Chapter 130. Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills For Career and Technical Education Subchapter O. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

Adopted to be effective August 23, 2010.
Text of Adopted 19 TAC
Chapter 130. Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills for Career and Technical Education
Subchapter O. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
130.361. Implementation of Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills for Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics.
The provisions of this subchapter shall be implemented by school districts beginning with the 2010-2011
school year.
130.362. Concepts of Engineering and Technology (One-Half to One Credit).

(a) General requirements. This course is recommended for students in Grades 9-10.
(b) Introduction. Concepts of Engineering and Technology provides an overview of the various fields of
science, technology, engineering, and mathematics and their interrelationships. Students will use a variety
of computer hardware and software applications to complete assignments and projects. Upon completing
this course, students will have an understanding of the various fields and will be able to make informed
decisions regarding a coherent sequence of subsequent courses. Further, students will have worked on a
design team to develop a product or system. Students will use multiple software applications to prepare and
present course assignments.
(c) Knowledge and skills.
(1) The student investigates the components of engineering and technology systems. The student is
expected to:
(A) investigate and report on the history of engineering science;
(B) identify the inputs, processes, and outputs associated with technological systems;
(C) describe the difference between open and closed systems;
(D) describe how technological systems interact to achieve common goals;
(E) compare and contrast engineering, science, and technology careers; and
(F) conduct and present research on emerging and innovative technology.
(2) The student presents conclusions, research findings, and designs using a variety of media
throughout the course. The student is expected to:
(A) use clear and concise written, verbal, and visual communication techniques;
(B) maintain a design and computation engineering notebook;
(C) use sketching and computer-aided drafting and design to present ideas; and
(D) maintain a portfolio.
(3) The student uses appropriate tools and demonstrates safe work habits. The student is expected to:
(A) master relevant safety tests;
(B) follow safety guidelines as described in various manuals, instructions, and regulations;
(C) recognize the classification of hazardous materials and wastes;
(D) dispose of hazardous materials and wastes appropriately;
(E) perform maintenance and safely handle and store laboratory equipment;
(F) describe the implications of negligent or improper maintenance; and
(G) demonstrate the use of precision measuring instruments.
(4) The student describes the factors that affect the progression of technology and the potential
intended and unintended consequences of technological advances. The student is expected to:
(A) describe how technology has affected individuals, societies, cultures, economies, and
environments;
(B) describe how the development and use of technology influenced past events;
(C) describe how and why technology progresses; and
(D) predict possible changes caused by the advances of technology.
(5) The student describes the importance of teamwork, leadership, integrity, honesty, ethics, work
habits, and organizational skills. The student is expected to:
(A) describe and demonstrate how teams function;
(B) identify characteristics of good team leaders and team members;
(C) work in a team face-to-face or in a virtual environment to solve problems;
(D) discuss the principles of ideation;
(E) identify employers' expectations and appropriate work habits;
(F) differentiate between discrimination, harassment, and equality;
(G) describe ethical behavior and decision making through use of examples;
(H) use time-management techniques to develop team schedules to meet project objectives;
and
(I) complete projects according to established criteria.
(6) The student thinks critically and applies fundamental principles of system modeling and design to
multiple design projects. The student is expected to:
(A) identify and describe the fundamental processes needed for a project, including design
and prototype development;
(B) identify the chemical, mechanical, and physical properties of engineering materials;
(C) use problem-solving techniques to develop technological solutions;
(D) use consistent units for all measurements and computations; and
(E) assess risks and benefits of a design solution.
(7) The student understands the opportunities and careers in fields related to biotechnology. The
student is expected to:
(A) describe the fields of biotechnology;
(B) describe career opportunities in biotechnology;
(C) apply design concepts to problems in biotechnology;
(D) identify fields related to biotechnology; and
(E) identify currently emerging issues in biotechnology.
(8) The student understands the opportunities and careers in fields related to process control and
automation systems. The student is expected to:
(A) describe applications of process control and automation systems;
(B) describe career opportunities in process control and automation systems;
(C) apply design concepts to problems in process control and automation systems;
(D) identify fields related to process control and automation systems; and
(E) identify emerging issues in process control and automation systems.

(9) The student understands the opportunities and careers in fields related to physical and mechanical
systems. The student is expected to:
(A) describe the applications of physical and mechanical systems;
(B) describe career opportunities in physical and mechanical systems;
(C) apply design concepts to problems in physical and mechanical systems; and
(D) identify emerging issues in physical and mechanical systems.
(10) The student participates in a team-based culminating project. The student is expected to:
(A) apply the design process in a team;
(B) assume different roles as a team member within the project;
(C) maintain an engineering notebook for the project;
(D) develop and test the model for the project; and
(E) present the project using clear and concise communication skills.
130.363. Biotechnology (One to Two Credits).

(a) General requirements. This course is recommended for students in Grades 9-12. Recommended
prerequisite: Concepts of Engineering and Technology.
(b) Introduction. This course provides an overview of biotechnology, bioengineering, and related fields. Topics
include genetics, cell structure, proteins, nucleic acids, and the impact of immunological events in
biotechnology. Students further study the increasingly important agricultural, environmental, economic,
and political roles of bioenergy and biological remediation; the roles of nanoscience and nanotechnology in
biotechnology medical research; and future trends in biological science and biotechnology.
(1) The student explores biotechnology career opportunities. The student is expected to:
(A) determine interests and aptitudes through conversations with biotechnology
professionals;
(B) identify career options in the field of biotechnology;
(C) identify reliable sources of career information;
(D) research interests, knowledge, educational level, abilities, and skills needed in a
biotechnology-related occupation;
(E) seek a mentor in the biotechnology area;
(F) identify conventional and non-conventional career opportunities that match interests and
aptitudes;
(G) research applications of biotechnology and biomaterials in the areas of medicine, the
environment, and pharmaceutical, agricultural, and industrial settings; and
(H) use technology to research biotechnology topics, identify pertinent scientific articles,
obtain articles of interest, and write a formal research paper in the format used by
academic and professional journals and magazines.
(2) The student evaluates ethical and legal issues in biotechnology. The student is expected to:
(A) identify current ethical and legal issues;
(B) describe the history of biotechnology and related current issues;
(C) discuss legal and technology issues for at least two biotechnology related areas; and
(D) compare and contrast examples of objective and subjective scientific, economic, and
political data and positions used to defend biotechnology views.
(3) The student examines federal, state, local, and industry regulations as applied to biotechnical
processes through library research and Internet research. The student is expected to:
(A) identify local, state, and federal agencies responsible for regulating the biotechnology
industry;
(B) identify professional organizations participating in the development of biotechnology
policies;
(C) identify and define terms related to biotechnology regulations; and
(D) outline the methods and procedures used in biotechnology laboratories to follow and
enforce local, state, and federal regulations, including those in the agricultural and health
areas.
(4) The student demonstrates knowledge of the business climate for biotechnology industry sectors in
the current market. The student is expected to:
(A) identify professional publications;
(B) identify the various biotechnology industry sectors; and
(C) investigate and report on career opportunities in the biotechnology industry sectors.
(5) The student researches and exhibits employability skills that support a career in the biotechnology
industry. The student is expected to:
(A) demonstrate verbal, nonverbal, written, and electronic communication skills;
(B) demonstrate skills used to secure and maintain employment;
(C) demonstrate appropriate workplace etiquette; and
(D) display productive work habits and attitudes.
(6) The student investigates the origins of waste and examines the relationship of biotechnology to
resource recovery. The student is expected to:
(A) investigate at least three end products from biotechnology manufacturing processes;
(B) investigate the effects of waste on environmental and biological life cycles;
(C) investigate the impacts of waste on the environment;
(D) analyze the results of manufacturing refuse;
(E) explain the negative impacts of waste with respect to the individual, society, and the
global population;
(F) research solutions to biological waste with respect to commercial applications through
investigation of various pollution waste treatments using natural organisms;
(G) investigate biotechnology as it relates to health and well-being; and
(H) cite evidence regarding regulations, patents and public policy, design development and
testing, and safety.
(7) The student examines the relationship of biotechnology to the development of commercial
products. The student is expected to:
(A) identify the ability to change or enhance genetic characteristics;
(B) identify applications of genetic engineering;
(C) identify applications of nanotechnology in biotechnology;
(D) identify applications of bioinformatics in biotechnology;

