slightly higher and lower than that of the carrier. These components are
    called sidebands . The lower sideband (LSB) appears at frequencies below
    the carrier frequency; the upper sideband (USB) appears at frequencies above
    the carrier frequency. The actual information is transmitted in the sidebands,
    rather than the carrier; both sidebands carry the same information. Because
    LSB and USB are essentially mirror images of each other, one can be
    discarded or used for a second channel or for diagnostic purposes.

    VSB transmission is similar to single-sideband (SSB) transmission, in which


    one of the sidebands is completely removed. In VSB transmission, however,
    the second sideband is not completely removed, but is filtered to remove all
    but the desired range of frequencies .
    Eight-level VSB ( 8-VSB ) was developed by Zenith for inclusion in the
    Advanced Television Systems Committee ( ATSC set of digital television
    ( DTV ) standard

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