CHAPTER 8 : CHEMICALS IN INDUSTRY

1. PROPERTIES OF ALLOYS AND THEIR USES

1. An alloy can be a mixture of several metals or a 2. In general, the properties of

mixture of metals and non-metals. alloys are:
Stronger and harder than
Pure metal pure metals
atom Resistant to corrosion
Foreign Have better appearance
atom

Examples of alloys ,their composition and uses

Alloy Composition Properties Examples of uses

Aluminium - 95 %
Light
Copper - 4 % Used in aircraft
Duralumin Resistant to corrosion
Other metals -1 % construction
Copper - 88 % Hard Medals , coins, statue
Bronze
Tin -12 % resistant to corrosion
Tin -97 % Shiny, resistant to i ornaments
Pewter
antimony & copper - 3 % corrosion ii medals
construction such as
Iron 99 % Hard
Steel building, bridge and car
Carbon 1 % Resistant to corrosion
bodies
Strong i electrical fittings
Copper -75 %
Brass Shinning ii ornaments
Zinc - 25 %
Resistant to corrosion iii musical instruments

Superconductor Alloy
1. Characteristics of superconductor:
has very small electrical resistance.
It produces less heat when electrical current passes through.
Avoid wastage of energy
It is very light
Produces magnetic power that is stronger than the magnet
2. Superconductor alloy is used in the bullet trains.

2. PRODUCTION AND USES OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY

1. Ammonia is a colourless , pungent gas

2. Ammonia is highly soluble in water forming ammonium hydroxide
Uses of ammonia
Synthetic fertilizer, Nitric acid, Cleaning agent. Colouring, Preventing latex clotting
Explosive materials

The Production of Ammonia in Industry

1. Ammonia is mass produced through a process called Haber process.

2. The process was introduced by a chemist named Fritz Haber
3. The chemical reaction for the production of ammonia is as follows:

Hydrogen + Nitrogen Ammonia

4. Haber process involves mixing nitrogen and hydrogen gases at a ratio of 1:3

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 132

 5. The conditions to produce optimum amount of ammonia are:
Moderate temperature 4500C 5000C
High atmospheric pressure - 200 atm
Presence of catalyst - iron
6. Industrial uses of ammonia:
In the manufacturing of ammonium salt fertilisers
In the manufacture of nitric acid
7. In industry, urea is manufactured from the reaction of carbon dioxide and ammonia
8. ammonia + carbon dioxide urea + water

3. EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL

1. Pollutions results when harmful substances are released into the natural environment as a
result of
irresponsible human activities
2. The main sources of pollution from industrial activities are:
a) burning of fossil fuel
b) harmful industrial toxic waste
c) agricultural waste
d) radioactive waste

A. Burning of fossil fuels

1. Examples of fossil fuel are:
petroleum
coal
natural gas
2. Pollutants due to burning of fossil fuels are:
Sulphur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen dioxide
3. The effects of pollutants due burning of fossil fuels:
Acid rain
Green house effect
Decreasing quality of air and water
Decreasing the photosynthetic rate in green plants

B. Harmful industrial toxic waste

1. Examples of industrial toxic waste:
Acid and alkali
Nitrate compounds
Phosphate
Heavy metals like lead, mercury and cadmium
2. The effects of these toxic wastes are:
a) change of pH value of water that can harm aquatic lives
b) increase of mineral contents in rivers, lakes and sea that can
affect the equilibrium of the aquatic ecosystem
c) destruction of the respiratory system, central nervous system and immune system
which can be fatal

C. Agricultural waste
1. Organic waste from agricultural-based industries are:
Palm oil
Rubber
2. The effects of organic waste:
It will decay and release toxic gases into the environment
Organic waste that are channeled into the river will destroy the aquatic life

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 133

D. Radioactive waste
1. Examples of radioactive waste:
Nuclear weapon industry
Nuclear substances from nuclear reactor
2. Exposure to radiations may cause:
Cancer, Growth defects in children, Infertility in adults and death