(E) identify the applications of biotechnology in medicine, forensics, and law enforcement;
and
(F) research ethical considerations, laws, and regulations governing genetic engineering and
nanotechnology.
130.364. Advanced Biotechnology (One Credit).

prerequisites: Biology and Chemistry. To receive credit in science, students must meet the 40% laboratory
and fieldwork requirement identified in 74.3(b)(2)(C) of this title (relating to Description of a Required
Secondary Curriculum).
(b) Introduction.
(1) Students enrolled in this course will apply advanced academic knowledge and skills to the
emerging fields of biotechnology such as agricultural, medical, regulatory, and forensics. Students
will have the opportunity to use sophisticated laboratory equipment, perform statistical analysis,
and practice quality-control techniques.
(2) Students will conduct laboratory and field investigations, use scientific methods during
investigations, and make informed decisions using critical thinking and scientific problem solving.
Students in Advanced Biotechnology study a variety of topics that include structures and functions
of cells, nucleic acids, proteins, and genetics.
(3) Science, as defined by the National Academy of Sciences, is the "use of evidence to construct
testable explanations and predictions of natural phenomena, as well as the knowledge generated
through this process." This vast body of changing and increasing knowledge is described by
physical, mathematical, and conceptual models. Students should know that some questions are
outside the realm of science because they deal with phenomena that are not scientifically testable.
(4) Scientific inquiry is the planned and deliberate investigation of the natural world. Scientific
methods of investigation can be experimental, descriptive, or comparative. The method chosen
should be appropriate to the question being asked.
(5) Scientific decision making is a way of answering questions about the natural world. Students
should be able to distinguish between scientific decision-making methods and ethical and social
decisions that involve the application of scientific information.
(6) A system is a collection of cycles, structures, and processes that interact. All systems have basic
properties that can be described in terms of space, time, energy, and matter. Change and constancy
occur in systems as patterns and can be observed, measured, and modeled. These patterns help to
make predictions that can be scientifically tested. Students should analyze a system in terms of its
components and how these components relate to each other, to the whole, and to the external
environment.
(1) The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, conducts laboratory and field investigations
using safe, environmentally appropriate, and ethical practices. These investigations must involve
actively obtaining and analyzing data with physical equipment, but may also involve
experimentation in a simulated environment as well as field observations that extend beyond the
classroom. The student is expected to:
(A) demonstrate safe practices during laboratory and field investigations, including chemical,
electrical, and fire safety, and safe handling of live and preserved organisms;
(B) demonstrate an understanding of the use and conservation of resources and the proper
disposal or recycling of materials;
(C) demonstrate appropriate safety procedures, guidelines, and chemical hygiene plan;
(D) maintain required safety training, including location and understanding of interpretation
of material safety data sheets;
(E) comply with federal and state safety regulations as specified by Occupational Safety and
Health Administration and other regulatory agencies as appropriate;
(F) identify and obey safety symbols and signs;
(G) maintain clean and well organized work areas;
(H) dispose of equipment, glassware, and biologics according to laboratory policies;
(I) recognize common laboratory hazards;
(J) observe procedures for the safe use of instruments, gas cylinders, and chemicals; and
(K) maintain safety and personal protection equipment.
(2) The student uses scientific methods and equipment during laboratory and field investigations. The
(A) know the definition of science and understand that it has limitations, as specified in
subsection (b)(3) of this section;
(B) know that scientific hypotheses are tentative and testable statements that must be capable
of being supported or not supported by observational evidence. Hypotheses of durable
explanatory power which have been tested over a wide variety of conditions are
incorporated into theories;
(C) know that scientific theories are based on natural and physical phenomena and are
capable of being tested by multiple independent researchers. Unlike hypotheses, scientific
theories are well-established and highly-reliable explanations, but they may be subject to
change as new areas of science and new technologies are developed;
(D) distinguish between scientific hypotheses and scientific theories;
(E) plan and implement investigative procedures, including asking questions, formulating
testable hypotheses, and selecting, handling, and maintaining appropriate equipment and
technology;
(F) collect data individually or collaboratively, make measurements with precision and
accuracy, record values using appropriate units, and calculate statistically relevant
quantities to describe data, including mean, median, and range;
(G) demonstrate the use of course apparatus, equipment, techniques, and procedures;
(H) organize, analyze, evaluate, build models, make inferences, and predict trends from data;
(I) perform calculations using dimensional analysis, significant digits, and scientific
notation; and
(J) communicate valid conclusions using essential vocabulary and multiple modes of
expression such as lab reports, labeled drawings, graphic organizers, journals, summaries,
oral reports, and technology-based reports.
(3) The student uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving to make informed
decisions within and outside the classroom. The student is expected to:
(A) in all fields of science, analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by using
empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing,
including examining all sides of scientific evidence of those scientific explanations, so as
to encourage critical thinking by the student;
(B) communicate and apply scientific information extracted from various sources such as
current events, news reports, published journal articles, and marketing materials;
(C) draw inferences based on data related to promotional materials for products and services;
(D) evaluate the impact of research and technology on scientific thought, society, and the
environment;
(E) describe the connection between biotechnology and future careers; and
(F) research and describe the history of biotechnology and contributions of scientists.
(4) The student explores the emerging field of biotechnology. The student is expected to:
(A) define biotechnology as related to new and emerging occupations;
(B) explore engineering and bioinformatics;
(C) create a timeline of historical biotechnology research and development; and
(D) research career opportunities in fields such as molecular, forensic, medical, regulatory,
and agricultural biotechnology.
(5) The student analyzes bacterial, plant, and animal cell structures. The student is expected to:
(A) distinguish among bacterial, plant, and animal cells;
(B) describe the major structures in a bacterial cell and their functions such as pili, capsule,
and flagella;
(C) describe the major structures in a plant cell and their functions such as cell wall and
chloroplasts;
(D) describe the major structures in an animal cell and their functions such as nucleus,
nucleolus, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, chromatin,
cytoplasm, and endoplasmic reticulum; and
(E) identify cells using the microscope.
(6) The student understands the role of genetics in the biotechnology industry. The student is expected
to:
(A) explain terms related to molecular biology such as nucleic acids, nitrogen bases, amino
acids, transcription, translation, polymerase, and protein synthesis;
(B) describe the structure of a nucleotide;
(C) identify the nitrogen bases of deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid;
(D) explain how nucleotides join together to form a double-helical deoxyribonucleic acid
molecule;
(E) describe the deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid replication process;
(F) illustrate the process of protein synthesis;
(G) define genome and gene expression;
(H) evaluate the significance of ethics and regulations as it relates to gene expression; and
(I) summarize the role of genetics in the biotechnology industry.
(7) The student analyzes the importance of recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid technology and genetic
engineering. The student is expected to:
(A) define recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid technology as it relates to the biotechnology
industry;
(B) explain how recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid technology is used to clone genes;
(C) explain the role of tissue cultures to genetic modification procedures;
(D) propagate plant cultures;
(E) maintain proper growing conditions for plant tissue cultures;

