Dossier BATERIES en
Dossier BATERIES en
Dossier BATERIES en
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CONTENTS
MEASUREMENTS ON BATTERIES
Measurement of charge level by means of the voltage in terminals of the battery
Measurement of charge level by means of the density of the electrolyte liquid
Measurement of the cold start current capacity (CSCC)
DISPLAYS
Analogue voltmeter
Analogue ammeter
Digital voltmeter
Digital ammeter
Electronic display
WHAT IS A BATTERY?
A battery is a chemical accumulator of continuous electrical energy.
If a voltage produced by an alternator or a charger is applied on its terminals, a current is
created which modifies the composition of its elements, due to the phenomenon of
electrolysis: the battery accumulates energy.
When the direction of the chemical reactions is reverse (i.e. when the energy of the battery is
consumed) the battery returns the accumulated energy as a generator of DC current.
Negative terminal
Filling and electrolyte
checking holes
Battery cover
(hermetic seal)
Positive terminal
(wider than the negative terminal)
Connecting bridge
ement is formed by several lead plates covered Negativeexternally
electrode with a po
ance (lead oxide, PbO2) and several with a negative
Battery casing
active substance (poro
Deposits for the residues
ated from each other by separators to prevent short-circuits.
of the reaction
Division of elements Element
An element is formed by several lead plates covered externally with a positive active
substance (lead oxide, PbO2) and several with a negative active substance (porous lead, Pb),
separated from each other by separators to prevent short-circuits.
Positive electrode
Negative electrode
ELEMENT
Positive plate
en plates through the electrolyte solution. Due to normal use of the batter
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BATTERY
1 Battery tipe
Lead-liquid, lead-gel, lead-antimony (PbSb),lead-calcium
(PbCa), AGM etc.
IUM
2 Capacity of the battery
LEAD
- CALC Amount of electricity the battery can deliver,expressed in
1 ERY
BATT 520A (EN)
4 amperes per hour (Ah).
12V
52Ah
3 Voltage
Potential difference between the terminals of the battery.
4 Current
Amount of current, measured in amperes (A), that the
2 3 battery can deliver instantaneously. Depending on the
country and the manufacturer, this current is governed by
the EN, IEC, SAE or DIN regulations.
CONNECTION IN SERIES
+ + +
+
24 V
6V
80 Ah
+ 6V
80 Ah
+ 6V
80 Ah
+ 6V
80 Ah = 80 Ah
CONNECTION IN PARALLEL
+ + + + +
6V
6V 6V 6V 6V
40 Ah
+ 50 Ah
+ 80 Ah
+ 130 Ah = 300 Ah
+
+ + + +
24 V
= 340 Ah
+ + + +
12 V 12 V 12 V 12 V 12 V
40 Ah
+ 140 Ah
+ 60 Ah
+ 100 Ah = 340 Ah
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CLASSIFICATION OF BATTERIES ACCORDING TO THEIR USE
STARTER BATTERIES:
STATIONARY BATTERIES:
DRIVE BATTERIES:
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CLASSIFICATION OF BATTERIES ACCORDING TO THEIR
CONSTRUCTION
There are many types of batteries, depending on the materials used, the construction
techniques or the polices of each manufacturer. However, they can all be classified into two
large groups:
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MEASUREMENTS ON BATTERIES
ESTADO
DE CARGA LIQUID GEL LIQUID GEL
STATE
OF CHARGE 12 V 12 V 24 V 24 V
<20% < 11.9 < 12.1 < 23.8 < 24.2
25% 12.1 12.3 24.3 24.5
50% 12.3 12.5 24.6 25
75% 12.5 12.8 25 25.5
100% 12.7 13 25.4 26
Related FERVE products: Battery analysers, start and charge, multimeters and measurement
modules, F-814 battery and alternator tester, electronic range and F-616 voltmeter-ammeter.
1.10 DISCHARGED
-0-
DENSITY 1.16
OF THE -50%- HALF CHARGE
1.24
ACID
1.30 -100- CHARGED
CHARGE VOLTAGE
The voltage while the battery is charging is greater than the voltage in open circuit. This is due
to the fact that the voltage drop produced by the battery's internal resistance must be added,
meaning that:
At the beginning of the charge, the internal resistance increases gradually, and then increases
quickly at the end. Care must be taken, since when this parameter is increased quickly,
bubbling may be produced in the batteries. In W-curve chargers, this problem is compensated
since, although the internal resistance increases, the charge current decreases.
The recommended end-of-charge voltage values are 15.3 V for liquid batteries and 14.7 V for
gel batteries.
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CHARGE CURRENT
The value of the charge current must be expressed in arithmetical amperes. This is the only
value officially accepted under the EN 60335-2-29 European regulations.
Nevertheless, many battery charger manufacturers express the charge current of their
products in efficient amperes, thus not complying with these European regulations. The
reason is that 1 arithmetic ampere is equal to 1.4142 effective amperes. So a battery charger
of 8 effective amperes must actually be considered as one of 5.66 amperes. Therefore, to
avoid deception, it is necessary to know whether the battery charger manufacturer uses
arithmetic or effective amperes when stating the charge current.
FERVE always expresses charge current values in arithmetic amperes.
