LEAD:

The apartheid system in South Africa was ended through a series of negotiations
between 1990 and 1993 and through unilateral steps by the de Klerk
government. These negotiations took place between the governing National
Party, the African National Congress, and a wide variety of other political
organizations. Negotiations took place against a backdrop of political violence in
the country, including allegations of a state-sponsored third force destabilizing
the country. The negotiations resulted in South Africa's first multi-racial election,
which was won by the African National Congress.

CODESA I : The Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA),

CODESA II: (the second plenary session) took place in May 1992. In June 1992,
the Boipatong massacre took place, with 46 residents of Boipatong killed by
mainly-Zulu hostel dwellers. Mandela accused De Klerk's government of
complicity in the attack and withdrew the ANC from the negotiations, leading to
the end of CODESA II.

Final years of apartheid

Factors:

Institutional racism[edit]

Apartheid developed by racism of colonial factors and due to South Africas

'unique industrialisation.[131] The policies of industrialisation led to segregation
of and classing of people, which was specifically developed to nurture early
industry such as mining and capitalist culture.[131] Cheap labour was the basis
of the economy and this was taken from what the state classed as peasant
groups and the migrants.[132] Furthermore Bonner highlight the contradictory
economic effects as the economy did not have a manufacturing sector, therefore
promoting short term profitability but limiting labour productivity and the size of
local markets. This also led to its collapse as Clarkes emphasises the economy
could not provide and compete with foreign rivals as they failed to master cheap
labour and complex chemistry.[133]

Economic contradictions[edit]

Moreover the contradictions in the economy of the Apartheid state led to

considerable debate among state policy, and division and conflicts in the central
state.[134] To a large extent the political ideology of Apartheid had emerged from
the colonisation of Africa by western states who introduced racial discrimination,
enslavement, and their role of "civilising inferior natives."[134] This can be seen
in Christian-nationalism, with its western ideology of Apartheid.[135] For
example, seen in "1933 when the executive of council Broederband enforced
total mass segregation."[135] Similarly to the economy the political factor was
teemed with contradictions seen within the policies of the parties, this was
further weakened when different political groups emerged, many of whom were
against Apartheid. Leading to revolts like the "1984 township revolt that
quickened the breakdown of Apartheid."[135]

Western influence[edit]

External western influence can be seen as one of the factors that arguably
greatly influenced the other two, especially political ideology. In general,
colonialisation had a massive impact on the ideas that emerged. South Africa in
particular is argued to be an unreconstructed example of western civilisation
twisted by racism.[136] However in contradiction as well as setting up the
emergence of the foundation of Apartheid, western influence also helped end it.
Once the power of the Soviet Union declined along with its Communist influence,
western nations felt Apartheid could no longer be tolerated and spoke out,
encouraging a move towards democracy and self determination.[this quote
needs a citation]

In the 1960s South Africa had economic growth second only to that of Japan.[137]
Trade with Western countries grew, and investment from the United States,
France and Britain poured in. Resistance among blacks had been crushed. Since
1964 Mandela, leader of the African National Congress, had been in prison on
Robben Island just off the coast of Cape Town, and it appeared that South Africa's
security forces could handle any resistance to apartheid.[citation needed]

In 1974, resistance to apartheid was encouraged by Portugal's withdrawal from

Mozambique and Angola, after the 1974 Carnation Revolution. South African
troops withdrew from Angola in early 1976, failing to prevent the MPLA from
gaining power there, and black students in South Africa celebrated.

The Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith, signed by Mangosuthu Buthelezi and Harry

Schwarz in 1974, enshrined the principles of peaceful transition of power and
equality for all. Its purpose was to provide a blueprint for the government of
South Africa by consent and racial peace in a multi-racial society, stressing
opportunity for all, consultation, the federal concept, and a Bill of Rights. It
caused a split in the United Party that ultimately realigned opposition politics in
South Africa, with the formation of the Progressive Federal Party in 1977. It was
the first of such agreements by acknowledged black and white political leaders in
South Africa.