(F) explain the role of restriction enzymes and plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid;
(G) describe the vectors commonly used, including bacteriophage vectors;
(H) discuss the polymerase chain reaction and its application in recombinant
deoxyribonucleic acid technology; and
(I) perform restriction digests.
(8) The student examines federal, state, local, and industry regulations as related to biotechnology.
The student is expected to:
(A) discuss the relationship between the local, state, and federal agencies responsible for
regulation of the biotechnology industry; and
(B) analyze policies and procedures used in the biotechnology industry such as animal
research laboratories.
(9) The student performs standard biotechnology laboratory procedures. The student is expected to:
(A) operate laboratory equipment such as a microscope, thermocycler, hood, pH meter,
stirrers, balance, mixers, autoclave, power supply, shakers, dry heat oven, incubators, and
Bunsen burners;
(B) practice measuring volumes and weights to industry standards;
(C) analyze data and perform calculations and statistical analysis as it relates to
biotechnology laboratory experiments;
(D) demonstrate and show proficiency in titration and pipetting techniques;
(E) identify microorganisms using staining methods such as the Gram stain, methylene-blue
stain, and acid-fast staining;
(F) document laboratory results; and
(G) investigate how laboratory techniques vary in different industry sectors.
(10) The student prepares solutions and reagents for the biotechnology laboratory. The student is
expected to:
(A) practice aseptic technique;
(B) prepare, dispense, and monitor physical properties of stock reagents, buffers, media, and
solutions;
(C) calculate and prepare a dilution series; and
(D) determine acceptability and optimum conditions of reagents for experimentation.
(11) The student performs advanced biotechnology laboratory procedures. The student is expected to:
(A) explain the importance of media components to the outcome of cultures;
(B) isolate, maintain, and store pure cultures;
(C) prepare seed inoculum;
(D) perform plating techniques such as the Kirby-Bauer method;
(E) precipitate and solubilize proteins;
(F) isolate and interpret proteins using electrophoresis; and
(G) perform nucleic acid sequencing procedures.
(12) The student conducts quality-control analysis while performing biotechnology laboratory
procedures. The student is expected to:
(A) perform validation testing on laboratory reagents and equipment; and

(B) analyze data and perform calculations and statistical analysis on results of quality-control
samples such as trending of data.
(13) The student summarizes biotechnology laboratory procedures and their applications in the
biotechnology industry. The student is expected to:
(A) identify the major sectors of the biotechnology industry;
(B) categorize the biotechnology laboratory procedures included in each sector; and
(C) compare the different applications used in biotechnology laboratory procedures of each
sector.
130.365. Engineering Design and Presentation (One to Two Credits).

(b) Introduction. Students enrolled in this course will demonstrate knowledge and skills of the process of
design as it applies to engineering fields using multiple software applications and tools necessary to
produce and present working drawings, solid model renderings, and prototypes. Students will use a variety
of computer hardware and software applications to complete assignments and projects. Through
implementation of the design process, students will transfer advanced academic skills to component
designs. Additionally, students explore career opportunities in engineering, technology, and drafting and
what is required to gain and maintain employment in these areas.
(1) The student gains knowledge of and demonstrates the skills necessary for success in the
workplace. The student is expected to:
(A) distinguish the differences between an engineering technician, engineering technologist,
and engineer;
(B) identify employment and career opportunities;
(C) investigate and work toward industry certifications;
(D) demonstrate the principles of teamwork related to engineering and technology;
(E) identify and use appropriate work habits;
(F) demonstrate knowledge related to governmental regulations, including health and safety;
(G) discuss ethical issues related to engineering and technology and incorporate proper ethics
in submitted projects;
(H) demonstrate respect for diversity in the workplace;
(I) demonstrate appropriate actions and identify consequences relating to discrimination,
harassment, and equality;
(J) demonstrate effective oral and written communication skills using a variety of software
applications and media; and
(K) explore career preparation learning experiences, including, but not limited to, job
shadowing, mentoring, and apprenticeship training.
(2) The student participates in team projects in various roles. The student is expected to:
(A) understand and discuss how teams function;
(B) use teamwork to solve problems; and
(C) serve as a team leader and a team member and demonstrate appropriate attitudes while
participating in team projects.
(3) The student develops skills for managing a project. The student is expected to:
(A) use time-management techniques to develop and maintain work schedules and meet
deadlines;
(B) complete work according to established criteria;
(C) participate in the organization and operation of a real or simulated engineering project;
and
(D) develop a plan for production of an individual product.
(4) The student practices safe and proper work habits. The student is expected to:
(C) identify and classify hazardous materials and wastes according to Occupational Safety
and Health Administration regulations;
(E) perform maintenance on selected tools, equipment, and machines;
(F) handle and store tools and materials correctly; and
(G) describe the results of negligent or improper maintenance.
(5) The student applies the concepts of sketching and skills associated with computer-aided drafting
and design. The student is expected to:
(A) sketch single- and multi-view projections;
(B) prepare orthographic and pictorial views;
(C) prepare auxiliary views;
(D) prepare section views;
(E) project points and construct lines to build geometric forms;
(F) construct true length of lines and true size of planes by the revolution method;
(G) draw developments using radial line, parallel line, and triangulation methods;
(H) construct piercing points and intersection of planes using edge-view and cutting plane
methods;
(I) prepare and revise annotated multi-dimensional production drawings in computer-aided
drafting and design to industry standards; and
(J) demonstrate knowledge of effective file structure and management.
(6) The student uses engineering design methodologies. The student is expected to:
(A) understand and discuss principles of ideation;
(B) think critically, identify the system constraints, and make fact-based decisions;
(C) use rational thinking to develop or improve a product;
(D) apply decision-making strategies when developing solutions;
(E) use an engineering notebook to record prototypes, corrections, and/or mistakes in the
design process; and
(F) use an engineering notebook to record the final design, construction, and manipulation of
finished projects.
(7) The student applies concepts of engineering to specific problems. The student is expected to:
(A) use a variety of technologies to design components;
(B) use tools, laboratory equipment, and precision measuring instruments to develop
prototypes;
(C) research applications of different types of computer-aided drafting and design software;
and
(D) use multiple software applications for concept presentations.
(8) The student designs products using appropriate design processes and techniques. The student is
expected to:
(A) interpret engineering drawings;
(B) identify areas where quality, reliability, and safety can be designed into a product;
(C) improve a product design to meet a specified need;
(D) produce engineering drawings to industry standards; and
(E) describe potential patents and the patenting process.
(9) The student builds a prototype using the appropriate tools, materials, and techniques. The student
is expected to:
(A) identify and describe the steps needed to produce a prototype;
(B) identify and use appropriate tools, equipment, machines, and materials to produce the
prototype; and
(C) present the prototype using a variety of media.
130.366. Advanced Engineering Design and Presentation (Two to Three Credits).

