Computing Fundamentals

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

Control Statements

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 Conditional Tasks
if it is the condition, then I will do task A
Real Life Examples:
if it is the condition, then I will do task A, else
(i.e. otherwise), I will do task B.
Real Life Examples:
if it is the condition, then I will do task A,
else if it is the condition then I will do task B,
else I will do task C.
Real Life Examples:
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 Sequential execution
Sequential execution
Statements executed one after the other in the
order written
Sequence structures: Built into C.
Programs executed sequentially by default

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 Control Structures
Transfer of control
When the next statement executed is not the next
one in sequence

Selection structures: C has three types:

if, if/else, and switch

Repetition structures: C has three types:

for, while, and do/while (Later)

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if statements

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#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int age;
printf("Please enter your age in years\n");
scanf("%d",&age);
if(age<=12)
printf("Please go to Child Specialist in Room 10\n");
printf(Allah Hafiz");
getchar();
return 0;
}

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 The if Selection Structure
Selection structure:
Used to choose among alternative courses of action
if(age<=12)
printf("Please go to Child Specialist in Room
10\n");
If condition is true Print statement is executed and
program goes on to next statement
If false, print statement is ignored and the program
goes onto the next statement
Indenting makes programs easier to read

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 The if Selection Structure
if structure is a single-entry/single-exit
structure Diamond symbol
(decision symbol)
Indicates decision is
to be made contains
Print Please go to an expression that
true
Child Specialist in can be true or
age <= 12
Room 10 false
Test the condition,
false
follow appropriate
path
Print Allah Hafiz

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#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int age;
printf("Please enter your age in years\n");
scanf("%d",&age);
if(age<=12)
{
printf("Please go to Child Specialist in Room 10\n");
printf( Fee is Rupees 400/=\n");
} // Note the use of braces
printf(Allah Hafiz");
getchar();
return 0;
}

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 The if Statement
Form 1:
if (expression)
statement1;
next statement;

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#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int age;
printf("Please enter your age in years\n");
scanf("%d",&age);
if(age<=12)
printf("Please go to Pediatrics in Room 10\n\n");
if(age>12)
printf("Please go to Medical Specialist in Room 15\n");
printf(Allah Hafiz");
getchar();
return 0;
}

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if else statements

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#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int age;
printf("Please enter your age in years\n");
scanf("%d",&age);

if (age<=12)
printf("Please go to Child Specialist in Room 10\n\n");
else
printf("Please go to Medical Specialist in Room 15\n");

printf(Allah Hafiz");
getchar();
return 0;
}
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 The if Statement
Form 1:
if (expression)
statement1;
next statement;
Form 2:
if (expression)
statement1;
else
statement2;

next statement;

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 The if/else Selection Structure
if
Only performs an action if the condition is true
if/else
Specifies an action to be performed both when the
condition is true and when it is false
Once again
if (age<=12)
printf("Please go to Pediatrics in Room 10\n\n");
else
printf("Please go to Med. Spec. in Room 15\n");

Note spacing/indentation conventions

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The if/else Selection Structure
Flow chart of the if/else selection
structure

false true
age < = 12
print 15 print 10

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#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int age;
printf("Please enter your age in years\n");
scanf("%d",&age);
if (age<=12)
printf("Please go to Child Specialist in Room 10, Fee is
Rupees 400/=\n);
if(age > 12 && age < 60 )
printf("Please go to Medical Specialist in Room 15, Fee is
Rupees 400/=\n");
if(age >= 60)
printf("Please go to Medical Specialist in Room 19, Fee is
Rupees 200/=\n");
getchar(); return 0; }

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if else if statements

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#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int age;
printf("Please enter your age in years\n");
scanf("%d",&age);
if (age<=12)
printf("Please go to Child Specialist in Room 10, Fee is Rupees
200/=\n");
else if(age < 60 )
printf("Please go to Medical Specialist in Room 15, Fee is
Rupees 400/=\n");
else
printf("Please go to Medical Specialist in Room 19, Fee is
Rupees 200/=\n");
getchar();
return 0;
}
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The if/else Selection Structure
Pseudocode for a nested if/else structure
If students grade is greater than or equal to 90
Print A
else
If students grade is greater than or equal to 80
Print B
else
If students grade is greater than or equal to 70
Print C
else
If students grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print D
else
Print F
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 The if else if example
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int x,y;
printf ("\nInput an integer value for x: ");
scanf ("%d", &x);
printf ("\nInput an integer value for y: ");
scanf ("%d",&y);
if (x==y)
printf ("x is equal to y\n");
else if (x > y)
printf ("x is greater than y\n");
else
printf ("x is smaller than y\n");
return 0;
}
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Relational Operators