Methods of Controlling Industrial Waste Disposal

Use of technology
Legislation
Education

Method of disposing industrial wastes

Types of industrial waste Method

Oxidation pool to carry out biological and chemical
Toxic waste
processes
Carbon monoxide High chimney with electrostatic comparator
Acidic gas ( sulphur dioxide,
The use of air cleaning system
nitrogen dioxide )
Store in a container made of thick layer of lead followed
Radioactive
by standard disposal procedure
Solid waste of oil palm Processed to make fuel or food for livestock

Preservation and Conservation of the Environment

Effects of pollution

Types of pollution Effects on environment and human being

Water becomes toxic
Water pollution
Death .
Lung diseases
Air pollution
Acid rain
Harmful to aquatic life
Thermal pollution
Increase the surrounding temperature
Genetic diseases such as cancer, growth disability and
Radioactive pollution
infertility

Pollution can also cause the following phenomena

Phenomenon Effects on environment and human beings

Sea level rises because of the melting of ice at the poles
Greenhouse effect The size of desert increases
Ozone layer Skin cancer, cataract
Acid rain Extinction of species, corrosion of man-made structures
Haze Problems with respiratory system

Among the importance of practicing proper ways of disposing industrial wastes are:
a) the industrial waste will not harm our health
b) to protect the flora and fauna
c) to ensure the continuity of the next generation

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 134

 PAPER 1

1 Which of the following process is to increase the hardness of metal?

A. Alloying
B. Electrolysis
C. Polymerisation
D. Crystallization

2. What is an alloy?

A. A metallic compound
B. A mixture of two elements
C. A mixture of metal and another metal
D. A mixture of two or more non-metals

3. Substance X is a mixture of two metals. What is substance X?

A. An alloy
B. An element
C. A compound
D. An electrolyte

4. Why is brass an alloy ?

A. It is soft
B. It is malleable
C. Resistant to corrosion
D. Contains metal and non-metal

5. Which of the following is the property of alloy compared to metal?

A. Harder
B. Malleable
C. More heavy
D. Less resistant to corrosion

6. The diagram shows the arrangement of atoms in steel.

Iron atom

Carbon atom

What is the function of carbon atoms ?

A. To reduce the boiling point

B. To make metal more corrosive

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 135

 C. Prevent electric flow in metal atoms
D. Prevent layers of metal atoms from sliding

7. Which alloy is suitable for constructing a tall building?

A. Steel
B. Brass
C. Bronze
D. Duralumin

8. Which of the following is the content of stainless steel?

A. Copper and iron

B. Carbon and zinc
C. Chromium, nickel and iron
D. Chromium, iron and carbon

9. The following information shows the properties of alloy K.

Strong, shiny
Resistant to corrosion
Contain 75% copper and 25% zinc

Which of the following product can be made from K?

A. Coins
B. Bridges
C. Jewelleries
D. Musical instruments

10. What is the special property of an alloy which is suitable for making aircraft
body?

A. Hard and heavy

B. Light and strong
C. Shiny and strong
D. Low in density and shiny

11. Which of the following alloys is suitable for making aircraft body?

A. Steel
B. Pewter
C. Bronze
D. Duralumin

12. Steel is harder and stronger than iron.

Which of the following properties causes the atoms of steel not properly
arranged?

A. Same size
B. Different size

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 136

 C. Same density
D. Different density

13. Bronze is harder and stronger than copper. What is the function of foreign
atoms in bronze?

A. Increase the melting point of copper

B. Increase the force of attraction between copper atoms
C. Stop the copper atoms from vibrating at their fixed position
D. Stop the rows of copper atoms from sliding over one another

14. Which of the following substances have no resistance to the flow of

electricity?