(a) General requirements. This course is recommended for students in Grades 11-12. Prerequisite: Engineering
Design and Presentation.
(b) Introduction. This course will provide students the opportunity to master computer software applications in
a variety of engineering and technical fields. This course further develops the process of engineering
thought and application of the design process.
(1) The student gains knowledge of and demonstrates the skills necessary for success in the
workplace. The student is expected to:
and engineer;

participating in team projects.
deadlines;
(B) complete projects according to established criteria;
and
(4) The student demonstrates principles of project documentation and work flow. The student is
expected to:
(A) complete work orders and related documentation;
(B) identify factors affecting cost and strategies to minimize costs;
(C) prepare a project budget;
(D) prepare a production schedule;
(E) identify intellectual property and other legal restrictions; and
(F) read and interpret technical drawings, manuals, and bulletins.
(5) The student applies the concepts and skills of computer-aided drafting and design software to
perform the following tasks. The student is expected to:
(A) prepare drawings to American National Standards Institute and International Standards
Organization graphic standards;
(B) customize software user interface by creating blocks, attributes, and symbol libraries;
(C) prepare advanced sectional views and isometrics;
(D) draw detailed parts, assembly diagrams, and sub-assembly diagrams;
(E) indicate tolerances and standard fittings using appropriate library functions;
(F) prepare highway plan and profile drawings, including utility locations;
(G) prepare functional block diagrams for project management and decision making;
(H) prepare functional wiring harness diagrams;
(I) prepare electronic schematics to industry standards, including logic diagrams;
(J) prepare advanced development drawings; and
(K) identify the functions of computer hardware devices.
(A) understand and discuss principles of system ideation;
(C) use rational thinking to develop or improve a system;
(E) identify quality-control issues in engineering design and production;
(F) describe perceptions of the quality of products and how they affect engineering decisions;
(G) use an engineering notebook to record prototypes, corrections, and/or mistakes in the
design process; and
(H) use an engineering notebook to record the final design, construction, and manipulation of
finished projects.
(8) The student applies concepts of engineering to specific problems. The student is expected to:
(A) use a variety of technologies to design systems;
(B) use tools, laboratory equipment, and precision measuring instruments to develop
prototypes;
(C) research applications of different types of computer-aided drafting and design software;
and
(D) use multiple software applications for concept presentations.
(9) The student designs systems using appropriate design processes and techniques. The student is
expected to:
(A) interpret engineering drawings;
(B) identify areas where quality, reliability, and safety can be designed into a system;
(C) improve a system design to meet a specified need, including properties of materials
selected;
(D) produce engineering drawings to industry standards; and
(E) describe potential patents and the patenting process.
is expected to:
prototype; and
130.367. Engineering Mathematics (One Credit).

(a) General requirements. This course is recommended for students in Grades 11-12. Prerequisite: Algebra II.
(b) Introduction. Engineering Mathematics is a course where students solve and model robotic design
problems. Students use a variety of mathematical methods and models to represent and analyze problems
involving data acquisition, spatial applications, electrical measurement, manufacturing processes, materials
engineering, mechanical drives, pneumatics, process control systems, quality control, and robotics with
computer programming.
(1) The student uses mathematically based hydraulics concepts to measure and find pump output,
understand pressure versus cylinder force, and understand flow rate verses cylinder speed. The
(A) explain how flow rate can be measured in gallons per minute and liters per minute;
(B) calculate and record data using actual flow rates from a flow meter chart;
(C) calculate, measure, and illustrate the force output and speed of an extending and
retracting cylinder; and
(D) determine and depict the stroke time of a cylinder in gallons per minute.
(2) The student uses mathematical concepts of structure design to define and describe statics, acquire
data, apply concepts of moments and bending stress, and apply concepts of truss design and
analysis. The student is expected to:
(A) calculate a resultant force;
(B) apply the concept of equilibrium to force calculations;
(C) calculate a force using a free-body diagram;
(D) develop an application of strain gauges that determines mathematically and
experimentally the force on a structural element;
(E) calculate the magnitude of force applied to a rotational system;
(F) apply the moment equilibrium equation to force calculations;
(G) calculate, measure, and illustrate a bending moment on a beam;
(H) determine and depict the bending stress in a beam;
(I) calculate forces in truss using a six-step problem-solving method;
(J) apply modulus of elasticity to the deflection of beams;
(K) calculate a beam deflection for a given load;
(L) determine and depict the critical load for buckling using Euler's formula; and
(M) design and apply factors of safety to column and beam design.
(3) The student understands the properties of trigonometry in spatial applications. The student is
expected to:
(A) apply trigonometric ratios, including sine, cosine, and tangent, to spatial problems; and
(B) determine the distance and height of remote objects using trigonometry.
(4) The student understands the concepts of design processes with multi-view computer-aided drafting
and design drawings for facilities layouts, precision part design, process design, computer-aided
manufacturing for lathe, and injection mold design. The student is expected to:
(A) determine a dimension of an object given a scaled drawing having no dimensions;

(B) compare and contrast the function of production time and production rate;
(C) calculate, analyze, and apply the proper cycle time and machines required to meet a
specified production rate;
(D) demonstrate the calculation and application of output shaft speed and torque in a gear
train;
(E) create a method to determine the direction of a gear train's output shaft;
(F) design a spur gear train given speed and torque requirements;
(G) calculate and apply the proper spacing between the centers of gears in a gear train to a
specified tolerance;
(H) apply positional tolerances to assembled parts;
(I) predict the production cost of a product given process information and a bill of materials;
(J) apply the correct spindle speed for a computer-aided manufacturing device by
calculation;
(K) apply the correct feed rate for a computer-aided manufacturing device by using
calculation;
(L) calculate the pressure drop in an injection mold system;
(M) design a gate size in an injection mold system using the gate width and depth formulas;
(N) determine the size of a mold; and
(O) create size runners for a multi-cavity mold.
(5) The student calculates electronic quantities and uses electrical measuring instruments to
experimentally test their calculations. The student is expected to:
(A) apply common electronic formulas to solve problems;
(B) use engineering notation to properly describe calculated and measured values;
(C) compare and contrast the mathematical differences between a direct current and
alternating current;
(D) show the effect of an inductor in an alternating current circuit and give an application;
(E) show the effect of a capacitor in an alternating current circuit and give an application;
(F) create a resistive capacitive timing circuit in a time-delay circuit;
(G) calculate the output voltage and current load of a transformer;
(H) calculate the effective alternating current voltage root mean square given the peak
alternating current voltage and the peak alternating current voltage given the root mean
square value; and
(I) calculate the cost of operating an electric motor.
(6) The student applies mathematical principles of pneumatic pressure and flow to explain pressure
versus cylinder force, apply and manipulate pneumatic speed control circuits, and describe
maintenance of pneumatic equipment, centrifugal pump operation and characteristics, data
acquisition systems, pump power, and pump system design. The student is expected to:
(A) calculate the force output of a cylinder in retraction and extension;
(B) demonstrate how gage pressure and absolute pressure are different;
(C) consider and analyze Boyle's Law to explain its significance;
(D) convert air volumes at pressures to free air volumes;

