Unit 1

Pronomi soggetto/subject pronouns

The subject pronouns are pronouns that we use as subjects of
sentences.
Here you can find a list of the subject pronouns:
I Io
You Tu
He Egli
She Ella
It Esso/Essa
We Noi
You Voi
They Essi/Esse

To Be/Essere
To Be verb indicates a state of being or existence.

Present tense form of be

Be Verbs must match subjects

I am Ex: I am a doctor.
You\We\You\They are Ex: We are from America.
He\She\It is Ex: She is at home.

To make an interrogative sentence, the verb be comes first in

the sentences.
Am I in Italy?
Are we from Brazil?
Is he in the living room?
To form a negative sentence we need not after the verb be.
I am not a pilot.
We are not from America.
She is not in the kitchen.

Affirmative form: Interrogative form:

I am Am I?
You are Are you?
He/She/It is Is he/she/it?
We are Are we
You are Are you
They are Are they

Short form of Negative form

Negative form I m not
I am not You re not
You are not He/She/It s not
He/She/It is not We re not
We are not You re not
You are not They re not
They are not
Unit 2
To Have/Avere

To have is used to show possession or relation.

I have a black car.

We have an appointement.
He has two daughters

Affirmative form: Interrogative form:

I have Have I?
You have Have you?
He/She/It has Has he/she/it?
We have Have we
You have Have you
They have Have they

Negative form Short form of Negative form

I have not I havent
You have not You havent
He/She/It has not He/She/It hasnt
We have not We havent
You have not You havent
They have not They havent
 Articles

Indefinite Articles

An - used before singular nouns that are unspecified beginning

with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or h mute:
an apple, an elephant, an issue, an orange, an hour.

A - used before singular nouns that are unspecified beginning

with consonants or u and eu when they sound like you:
A stamp, a desk, a TV, a cup, a book, a university, a european.

Definite Article

The - Can be used before singular and plural nouns previously

specified in the context:
Please close the door; I like the clothes you gave me; Use the pen
on the table.
Unit 3
The simple present tense

Structure: Subject + verb + complement

Examples:
Ali drinks milk every morning. Affirmative
Ali doesnt (does not) go to school everyday. Negative
Does Ali go to school everyday? Interrogative
They play football every Sunday. Affirmative
They dont (do not) play football every Sunday. Negative
Do they play cricket Sunday? Interrogative

The simple present tense talks about an activity that happens

daily, regularly or habitually.

Ex: He smokes cigarettes. Habitual action

Ex: She goes to park every Sunday. Regular action
Ex: They go to school every day. Daily action

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

I eat I do not eat Do I eat?
you eat you do not eat Do you eat?
he eats he does not eat Does he eat?
she eats she does not eat Does she eat?
it eats it does not eat Does it eat?
we eat we do not eat Do we eat?
you eat you do not eat Do you eat?
they eat they do not eat Do they eat?
 Demonstratives adjectives and pronouns

Demonstratives adjectives (this, that, these, those) are used to

point out a noun:

This is used to indicate a noun which is singular and near to the

speaker. Ex: This is a car.

These is used to indicate a noun which is plural and near to the

speaker. Ex: These are cars.

That is used to indicate a noun which is singular and far from the
speaker. Ex: That house is beautiful.

Those is used to indicate a noun which is plural and far from the
speaker. Those houses are beautiful.
Unit 4
The simple past tense

Structure: Subject + verb + ed + complement

Ex: I played tennis yesterday. Aff.

Ex: Anna did not come to school last week. Neg.
Ex: dDo you like this program? Interr.

Form
We usually add (ed) to the end of the verb
Walk+ ed =walked
Play +ed=played
Talk+ed= talked
Watch+ed=watched

But there is some exceptions:

-when the verb ends whith (e) we only add (d)
Ex: like +d = liked

-when the verb ends with a consonant before (y), we change the
(y) with the (i) and we add (ed)
Ex: study becames studied

Use:
the simple past shows an action or a situation that started and
finished in a specific time in the past.

Ex: I talked to the doctor last week

(the action is finished in the past)
 WH questions

WH questions are used to ask question and to get information.

what cosa/quale things What is this?

where dove place Where is the school?
when quando time When is the party?
why perch reason Why are you sad?
who chi person Who is she?
Unit 5
The simple future tense

Structure: subject + will/be going to + bare infinitive (infinitive

without to) + complement

Examples:
Alicia will meet me in the park this evening. Aff.
Alicia wont (will not) meet me in the park this evening Neg.
Will Alicia meet me in the parkthis evening? Interr.

Form:
1)subject + will + bare infinitive
I will go
You will go
He,she,it will go
We will go
You will go
They will go

2) subject + be going to + bare infinitive

I am going to go
You are going to go
He,she,it is going to go
We are going to go
You are going to go
They are going to go

Use:
the simple futur tense is used to talk about an action or a
situation that will happen in a specific time in the future.
Ex : John is going to buy a new car next week.
Ex:They are going to visit a doctor tomorrow.