A. Alloys
B. Metals
C. Non-metal
D. Superconductors

15. What is superconductor alloy?

A. A substance which is good conductor of heat

B. A substance which has an efficient current flow
C. A substances with zero resistance at a high temperature
D. A substance with an electrical resistance that is directly proportional to
temperature

16. Anis mother realized that her gold ring can easily bent.
How can she harden it?

A. Add more gold to it

B. Melt and remould it
C. Knock it to its original shape
D. Melt it and add other elements to it

17 . Which of the following elements are the components of brass?

A. Tin and lead

B. Lead and copper
C. Copper and zinc
D. Copper and carbon

18. What is the purpose of adding carbon to iron in the manufacture of steel ?

A. Lower the melting point

B. Make the metal even softer
C. Prevent the flow of electric current among the atoms
D. Prevent the iron atoms from sliding among one another

19. What are the main metals that make up pewter?

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 137

 A. Tin and iron
B. Tin and lead
C. Copper and zinc
D. Tin and antimony and copper
20. What is the function of the added foreign atoms in an alloy?

A. To give off radiation when the alloy is hot

B. To reacts chemically with the pure metal atoms
C. To help to increase the vibration among the metal atoms
D. To prevent the layer of pure metal atoms from sliding among
themselves

21. The diagram shows the arrangement of atoms in alloy X.

Carbon atom

Iron atom

What is alloy X?

A. Steel C. Bronze
B. Brass D. Duralumin

22. The diagram shows the arrangement of atoms in substance Z.

Added atom

What is the function of the added atoms?

A. The added atoms are harder

B. The added atoms increase the force among the metallic atoms
C. The added atoms stop the rows of metallic atoms from sliding
D. There is a strong force among the added atoms and the metallic atoms

23. The following table shows alloys and their uses

Which of the following pairs is true?

Alloy Uses
A. Duralumin Aircraft bodies
B. Brass Bridge and building
C. Pewter Medal and swords
D. Steel Mugs and ornaments

24. What is the name of the process to produce ammonia in an industry?

A. Haber process
B. Contact process

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 138

 C. Reversible process
D. Refining process

25. The equation below shows process to produce ammonia.

Nitrogen + hydrogen ammonia

What is the ratio of nitrogen and hydrogen?

A. 3 : 1
B. 1 : 3
C. 2 :1
D. 3 : 2

26. Which of the following is the source of nitrogen used in manufacturing

ammonia?

A. Air
B. Water
C. Acid amino
D. Natural gas

27. Which of the following catalyst is used in the production of ammonia ?

A. Iron filling
B. Nickel sheet
C. Platinum filling
D. Vanadium filling

28. What is the use of ammonia in industry?

A. Production of alloy
B Production of nitric acid
C. Coagulation of rubber latex
D. As a catalyst in production of sulfuric acid

29. The information below shows the industrial products made from substance P.

Detergent
Fertilizer
Nitric acid

What is substance P?

A. Urea
B. Alcohol
C. Nitrogen
D. Ammonia

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 139

30. Which of the combination can optimize the production of ammonia in the
industry?

A. Pressure
B. Temperature
C. Pressure and temperature
D. Pressure , temperature and catalyst

31. The following equation shows the production of substance X.

Ammonia + Nitric acid X

What could substance X?

A. Urea
B. Ammonium salt
C. Ammonium nitric
D. Ammonium nitrate

32. Which of the following needs to be added to ammonium solution to produce

ammonium nitrate salt?

A. Nitric acid
B. Sodium nitrate
C. Hydrochloric acid
D. Potassium hydroxide

33. Which of the following is used to react with ammonia to produce urea?

A. Oxygen
B. Nitrogen
C. Hydrogen
D. Carbon dioxide

34. Which of the following is true about urea?

A. It is not soluble in water

B. It is used to make plastic
C. It is important nitrogenous fertilizer
D. It is convertible to ammonia and oxygen

35. Which of the following are the uses of ammonia?

A. Making fertilizer, candle

B. Making nitric acid, detergent

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 140

 C. Making plastic , sulfuric acid
D. Making nitric acid , sulfuric acid

36. Choose the correct match between industrial wastes and the method of
controlling them.

Industrial wastes Methods of controlling

A Radioactive wastes Recycle
B Toxic wastes Flow out to the river
C Oil palm Open burning
D Soot and dust Electrostatic precipitator

37. Which of the following gases is released by the burning of fossil fuels that
contributes to the formation of acid rain?