(E) analyze dew point and relative humidity to explain their importance;
(F) explain the importance of the two units of pump flow rate measurement;
(G) convert between mass and volumetric flow rate;
(H) convert between units of head and pressure;
(I) explain the importance of total dynamic head in terms of suction and discharge head;
(J) demonstrate the measurement of the total head of a centrifugal pump;
(K) calculate friction head loss in a given pipe length using head loss tables and charts;
(L) calculate total suction lift, total suction head, total discharge head, and the total dynamic
head of a system for a given flow rate;
(M) analyze and explain the importance of sensitivity in relation to pumps;
(N) use a data acquisition system to measure and mathematically analyze pressure drop
characteristics in a pipe;
(O) analyze a flat plate orifice flow meter for operation and demonstrate an application;
(P) use a data acquisition system to measure and analyze mathematically data from a flat
plate orifice flow meter;
(Q) calculate hydraulic power;
(R) explain the importance of brake horsepower and centrifugal pump efficiency;
(S) calculate centrifugal pump brake horsepower given pump efficiency and hydraulic
power;
(T) calculate the effect of impeller diameter on the flow rate of a centrifugal pump and pump
head;
(U) predict the effect of impeller diameter on a pump head capacity curve;
(V) calculate the effect of impeller speed on the flow rate of a centrifugal pump and pump
head;
(W) calculate net positive suction head available and required result to explain its importance;
and
(X) analyze the proper size of a centrifugal pump for a given application.
(7) The student applies mathematical principles of manufacturing processes in lathe operations and
computer numerical control mill programming and calculates speeds and feeds for machining
tools, including special cutting tools. The student is expected to:
(A) calculate the diameter of a tap drill given the thread specifications for a given application;
(B) analyze and set the point reference zero and the tool offsets in a computer numerical
control mill;
(C) calculate spindle speeds for various machine tools; and
(D) calculate and select the proper feed rate for machine tool operations.
(8) The student applies mathematical principles of material engineering, including tensile strength
analysis, data acquisition systems, compression testing and analysis, shear and hardness testing
and analysis, and design evaluation. The student is expected to:
(A) calculate stress, strain, and elongation using the modulus of elasticity for a material or
model with a given set of data;
(B) analyze and explain the importance of sensitivity in relation to material engineering;
(C) analyze the operation of a data acquisition formula;
(D) mathematically analyze a part for stress and strain under a compression load;
(E) calculate shear stress for a material with a given set of data;
(F) use the Brinell hardness number to determine the ultimate tensile strength of a material;
(G) design and apply factors of safety to material engineering; and
(H) create material testing conditions for a model using equipment such as a polariscope.
(9) The student applies mathematical principles for mechanical drives, including levers, linkages,
cams, turnbuckles, pulley systems, gear drives, key fasteners, v-belt drives, and chain drives. The
(A) calculate the weight of an object for a given mass;
(B) analyze and calculate torque for a given application using the proper units of
measurement;
(C) calculate the magnitude of force applied to a rotational system;
(D) calculate the mechanical advantage of first-, second-, and third-class levers;
(E) compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of the three classes of levers for
different applications;
(F) calculate and analyze the coefficient of friction in its proper units of measurement;
(G) analyze and calculate mechanical advantage for simple machines using proper units of
measurement;
(H) calculate the mechanical advantage of gear drive systems;
(I) compare and contrast at least two methods of loading a mechanical drive system;
(J) calculate rotary mechanical power applied to an application;
(K) analyze the mechanical efficiency of a given application;
(L) demonstrate various examples of pitch and analyze its proper application;
(M) calculate the shaft speed and torque of a belt drive and chain drive system; and
(N) calculate sprocket ratio and analyze importance to various applications.
(10) The student applies mathematical principles of quality assurance, including using precision
measurement tools, statistical process control, control chart operation, analysis of quality
assurance control charts, geometric dimensioning and tolerancing, and location, orientation, and
form tolerances. The student is expected to:
(A) evaluate the readings of dial calipers and micrometers to make precise measurements;
(B) use at least three measures of central tendency to analyze the quality of a product;
(C) use a manually constructed histogram to analyze a given a set of data;
(D) construct and use a mean value and range chart to determine if a process remains constant
over a specified range of time;
(E) examine the maximum and minimum limits of a dimension given its tolerance; and
(F) use position tolerance to calculate the location of a hole.
(11) The student applies mathematical principles of robotics and computer programming of robotic
mechanisms in point-to-point assembly, calculating working envelope and computer system
conversions. The student is expected to:
(A) create a pallet load configuration and program a robot to execute the operation;
(B) calculate the working envelope of a robotic arm; and
(C) convert between the hexadecimal, binary, and decimal number systems.
130.368. Electronics (One to Two Credits).

(b) Introduction. Students enrolled in this course will demonstrate knowledge and applications of circuits,
electronic measurement, and electronic implementation. Through use of the design process, students will
transfer academic skills to component designs in a project-based environment. Students will use a variety
of computer hardware and software applications to complete assignments and projects. Additionally,
students explore career opportunities, employer expectations, and educational needs in the electronics
industry.
(1) The student demonstrates the skills necessary for success in the workplace. The student is
expected to:
(A) identify employment and career opportunities, including differences between an
engineering technician, engineering technologist, and engineer;
(B) investigate and work toward industry certifications;
(C) demonstrate the principles of teamwork related to engineering and technology;
(D) identify and use appropriate work habits;
(E) identify governmental regulations for health and safety in the workplace related to
electronics;
(F) discuss ethical issues related to electronics;
(G) demonstrate respect for diversity in the workplace;
(H) demonstrate appropriate actions and identify consequences relating to discrimination,
(I) demonstrate effective oral and written communication skills using a variety of software
(J) explore career preparation learning experiences, including, but not limited to, job
(A) apply principles of effective teamwork;
(B) solve problems as part of a team;
(C) demonstrate proper attitudes as a team leader; and
(D) demonstrate proper attitudes as a team member.
deadlines;
and

and Health Administration regulations and industry standards;
(5) The student implements the concepts and skills that form the technical knowledge of electronics
using project-based assessments. The student is expected to:
(A) apply Ohm's law, Kirchoff's laws, and power laws;
(B) demonstrate an understanding of magnetism and induction as they relate to electronic
circuits;
(C) demonstrate knowledge of the fundamentals of electronics theory;
(D) perform electrical-electronic troubleshooting assignments; and
(E) develop knowledge of voltage regulation devices.
(6) The student applies the concepts and skills to simulated and actual work situations. The student is
expected to:
(A) measure and calculate resistance, current, voltage, and power in series, parallel, and
complex circuits;
(B) apply electronic theory to generators, electric motors, and transformers;
(C) design analog and digital circuits using common components; and
(D) demonstrate knowledge of common devices in optoelectronics.
(E) use an engineering notebook to record prototypes, corrections, and mistakes in the design
process; and
(F) use an engineering notebook to record the final design, construction, and manipulation of
finished projects.
(8) The student learns the function and application of the tools, equipment, and materials used in
electronics through project-based assignments. The student is expected to:
(A) safely use tools and laboratory equipment to construct and repair circuits;
(B) use precision measuring instruments to analyze circuits and prototypes;
(C) describe and perform measurements using oscilloscopes; and
(D) use multiple software applications to simulate circuit behavior and present concepts.
expected to:
(A) interpret industry standard circuit schematics;
(D) produce schematics to industry standards;
(E) describe potential patents and the patenting process;
(F) use a variety of technologies to design components; and
(G) explore new technologies that may affect electronics.
is expected to:
prototype; and
130.369. Advanced Electronics (Two to Three Credits).