Difference between will and be going to

Will is used when we decide to do something at the time of

speaking.

Scila is talking to Gloria

Scila: lets have a party
Gloria: great idea ,we will invite lots of people.

The speaker has not decided before, the party is a new idea.

Be going to is used when we have already decided to do

something.

Later the day, Gloria meets Ali.

Gloria: Scila and I have decided to have a party. We are going to
invite lots of people.
Ali: Thats great.

Gloria had already decided to invite lots of people before she

spoke to Scila.
Possessive adjectives and pronouns
I my mine
You your yours
He his his
She her her
It its its
We our ours
You your yours
They their theirs
Unit 6
The Present Progressive/continuous Tense

Structure: Subject + to be (is, am, are) + verb-ing + complement.

Examples:
Ali is watching TV now. Aff.
Is Ali watching TV now? Interr.
Ali isnt (is not) watching TV now. Neg.
Form:
I am watching
You are watching
he,she,it is watching
we are watching
you are watching
they are watching
Use:
The present continuous tense expresses an action which is taking
place at the moment of speaking or right now.

Ex: Alicia is writing a letter to his brother right now

Note: Look at the example above. The action in the above
example is in progress at the moment. Alicia is having a pen and
a paper and she is writing a letter at the moment we are talking
about her.

Object pronouns
I me
You you
He him
She her
It it
We us
You you
They them
Unit 7
Can (auxiliary)

Can: Possibility and Ability

We use can to talk about what is possible, or what we are able to
do:
Structure: can + bare infinitive + complement. This structure is
used for all the subjects.
She can drive a car.
John can speak Spanish.
I cannot hear you (I can't hear you).
Can you hear me?

Can: Permission
We sometimes use can to ask or give permission for something:
A. Can I smoke in this room?
B. You can't smoke here, but you can smoke in the garden.

Can: Requests and Orders

We often use can in a question to ask somebody to do something
Ex: Can you make a cup of coffee, please?
 Must and Have to

Must and Have to to are used to speak about responsibilities

and obligations, they can be exchanged, but generally must is
used for strong obligations.

1. Ex: John, you must clean your room today.

2. Ex: You have to pay to enter the theater.

Structure:
Subject + must + infinitive + complement. This structure is used
for all the subjects.
Subject + have/has to + infinitive + complement.

Using must in negative sentences

Affirmative sentences Negative sentences
I must clean I must not clean
You must clean You must not clean
He, she, it must clean He, she, it must not clean
We must clean we must not clean
You must clean you must not clean
They must clean they must not clean

Using to have in negative sentences

Affirmative sentences Negative sentences
I have to clean I dont have to clean
You have to clean You dont have to clean
He, she, it has to clean He, she, it doesnt have to clean
We have to clean We dont have to clean
You have to clean You dont have to clean
They have to clean They dont have to clean
 Should
Structure: should + bare infinitive + complement. This structure is
used for all the subjects.
We use should for giving advice.

Ex: You should take your medicines every day.

Ex: You should take some rest.
Ex: He should not eat a lot.
Unit 8
Irregular verbs
Irregular verbs dont have rules to change them from present to
past