The ideal charge current is 1/10 of the battery's capacity (e.g.: 8 A for a battery of 80 Ah).
As occurs with the voltage, there are chargers with several output currents. FERVE chargers
have from a single output current to four different ones.
WW WoW
WoW
V V
A A
0A 0A
Time Time
Step 1: The current decreases and the voltage Step 1: The current decreases and the voltage
increases. The charger must be disconnected increases to 15.3 V (12 V liquid) or 14.7 V (12 V gel).
manually to prevent overloads. It has the Step 2: The charger goes to monitoring mode,
advantage of being able to restore deeply and disconnects the charge of electrical current
discharged batteries. until the battery voltage drops to12.5 V (12 V
liquid) or 12.9 V (12 V gel). With WoW charging,
FERVE chargers: all the non-automatic ones; Dual the maximum useful life of the batteries is ensured
range (manual mode) Tetra range (manual mode). and any risk is avoided.
FERVE chargers: Automatic range, Dual range
(automatic mode), Tetra range (automatic mode),
F-990RF.
WoU
WoU IoU
IoU
V V
A A
0A 0A
Time Time
Step 1: The current decreases and the voltage Step 1: The current is maintained constant and the
increases to14.7 V. voltage increases to14.4 V (12 V liquid) or 14.7 V
Step 2: The charger goes to flotation charge and a (12 V gel).
constant voltage (13.6 V), in order to maintain the Step 2: The charger goes to flotation charge and a
level of the battery and prevent overloads. constant voltage (13.6 V) to maintain the level of the
battery and prevent overloads.
FERVE chargers: F-2201, F-2106.
FERVE chargers: F-2912.
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CHARGE TYPES
MANUAL CHARGE
This is the most common type. The user must disconnect the charger from the battery when
charging is complete. In the case of very powerful battery chargers compared to the batteries
to be charged, there may be a risk of overloads. Manual chargers have the advantage of being
able to restore deeply discharged batteries, since they do not require a reference voltage in
order to be connected.
Associated charge curve: W
FAST CHARGE
Fast charge consists of delivering a high charge current over a short period. To avoid risks of
overloads or overheating, this type of charge is limited by a timer.
This type of charge could be interesting in deeply discharged batteries which need to be used
immediately, for example, before a start (see Booster).
FERVE has a wide range of chargers with fast charge function.
RIPPLE FREE
In the majority of today's automobiles, most of the system controls are electronic. This means
that sometimes, and especially in the most sensitive systems, traditional charging could
damage them. The reason for this is that traditional charging is of a pulsing type (beneficial for
the battery), but the charge returned by the battery is purely continuous. This is why it is
recommended to disconnect the battery from the vehicle for charging.
Ripple Free chargers have powerful electronic filters, thanks to which any possible
interference with the systems of the automobile is avoided. It is not necessary to disconnect
the battery from the vehicle with this type of charger.
BOOSTER
On many occasions, and especially in specialist workshops, it is necessary to start vehicles
with discharged batteries.
The Booster system consists of delivering a very high current for a short period of time, which
is able to start the vehicle.
Depending on the Booster power and on the condition of the vehicle's battery, before starting it
is advisable to make a fast charge for 10 minutes.
FERVE has chargers with Booster systems capable of delivering from150 A to 600 A.
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DISPLAYS
Battery chargers have displays to inform the user of the status of the charge. Below is a brief
summary of the most widely-used ones.
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FERVE RANGE OF CHARGERS
Maintenance-free
Charge curves
Calcium silver
SLA, VRLA
Voltage, V
Display
Model
AGM
DOMESTIC BATTERY CHARGERS
F-204 12 3 24-50 VA W
F-903 12 3 24-50 VA W
F-905 12 5 32-60 VA W
F-805 12 5 32-60 VA W
BATTERY CHARGERS-TESTERS
F-811 12 6-12 45-180 VD-AD W
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Liquid batteries: Standard
Range of capacities, Ah
Charge current, A
Maintenance-free
Charge curves
Calcium silver
SLA, VRLA
Voltage, V
Display
Model
AGM
AUTOMATIC CHARGERS
F-2912 12 2-6-12 10-200 VE IoU
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Liquid batteries: Standard
Range of capacities, Ah
Charge current, A
Maintenance-free
Charge curves
Calcium silver
SLA, VRLA
Voltage, V
Display
Model
AGM
TETRA AUTOMATIC CHARGERS
F-2908 12-24 8 60-120 AA WoW
Range of capacities, Ah
Fast charge current, A
(maximum 1 hour)
Maintenance-free
Charge curves
Calcium silver
SLA, VRLA
Voltage, V
Booster, A
Display
Model
AGM
FAST CHARGERS
12 8 20-40 35-150
F-923 24 6 10-20 20-120
VD-AD W 150
12 10 35-55 45-200
F-925 24 8 25-35 35-150
VD-AD W 250
12 10 35-55 45-200
F-925RF 24 8 25-35 35-150
VD-AD W 250
12 12 50-70 55-250
F-970 24 10 35-55 45-200
VD-AD W 450
12 12 50-70 55-250
F-970RF 24 10 35-55 45-200
VD-AD W 450
12 12-25-50-100 45-1000
F-99RF 24 10-20-35-70 45-700
VD-AD WoW 600
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