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 Relational Operators
Relational operators allow you to compare
variables.
They return a 1 value for true and a 0 for false.
Operator Symbol Example

Equals == x == y NOT x = y
Greater than > x > y
Less than < x< y
Greater/equals >= x >= y
Less than/equals <= x <= y
Not equal != x != y

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Logical Operators

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#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int age;
printf("Please enter your age in years\n");
scanf("%d",&age);
if (age<=12)
printf("Please go to Child Specialist in Room 10, Fee is
Rupees 400/=\n);
if(age > 12 && age < 60 )
printf("Please go to Medical Specialist in Room 15, Fee is
Rupees 400/=\n");
if(age >= 60)
printf("Please go to Medical Specialist in Room 19, Fee is
Rupees 200/=\n");
getchar();
return 0;
}
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 Logical Operators

&& AND

|| OR

! NOT

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 Logical Operators
&& ( logical AND )
Returns true if both conditions are true
|| ( logical OR )
Returns true if either of its conditions are true
! ( logical NOT, logical negation )
Reverses the truth/falsity of its condition
Unary operator, has one operand
Useful as conditions in loops
Expression Result
true && false false
true || false true
!false true
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Be careful about Equality (==) and
Assignment (=) Operators
Dangerous error
Does not ordinarily cause syntax errors
if (x == 4 )
printf( You are happy\n" );
Checks value of x, if it is 4 then it prints You are happy
Example, replacing == with =:
if ( x = 4 )
printf( You are happy\n" );
This always prints You are happy
4 is nonzero, so expression is true.
Logic error, not a syntax error
if ( x = 0 )
printf( You are happy\n" );
Whats output?

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 Operator Precedence
Operator Precedence level
() 1
~, ++, --, unary - 2
*, /, % 3
+, - 4
<<, >> 5
<, <=, >, >= 6
==, != 7
& 8
^ 9
| 10
&& 11
|| 12
=, +=, -=, etc. 14

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Conditional Operator

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 Conditional Operator
if ( a < b)
c = a + 5;
else
c = b + 8;

// We can do this in compact form as

c = a < b ? a + 5 : b + 8; //Ternary conditional operator (?:)
Evaluate first expression. If true, evaluate second,
otherwise evaluate third.

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 Conditional Operator
Ternary conditional operator (?:)

Takes three arguments (condition, value if true,

value if false)

Our pseudocode could be written:

grade >= 60 ? printf( Passed\n ) :
printf( Failed\n );

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 Conditional Operator

The conditional operator essentially allows you to embed an

if statement into an expression
Generic Form
exp1 ? exp2 : exp3 if exp1 is true
value is exp2
(exp3 is not evaluated)
if exp1 is false,
value is exp3
(exp2 is not evaluated)
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 Conditional Operator
Example:
z = (x > y) ? x : y;
This is equivalent to:
if (x > y)
z = x;
else
z = y;

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switch statement

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#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int day;
puts("The day number 1 means Monday\n");
puts("Please enter the number of day. \n The number must be any
integer value from 1 to 7\n");
scanf("%d",&day);
if (day == 1)
printf("Monday\n");
else if (day == 2)
printf("Tuesday\n");
else if (day == 3)
printf("Wednesday\n");
// You may complete it yourself

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 The if/else Selection Structure
Nested if/else structures
In previous example, the nested if/else structure is to
be used.
Test for multiple cases by placing if/else selection
structures inside if/else selection structures
Deep indentation usually not used in practice
How can we solve this example more conveniently?

Switch statement is a convenient way to code it.

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 Switch Statement
If you have a large decision tree, and all
the decisions depend on the value of the
same variable, you will probably want to
consider a switch statement instead of a
ladder of if...else or else if constructions.

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// Example of switch statement
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int day;
puts("The day number 1 means Monday\n");
puts("Please enter the number of day. \n The
number must be any integer value from
1 to 7\n");
scanf("%d",&day);
// Contd. (next page)

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switch(day)
{
case 1:
printf("Monday\n");
break;
case 2:
printf("Tuesday\n");
break;
// please write cases 3 to 6 yourself
case 7:
printf("Sunday\n");
break;
default:
puts("The number must be any integer value from 1 to 7\n");
break;
}
getchar();
return 0;
}
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 switch
Useful when a variable or expression is tested for
all the values which can happen and different
actions are taken
Format
Series of case labels and an optional default case
switch ( value )
{
case '1':
actions
case '2':
actions
default:
actions
}
break; exits from structure
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 The switch Structure
Flowchart of the switch structure
true case a break
case a
action(s)
false
true case b break
case b
false action(s)

.
.
.
true case z break
case z
false action(s)

default
action(s)
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