A. Oxygen
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Sulphur dioxide
D. Carbon monoxide

38. Why is radioactive wastes have to be disposed properly ?

A. Attract microorganisms
B. Still release nuclear energy
C. Decay and release harmful radiation
D. React with other elements to produce poisons

39. Which of the following methods is the most suitable to dispose radioactive
wastes?

A. Exposing to sunlight
B. Burying underground
C. Burning in a closed chamber
D. Treating with microorganism

40. Which of the following is the major source of carbon monoxide

pollutant in air?

A. Burning fossil fuel

B. Disposal of agricultural wastes
C. Disposal of radioactive wastes
D. Decomposition of chemical wastes

41. Which of the following air pollutants reduces the ability of blood in oxygen
transport ?

A. Carbon dioxide
B. Sulphur dioxide
C. Nitrogen dioxide
D. Carbon monoxide

42. Which of the following substances will cause the greenhouse effect ?

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 141

 A. Ozone
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Nitrogen dioxide
D. Carbon monoxide

43. Which of the following situation is cause by greenhouse effect ?

A. Atmospheric temperature decrease

B. Atmospheric temperature increases
C. Plant gradually cover the whole earth surface
D. Only green light can pass through the atmosphere of the earth

44. Overuse of pesticides and fertilizer in an agricultural area will pollute the
water source nearby. What is the effect of this pollution on the water
source and aquatic life?

A. The water become cloudy

B. The water temperature increases
C. The quantity of oxygen decreases
D. The water becomes poisonous to aquatic life

45. Which of the following methods is used to control pollution of the

environment?

A. The use of leaded petrol

B. Disposal untreated chemical waste
C. The burning of industrial wastes in the open area
D. The fixing of electrostatic precipitators at the factories

46. What is the effect of improper radioactive waste disposal to humans?

A. Causes mutation
B. Causes lung cancer
C. Causes heart disease
D. Causes brain retardation

47. Which of the following methods is the most effective way to reduce the
disposal of pollutant to the environment ?

A. Law enforcement
B. Educate the people
C. Advertise how to dispose industrial waste
D. Treat industrial waste using latest technology

48. Which of the following promotes the growth of algae?

A. Mining industry
B. Weapon industry
C. Chemical industry
D. Agricultural industry

49. The diagram shows the arrangement of atoms in steel.

Atom X

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 142

Atom Y
 Which of the following pairs represents atoms X and Y?

Atom X Atom Y
A Copper Tin
B Iron Carbon
C Aluminium Copper
D Zinc Iron

50. How can a sheet of soft pure iron can be made stronger and harder?

A. By adding acid
B. By knocking it hard
C. By adding more pure iron
D. By melting it and adding some carbon

PAPER 2

SECTION A

1. Diagram 1 shows the experiment to study the properties of alloy.

Iron spoon Steel spoon
Bright and
shiny

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 143

 Sodium chloride
solution

After 3 days

Become dull Bright and shiny

DIAGRAM 1

a) Based on the observation of the experiment, state the hypothesis.

(1M)

b) State the variables in this experiment.

i) Manipulated variable :

..

ii) Responding variable :

..
(2M
c) Steel spoon is an alloy.
State the operational definition of alloy.

(1M)

2. Diagram 2 shows three samples of water from different sources

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 144

 Can X Can Y Can Z

Tap water River water near Sea water

pH 7 factory pH 6
pH 5

DIAGRAM 2

a) What is the observation from the experiment?

.
(1 Mark)
b) What is the inference from the observation?

..
(1 Mark)

c) State the variables

i) Manipulated variable :

ii) Responding variable :.

iii) Constant variable :.