Infinito Passato Participio Traduzione

abide abode abode stare
arise arose arisen sgorgare
awake awoke awoken svegliare
bear bore borne sopportare
beat beat beaten battere
become became become diventare
begin began begun cominciare
bend bent bent curvare, piegare
bet bet bet scommettere
bid bid bid fare un'offerta
bind bound bound legare
bite bit bitten mordere
bleed bled bled sanguinare
blow blew blown soffiare
break broke broken rompere
breed bred bred allevare
bring brought brought accompagnare
build built built costruire
burn burnt burnt bruciare
burst burst burst scoppiare
buy bought bought comprare
cast cast cast lanciare (un dado)
catch caught caught ottenere (prendere)
choose chose chosen scegliere
cling clung clung afferrare
come came come venire
cost cost cost costare
creep crept crept strisciare
cut cut cut eliminare, tagliare
deal dealt dealt gestire (trattare)
dig dug dug scavare
do did done fare
draw drew drawn tirare
dream dreamt dreamt sognare
drink drank drunk bere
drive drove driven guidare
dwell dwelt dwelt dimorare
eat ate eaten mangiare
fall fell fallen cadere
feed fed fed nutrire
feel felt felt sentire
fight fought fought combattere
find found found trovare
flee fled fled fuggire
fling flung flung lanciare (con forza)
fly flew flown volare
forbid forbade forbidden vietare
forget forgot forgotten dimenticare
forgive forgave forgiven perdonare
freeze froze frozen ghiacciare
get got got ottenere, diventare
give gave given dare
go went gone andare
grind ground ground macinare
grow grew grown produrre (coltivare)
hang hung hung appendere
have had had avere
hear heard heard udire
hide hid hidden nascondere
hit hit hit percuotere, colpire
hold held held tenere
hurt hurt hurt fare male
keep kept kept conservare
kneel knelt knelt inginocchiarsi
know knew known sapere
lay laid laid stendere
lead led led condurre
lean leant leant piegare (inclinare)
leap leapt leapt saltare
learn learnt learnt imparare
leave left left partire (andar via)
lend lent lent prestare
let let let lasciare
lie lay lain sdraiarsi
light lit lit illuminare
lose lost lost perdere
make made made fare, realizzare
mean meant meant significare
meet met met incontrare
mow mowed mown falciare
overcome overcame overcome sopraffare
pay paid paid pagare
put put put mettere
quit quit quit smettere
read read read leggere
rid rid rid liberare da
ride rode ridden andare in, cavalcare
ring rang rung suonare
rise rose risen alzarsi
run ran run correre
saw sawed sawn segare
say said said dire
see saw seen vedere
seek sought sought cercare
sell sold sold vendere
send sent sent mandare
set set set fissare
sew sewed sewn cucire
shake shook shaken scuotere
shear sheared shorn tosare
shed shed shed spargere
shine shone shone brillare
shoe shod shod ferrare i cavalli
shoot shot shot sparare
show showed shown mostrare
shrink shrank shrunk ridursi
shut shut shut chiudere
sing sang sung cantare
sink sank sunk affondare
sit sat sat sedersi
sleep slept slept dormire
slide slid slid scivolare
slink slunk slunk sgattaiolare
slit slit slit tagliare
smell smelt smelt sentire odore
sow sowed sown seminare
speak spoke spoken parlare
speed sped sped accelerare
spell spelt spelt scandire
spend spent spent spendere
spill spilt spilt versare
spit spat spat sputare
split split split spaccare
spoil spoilt spoilt guastare
spread spread spread espandere
spring sprang sprung rimbalzare
stand stood stood stare in piedi
steal stole stolen rubare
stick stuck stuck appiccicare
sting stung stung pungere
stink stank stunk puzzare
stride strode stridden avanzare a grandi passi
strike struck struck colpire
strive strove striven sforzarsi
swear swore sworn giurare
sweep swept swept spazzare
swell swelled swollen gonfiare
swim swam swum nuotare
swing swung swung dondolare
take took taken prendere
teach taught taught insegnare
tear tore torn lacerare
tell told told dire, raccontare
think thought thought pensare
throw threw thrown gettare, slanciare
thrust thrust thrust ficcare, forzare
tread trod trodden calpestare
undergo underwent undergone subire
understand understood understood capire
upset upset upset preoccupare
wake woke woken svegliarsi
wear wore worn indossare
weave wove woven tessere
weep wept wept piangere
win won won vincere
wind wound wound serpeggiare
withdraw withdrew withdrawn ritirarsi
wring wrung wrung torcere
write wrote written scrivere
Unit 9
The genetive case (s)
We use (s) before a singular noun to show possession or relation.
Ex: This is Johns computer.
With regular plural nouns we only use () whithout s.
Ex: My parents car is white.
With irregular plural nouns we add (s) to the end.
Ex: The childrens class is near the principal office.
Ex: The womens clothes are more expensive
Unit 10
The present perfect tense
Structure: subject + have/has + past participle + complement.
Examples:
They have written their homework. Aff.
Have They written their homework? Interr.
they havent (have not) written their homework. Neg.

Note: we form the past participle like the past simple by adding
ed at the end of the regular verbs .
For the past participle of irregular verbs look the list of irregular
verbs in unit 8
Form:
Subject Have/has Past participle Complement
I have visited my parents
You have written a letter
He has eaten dinner
She has cleaned the room
It has worked well
We have finished the work
You have packed your clothes
They have stayed in America
Use:
The present perfect tense expresses an activity that happened or
didnt happen in the past, and the exact time when it happened is
not known or it is not important to be mentioned.
Ex: Ali has eaten lunch.
Note: In the present perfect tense we talk about something that
happened in the past, but we dont specify when it happened
(either we dont know the time it happened or it is not important
to say when it happened). The example above shows that the
action eating lunch has taken place before the present time but
the exact time when it happened is not specific. If the time of an
action is specific then the simple past tense is used not present
perfect.
Compare the two examples below.
(a) Alicia has painted her room.
(b) Alicia painted her room yesterday.
In (a) the exact time when Alicia painted the room is not clear
because in this sentence the action is more important than the
time and we focus on the action. Therefore, the time is not
important to be mentioned.
In (b) the specific time yesterday is mentioned because the main
focus in this sentence is on time not on the action. Therefore, it is
important to mention the exact time when the action took place.