(a) General requirements. This course is recommended for students in Grades 11-12. Prerequisite: Electronics.
(b) Introduction. Students enrolled in this course will demonstrate knowledge and applications of advanced
circuits, electrical measurement, and electrical implementation used in the electronics and computer
industries. Through use of the design process, students will transfer advanced academic skills to component
designs in a project-based environment. Additionally, students explore career opportunities, employer
expectations, and educational needs in the electronics industry.
(1) The student demonstrates the technical skills necessary for success in the workplace. The student
is expected to:
(A) identify employment and career opportunities, including differences between an
engineering technician, engineering technologist, and engineer;
(B) investigate and prepare for industry certifications;
(C) demonstrate the principles of teamwork related to engineering and technology;
(D) identify and use appropriate work habits;
(E) demonstrate knowledge related to governmental regulations, including health and safety;
(F) discuss ethical issues related to engineering and technology and incorporate proper ethics
(G) demonstrate respect for diversity in the workplace;
(H) demonstrate appropriate actions and identify consequences relating to discrimination,
(I) demonstrate effective oral and written communication skills using a variety of software
(J) explore career preparation learning experiences, including, but not limited to, job

(B) use teamwork to solve problems;
(C) serve as a team leader while demonstrating appropriate attitudes; and
(D) serve as a team member while demonstrating appropriate attitudes.
(A) use time-management techniques to develop and maintain work schedules to meet
specific project objectives;
and
(4) The student demonstrates principles of project documentation and work flow. The student is
expected to:
(A) complete work orders and related documentation;
(B) identify factors affecting cost and strategies to minimize costs;
(C) prepare a project budget;
(D) prepare a production schedule;
(E) identify intellectual property and other legal restrictions; and
(F) read and interpret technical drawings, manuals, and bulletins.
(C) recognize the classification of hazardous materials and wastes;
(6) The student implements the concepts and skills that form advanced knowledge of electronics using
project-based rubrics. The student is expected to:
(A) apply Ohm's law, Kirchoff's laws, and power laws to advanced circuit theory;
(B) demonstrate advanced knowledge of the theory of direct current, alternating current,
digital circuits, and semi-conductor circuits such as Thevenin and Norton's theorems;
(C) perform advanced electrical-electronic troubleshooting assignments;
(D) apply knowledge of voltage regulation devices;
(E) apply knowledge of the design and use of diodes, transistors, and analog components
with integrated circuits;
(F) implement knowledge of solid-state components and devices such as a power supply
design;
(G) demonstrate knowledge of the similarities and differences in optoelectronic devices;
(H) implement knowledge of transmission theory;

(I) implement knowledge of microprocessor applications;
(J) apply electronic theory to generators, electric motors, power supplies, electronic
amplifiers, electronic oscillators, communication circuits, and systems; and
(K) complete advanced electrical-electronic troubleshooting assignments to industry
standards.
(G) use an engineering notebook to record prototypes, corrections, and mistakes in the design
process; and
finished projects.
electronics through specific project-based assessments. The student is expected to:
(A) safely use tools and laboratory equipment to construct and repair circuits;
(B) use precision measuring instruments to analyze circuits and prototypes;
(C) describe and perform measurement techniques with analog, digital, and storage
oscilloscopes;
(D) use multiple software applications to simulate circuit behavior and present concepts; and
(E) identify and describe the functions of computer hardware devices.
expected to:
(A) interpret advanced industry standard schematics;
(D) produce advanced schematics to industry standards;
(E) discuss the process of obtaining a patent;
(F) use a variety of technologies to design components such as computer simulation
software; and
(G) explore innovative technologies that may affect electronics.
(10) The student builds a simulated or physical prototype using the appropriate tools, materials, and
techniques. The student is expected to:
prototype; and
(C) present the prototype using a variety of media to a panel.
130.370. Robotics and Automation (One to Two Credits).

(a) General requirements. This course is recommended for students in Grades 11-12. Prerequisites: Concepts
of Engineering and Technology and Electronics.
(b) Introduction. Students enrolled in this course will demonstrate knowledge and skills necessary for the
robotic and automation industry. Through implementation of the design process, students will transfer
advanced academic skills to component designs in a project-based environment. Students will build
prototypes or use simulation software to test their designs. Additionally, students explore career
opportunities, employer expectations, and educational needs in the robotic and automation industry.
(1) The student demonstrates the skills necessary for success in the workplace. The student is
expected to:
and engineer;
serving in those roles.
deadlines;
and

(5) The student develops the ability to use and maintain technological products, processes, and
systems. The student is expected to:
(A) demonstrate the use of computers to manipulate a robotic or automated system and
associated subsystems;
(B) troubleshoot and maintain systems and subsystems to ensure safe and proper function and
precision operation;
(C) demonstrate knowledge of process control factors; and
(D) demonstrate knowledge of motors, gears, and gear trains used in the robotic or automated
systems.
(6) The student develops an understanding of the advanced concepts of physics, robotics, and
automation. The student is expected to:
(A) demonstrate knowledge of rotational dynamics, weight, friction, and traction factors
required for the operation of robotic and automated systems;
(B) demonstrate knowledge of torque and power factors used in the operation of robotic
systems;
(C) demonstrate knowledge of feedback control loops to provide information; and
(D) demonstrate knowledge of different types of sensors used in robotic or automated
systems and their operations.
(7) The student develops an understanding of the characteristics and scope of manipulators and end
effectors required for a robotic or automated system to function. The student is expected to:
(A) demonstrate knowledge of robotic or automated system arm construction;
(B) understand and discuss the relationship of torque, gear ratio, and weight of payload in a
robotic or automated system operation; and
(C) demonstrate knowledge of end effectors and their use in linkages and the gearing of a
robotic or automated system.
(G) use an engineering notebook to record prototypes, corrections, and or mistakes in the
design process; and
finished projects.
robotic and automated systems through specific project-based assessments. The student is
expected to:
(A) safely use tools and laboratory equipment to construct and repair systems;
(B) use precision measuring instruments to analyze systems and prototypes; and
(C) use multiple software applications to simulate robot behavior and present concepts.
expected to:
(A) interpret industry standard system schematics;
(D) understand use of sensors in a robotic or automated system;
(E) produce system schematics to industry standards;
(F) evaluate design solutions using conceptual, physical, and mathematical models at various
times during the design process to check for proper functionality and to note areas where
improvements are needed;
(G) implement a system to identify and track all components of the robotic or automated
system and all elements involved with the operation, construction, and manipulative
functions; and
(H) describe potential patents and the patenting process.
is expected to:
prototype;
(C) implement sensors in a robotic or automated system;
(D) construct a robotic or automated system to perform specified operations using the design
process;
(E) test and evaluate the design in relation to pre-established requirements such as criteria
and constraints and refine as needed;
(F) refine the design of a robotic or automated system to ensure quality, efficiency, and
manufacturability of the final product; and
(G) present the prototype using a variety of media.
130.371. Principles of Technology (One Science Credit).