In 1978 the defence minister of the Nationalist Party, Pieter Willem Botha,
became Prime Minister. Botha's all white regime was worried about the Soviet
Union helping revolutionaries in South Africa, and the economy had slowed down.
The new government noted that it was spending too much money trying to
maintain the segregated homelands that had been created for blacks and the
homelands were proving to be uneconomical.[citation needed]

Nor was maintaining blacks as a third class working well. The labour of blacks
remained vital to the economy, and illegal black labour unions were flourishing.
Many blacks remained too poor to make much of a contribution to the economy
through their purchasing power although they were more than 70% of the
population. Botha's regime was afraid that an antidote was needed to prevent the
blacks from being attracted to Communism.[citation needed]

In July 1979 the Nigerian government claimed that the Shell-BP Petroleum
Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC) was selling Nigerian oil to South
Africa, although there was little evidence or commercial logic for such sales.[138]
The alleged sanctions-breaking was used to justify the seizure of some of BP's
assets in Nigeria including their stake in SPDC, although it appears the real
reasons were economic nationalism and domestic politics ahead of the Nigerian
elections.[139] Many South Africans attended schools in Nigeria[citation needed]
and Nelson Mandela has several times acknowledged the role of Nigeria in the
struggle against apartheid.[citation needed]

In the 1980s, the anti-apartheid movements in the United States and Europe
were gaining support for boycotts against South Africa, for the withdrawal of U.S.
firms from South Africa and for the release of Mandela. South Africa was
becoming an outlaw in the world community of nations. Investing in South Africa
by Americans and others was coming to an end and an active policy of
disinvestment ensued.

Notable student protests: University of Illinois campuses[edit]

There have been several notable instances of student-led protests against

apartheid throughout the United States in hopes of convincing their colleges and
universities to promote divestment. Forming the Champaign-Urbana Coalition
against Apartheid (CU-CAA) in 1977, students feverishly made attempts at
persuading the university to consider divestment beginning with a stop at the
University of Illinois Foundation and then to President John Corballys office to
urge him to open a debate against apartheid. Despite his reluctance to
participate, several other university administrators agreed to support the
coalitions efforts, in turn leading to the development of the Coalition for Illinois
Divestment from South Africa (CIDSA) in 1983 which teamed with CU-CAA to
continue the movement.

However, the university continued to deny the students proposals for Board of
Trustees President Nina T. Shepherd to defer the $21 million that the school
invests in South Africa corporations. As a result, students staged a public protest
on the Chicago campus on June 21, 1985 that ended with sixteen students being
arrested. The tense situation continued as a 6.4% tuition increase was instituted
on April 12, 1986, leading to a flurry of protests that resulted in 60 students being
arrested as well as a 300-student mock riot on the following day. As opposition
continued, university president Stanley Ikenberry made an unsuccessful proposal
for divestment on September 11, 1986, which eventually set the stage for a
Board resolution on January 14, 1987 calling for an 18-month divestment plan,
that despite its best intentions, only resulted in a divestment of $3.3 million.[140]

Question: Apartheid FAQ: When Did Apartheid End?

"When, exactly, did Apartheid come to an end in south Africa, and how?" Aubrey

Answer:

In February 1990 President FW de Klerk announced Nelson Mandela's release and

began the slow dismantling of the Apartheid system. In 1992 a whites-only
referendum approved the reform process. On 27 April 1994 the first democratic
elections were held in South Africa, with people of all races being able to vote.

THE COMING OF APARTHEID (83 STR)

The apartheid system began to fall apart in the 1980s. Two million
unemployed blacks, a shrinking white minority, continued black
resistance, and an economy suffering from international sanctions
finally convinced many South Africans that something had to change.
F.W. De Klerk was elected in 1989 and promised to seek a compromise
between the majority and the minority.

Finally in 1990, De Klerk unbanned the ANC and released Nelson

Mandela from prison. Mandela had served 28 years. The crowds were
jubilant. Mandela worked with De Klerk for a peaceful transition to a
multiracial South Africa.

In 1994 the first free multiracial elections were held. Millions of new
voters chose from The Afrikaner National Party, the black supremist
Inkatha Freedom Party, and the moderate ANC. The ANC received the
most votes and Nelson Mandela was elected President by the new
Parliament. Apartheid was over.

F.W. Klerk, Mendela,

Outline
1 page THE COMING OF APARTHEID

1 page NELSON MENDELA AND Klerk.

1 page PROTESTS

1-2 pages WHEN APARTHEID STARTED TO FALL

3-4 pages FACTS WHY APARTHEID FELL

1 page CONCLUSION