(3 Marks)

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 145

3. Diagram 3 shows an experiment to compare the hardness of iron and steel.
1 kg load is dropped on to the ball bearing on each block from the same
height. The dent on each block then measured.

1kg Load 1kg

Ball
bearing

Iron block Steel block

DIAGRAM 3

Table 3 below shows the dent area on the block when the loads are dropped.

Types of block The dent area on the block

Iron 10mm
Steel 5 mm

TABLE 3

a) From Table 3, write an observation when 1 kg load are dropped on the block.

..
(1M)
b) State the variables in this experiment.

i) Controlled variable :

(1M)
ii) Manipulated variable :

(1M)

c) Based on observation, state one inference that can be made.

..
(1M)

d) Give one reason, why metals are made into alloys?

(1M)

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 146

 SECTION B

1. Table 4 shows number of pure atoms and foreign atoms in the copper
and bronze.

Number of pure Number of

Metal Arrangement of atom
atom foreign atom

Copper 0
20

Bronze 20 2

TABLE 4

a. Draw the arrangement of atoms in bronze on Table 4.

(1M)

b. What is the purpose of adding foreign atoms in bronze?

..
1M)

c. Give one other property of bronze.

.
(1M)

d. State the composition of atoms in bronze.

..
(1M)

e. Tick (/) the instruments that made from bronze. (1M)

Champion

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 147

2. Diagram 5 shows the arrangement of atoms in steel.

Atom of metal X

Atom of metal Y

DIAGRAM 5

a. Name the metal X and metal Y

i) Metal X : ...

ii) Metal Y : .
(2M)

b. i) State one property of steel.

ii) Give one use of steel.

..
(2M)
c. Superconductor alloy is used in flow of electricity. Give one properties of
superconductor alloy.

(1M)

3. Diagram 6 shows Haber process to produce ammonia in industry.

R : .

Temperature 450oC
Catalyst S
AMMONIUM

NITROGEN

DIAGRAM 6

a) Label substance R in Diagram 6. (1M)

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 148

 b) i) Name the catalyst S.

ii) What is the function of catalyst?

.
(2M)

c) State the source of nitrogen in this process.

(1M)

d) This process release heat energy . Name the type of reaction involved.

(1M)

e) State one use of ammonia.

(1M)

SECTION C

1. Your father wants to build a wooden house. He needs some nails to fix it.
His friend told that steel nails are better because they do not rust easily.
Your father is curious to find out the difference of corrosion between the iron
nails and steel nails.

You help your father to do an experiment . You are given a steel nail, an iron
nail and sodium chloride solution.

(a) Suggest a hypothesis to investigate the above statement (1M)

(b) Describe an experiment to test your hypothesis in 1 (a) on the following

criteria.

i) Aim of the experiment (1M)

ii) Identification of variables (2M)
iii) List of apparatus and materials (1M)
iv) Procedure or method (4M)
v) Tabulation of data (1M)

2. a) i) State two differences of alloy and pure metal.

ii) Give one example of alloy and metal. ( 4M )

b) You are given two types of metal as shown in diagram 7.

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 149

 BRONZE IRON STEEL

DIAGRAM 7

Choose the most suitable metal for built of construction such as bridge
and building.
Explain your choice based on the following aspects:

Aim of the choice

Explanation on the advantages of each type of metal
List the type of metal according to its priority
The reason for your choice
(6M)

3. a) Give three effects of toxic waste and one example of toxic waste from
the rubber industry. ( 4M )

c) Diagram 8 shows three type of substances.

Duralumin

Bronze SUBSTANCES Steel

DIAGRAM 8

You are required to develop a concept of an alloy. Your answer should

be based on the following aspects:

Identify two common characteristics of an alloy

Develop an initial concept of an alloy
Give one example of an alloy and one which is not an alloy.
Give reason for each example.
Build the real concept of alloy. ( 6M )

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 150