(a) General requirements. This course is recommended for students in Grades 10-12. Prerequisites: one unit of
high school science and Algebra I. To receive credit in science, students must meet the 40% laboratory and
fieldwork requirement identified in 74.3(b)(2)(C) of this title (relating to Description of a Required
Secondary Curriculum).
(b) Introduction.
(1) Principles of Technology. In Principles of Technology, students conduct laboratory and field
investigations, use scientific methods during investigations, and make informed decisions using
critical thinking and scientific problem solving. Various systems will be described in terms of
space, time, energy, and matter. Students will study a variety of topics that include laws of motion,
conservation of energy, momentum, electricity, magnetism, thermodynamics, and characteristics
and behavior of waves. Students will apply physics concepts and perform laboratory
experimentations for at least 40% of instructional time using safe practices.
(2) Nature of science. Science, as defined by the National Academy of Sciences, is the "use of
evidence to construct testable explanations and predictions of natural phenomena, as well as the
knowledge generated through this process." This vast body of changing and increasing knowledge
is described by physical, mathematical, and conceptual models. Students should know that some
questions are outside the realm of science because they deal with phenomena that are not
scientifically testable.
(3) Scientific inquiry. Scientific inquiry is the planned and deliberate investigation of the natural
world. Scientific methods of investigation can be experimental, descriptive, or comparative. The
method chosen should be appropriate to the question being asked.
(4) Science and social ethics. Scientific decision making is a way of answering questions about the
natural world. Students should be able to distinguish between scientific decision-making methods
and ethical and social decisions that involve the application of scientific information.
(5) Scientific systems. A system is a collection of cycles, structures, and processes that interact. All
systems have basic properties that can be described in terms of space, time, energy, and matter.
Change and constancy occur in systems as patterns and can be observed, measured, and modeled.
These patterns help to make predictions that can be scientifically tested. Students should analyze a
system in terms of its components and how these components relate to each other, to the whole,
and to the external environment.
(A) demonstrate safe practices during laboratory and field investigations; and
disposal or recycling of materials.
(2) The student uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative
questions. The student is expected to:
theories are well-established and highly-reliable explanations, but may be subject to
(E) design and implement investigative procedures, including making observations, asking
well-defined questions, formulating testable hypotheses, identifying variables, selecting
appropriate equipment and technology, and evaluating numerical answers for
reasonableness;
(F) demonstrate the use of course apparatus, equipment, techniques, and procedures,
including multimeters (current, voltage, resistance), triple beam balances, batteries,
clamps, dynamics demonstration equipment, collision apparatus, data acquisition probes,
discharge tubes with power supply (H, He, Ne, Ar), hand-held visual spectroscopes, hot
plates, slotted and hooked lab masses, bar magnets, horseshoe magnets, plane mirrors,
convex lenses, pendulum support, power supply, ring clamps, ring stands, stopwatches,
trajectory apparatus, tuning forks, carbon paper, graph paper, magnetic compasses,
polarized film, prisms, protractors, resistors, friction blocks, mini lamps (bulbs) and
sockets, electrostatics kits, 90-degree rod clamps, metric rulers, spring scales, knife blade
switches, Celsius thermometers, meter sticks, scientific calculators, graphing technology,
computers, cathode ray tubes with horseshoe magnets, ballistic carts or equivalent,
resonance tubes, spools of nylon thread or string, containers of iron filings, rolls of white
craft paper, copper wire, Periodic Table, electromagnetic spectrum charts, slinky springs,
wave motion ropes, and laser pointers;
(G) use a wide variety of additional course apparatus, equipment, techniques, materials, and
procedures as appropriate such as ripple tank with wave generator, wave motion rope,
micrometer, caliper, radiation monitor, computer, ballistic pendulum, electroscope,
inclined plane, optics bench, optics kit, pulley with table clamp, resonance tube, ring
stand screen, four-inch ring, stroboscope, graduated cylinders, and ticker timer;
(H) make measurements with accuracy and precision and record data using scientific notation
and International System (SI) units;
(I) identify and quantify causes and effects of uncertainties in measured data;
(J) organize and evaluate data and make inferences from data, including the use of tables,
charts, and graphs;
(K) communicate valid conclusions supported by the data through various methods such as
lab reports, labeled drawings, graphic organizers, journals, summaries, oral reports, and
technology-based reports; and
(L) express and manipulate relationships among physical variables quantitatively, including
the use of graphs, charts, and equations.
(D) explain the impacts of the scientific contributions of a variety of historical and
contemporary scientists on scientific thought and society;
(E) research and describe the connections between physics and future careers; and
(F) express and interpret relationships symbolically in accordance with accepted theories to
make predictions and solve problems mathematically, including problems requiring
proportional reasoning and graphical vector addition.
(4) The student uses the scientific process to investigate physical concepts. The student is expected to:
(A) understand that scientific hypotheses are tentative and testable statements that must be
capable of being supported by observational evidence;
(B) understand that scientific theories are based on natural and physical phenomena and are
capable of being tested by multiple independent researchers;
(C) design and implement investigative procedures;
(D) demonstrate the appropriate use and care of laboratory equipment;
(E) demonstrate accurate measurement techniques using precision instruments;
(F) record data using scientific notation and International System (SI) of units;
(G) identify and quantify causes and effects of uncertainties in measured data;
(H) organize and evaluate data, including the use of tables, charts, and graphs;
(I) communicate conclusions supported through various methods such as laboratory reports,
labeled drawings, graphic organizers, journals, summaries, oral reports, or technology-
based reports; and
(J) record, express, and manipulate data using graphs, charts, and equations.
(5) The student demonstrates appropriate safety techniques in the field and laboratory environments.
The student is expected to:
(A) master relevant safety procedures;
(C) identify and classify hazardous materials and wastes; and
(D) make prudent choices in the conservation and use of resources and the disposal of
hazardous materials and wastes appropriately.
(6) The student uses critical-thinking, scientific-reasoning, and problem-solving skills. The student is
expected to:
(A) analyze and evaluate scientific explanations by using empirical evidence, logical
reasoning, and experimental and observational testing;
(B) communicate and apply scientific information;
(C) explain the societal impacts of scientific contributions; and
(D) research and describe the connections between technologies and future career
opportunities.
(7) The student describes the nature of two-dimensional forces. The student is expected to:
(A) generate and interpret relevant equations using graphs and charts for one- and two-
dimensional motion, including:
(i) using and describing one-dimensional equations for displacement, distance,
speed, velocity, average velocity, acceleration, and average acceleration;
(ii) using and describing two-dimensional equations for projectile and circular
motion; and
(iii) using and describing vector forces and resolution;
(B) describe and calculate the effects of forces on objects, including law of inertia and
impulse and conservation of momentum;
(C) develop and interpret free-body force diagrams; and
(D) identify and describe motion relative to different frames of reference.

(8) The student describes the nature of forces in the physical world. The student is expected to:
(A) research and describe the historical development of the concepts of gravitational,
electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces;
(B) describe the nature of gravitational forces among objects and their masses;
(C) describe the nature of electrical forces and fields with respect to the nature of their
charges;
(D) describe the nature of magnetic forces and fields;
(E) describe the nature of electromagnetic forces and fields;
(F) characterize materials as conductors or insulators based on their electrical properties;
(G) describe and demonstrate electrical circuits;
(H) investigate and describe the relationship between electric and magnetic fields in
applications such as generators, motors, and transformers; and
(I) describe technological applications of the strong and weak nuclear forces in nature.
(9) The student describes the concepts of the conservation of energy and momentum. The student is
expected to:
(A) describe the transformational process between work, potential energy, and kinetic energy
(work-energy theorem);
(B) use examples to analyze and calculate the relationships among work, kinetic energy, and
potential energy;
(C) describe the concept of power; and
(D) describe the concepts of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum.
(10) The student analyzes the concept of thermal energy. The student is expected to:
(A) describe how the macroscopic properties of a thermodynamic system such as
temperature, specific heat, and pressure are related to the molecular level of matter,
including kinetic or potential energy of atoms;
(B) contrast and give examples of different processes of thermal energy transfer, including
conduction, convection, and radiation; and
(C) analyze and explain technological examples such as solar and wind energy that illustrate
the laws of thermodynamics, including the law of conservation of energy and the law of
entropy.
(11) The student analyzes the properties of wave motion and optics. The student is expected to:
(A) examine and describe oscillatory motion and wave propagation in various types of media;
(B) investigate and analyze characteristics of waves, including velocity, frequency,
amplitude, and wavelength;
(C) describe the relationship between wavespeed, frequency, and wavelength;
(D) compare and contrast the characteristics and behaviors of transverse and longitudinal
waves;
(E) investigate behaviors of waves, including reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference,
resonance, and the Doppler effect;
(F) describe and predict image formation as a consequence of reflection from a plane mirror
and refraction through a thin convex lens; and
(G) describe the role of wave characteristics and behaviors in medical and industrial
technology applications.
(12) The student analyzes the concepts of atomic, nuclear, and quantum phenomena. The student is
expected to:
(A) describe the photoelectric effect and the dual nature of light;
(B) compare and explain emission spectra produced by various atoms;
(C) describe the significance of mass-energy equivalence;
(D) describe the role of mass-energy equivalence for areas such as nuclear stability, fission,
and fusion; and
(E) explore technology applications of atomic, nuclear, and quantum phenomena such as
nanotechnology, radiation therapy, diagnostic imaging, and nuclear power.
130.372. Scientific Research and Design (One Science Credit).

(a) General requirements. This course is recommended for students in Grades 11-12. Prerequisite: one unit of
high school science. To receive credit in science, students must meet the 40% laboratory and fieldwork
requirement identified in 74.3(b)(2)(C) of this title (relating to Description of a Required Secondary
Curriculum).
(b) Introduction.
(1) Nature of science. Science, as defined by the National Academy of Sciences, is the "use of
evidence to construct testable explanations and predictions of natural phenomena, as well as the
knowledge generated through this process." This vast body of changing and increasing knowledge
is described by physical, mathematical, and conceptual models. Students should know that some
questions are outside the realm of science because they deal with phenomena that are not
scientifically testable.
(2) Scientific inquiry. Scientific inquiry is the planned and deliberate investigation of the natural
world. Scientific methods of investigation are experimental, descriptive, or comparative. The
method chosen should be appropriate to the question being asked.
(3) Science and social ethics. Scientific decision making is a way of answering questions about the
natural world. Students should be able to distinguish between scientific decision-making methods
(scientific methods) and ethical and social decisions that involve science (the application of
scientific information).
(4) Scientific systems. A system is a collection of cycles, structures, and processes that interact. All
systems have basic properties that can be described in space, time, energy, and matter. Change and
constancy occur in systems as patterns and can be observed, measured, and modeled. These
patterns help to make predictions that can be scientifically tested. Students should analyze a
system in terms of its components and how these components relate to each other, to the whole,
and to the external environment.
(A) demonstrate safe practices during laboratory and field investigations; and
disposal or recycling of materials.
(2) The student uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative
questions. The student is expected to:
theories are well-established and highly-reliable explanations, but may be subject to
(E) design and implement investigative procedures, including making observations, asking
well-defined questions, formulating testable hypotheses, identifying variables, selecting
appropriate equipment and technology, and evaluating numerical answers for
reasonableness;
(F) collect and organize qualitative and quantitative data and make measurements with
accuracy and precision using tools such as calculators, spreadsheet software, data-
collecting probes, computers, standard laboratory glassware, microscopes, various
prepared slides, stereoscopes, metric rulers, electronic balances, gel electrophoresis
apparatuses, micropipettors, hand lenses, Celsius thermometers, hot plates, lab notebooks
or journals, timing devices, cameras, and meter sticks;
(G) analyze, evaluate, make inferences, and predict trends from data;
(H) identify and quantify causes and effects of uncertainties in measured data;
(I) organize and evaluate data and make inferences from data, including the use of tables,
charts, and graphs; and
(J) communicate valid conclusions supported by the data through various methods such as
lab reports, labeled drawings, graphic organizers, journals, summaries, oral reports, and
technology-based reports.
(D) explain the impacts of the scientific contributions of a variety of historical and
contemporary scientists on scientific thought and society;
(E) research and describe the connections between science and future careers; and
(F) express and interpret relationships symbolically in accordance with accepted theories to
make predictions and solve problems mathematically, including problems requiring
proportional reasoning and graphical vector addition.
(4) The student formulates hypotheses to guide experimentation and data collection. The student is
expected to:
(A) perform background research with respect to an investigative problem; and
(B) examine hypotheses generated to guide a research process by evaluating the merits and
feasibility of the hypotheses.
(5) The student analyzes published research. The student is expected to:
(A) identify the scientific methodology used by a researcher;
(B) examine a prescribed research design and identify dependent and independent variables;
(C) evaluate a prescribed research design to determine the purpose for each of the procedures
performed; and
(D) compare the relationship of the hypothesis to the conclusion.
(6) The student develops and implements investigative designs. The student is expected to:
(A) interact and collaborate with scientific researchers and/or other members of the scientific
community to complete a research project;
(B) identify and manipulate relevant variables within research situations;
(C) use a control in an experimental process; and
(D) design procedures to test hypotheses.
(7) The student collects, organizes, and evaluates qualitative and quantitative data obtained through
experimentation. The student is expected to:
(A) record observations and events as they occur within an investigation;
(B) acquire, manipulate, and analyze data using equipment and technology;
(C) construct data tables to organize information collected in an experiment; and
(D) evaluate data using statistical methods to recognize patterns, trends, and proportional
relationships.
(8) The student knows how to synthesize valid conclusions from qualitative and quantitative data. The
(A) synthesize conclusions supported by research data;
(B) consider and communicate alternative explanations for observations and results; and
(C) identify limitations within the research process and provide recommendations for
additional research.
(9) The student communicates conclusions clearly and concisely to an audience of professionals. The
(A) construct charts, tables, and graphs in facilitating data analysis and in communicating
experimental results clearly and effectively using technology; and
(B) suggest alternative explanations from observations or trends evident within the data or
from prompts provided by a review panel.
130.373. Engineering Design and Problem Solving (One Science Credit).

(a) General requirements. This course is recommended for students in Grades 11-12. Prerequisites: Geometry,
Algebra II, Chemistry, and Physics.
(b) Introduction.
(1) Engineering design is the creative process of solving problems by identifying needs and then
devising solutions. This solution may be a product, technique, structure, process, or many other
things depending on the problem. Science aims to understand the natural world, while engineering
seeks to shape this world to meet human needs and wants. Engineering design takes into
consideration limiting factors or "design under constraint." Various engineering disciplines
address a broad spectrum of design problems using specific concepts from the sciences and
mathematics to derive a solution. The design process and problem solving are inherent to all
engineering disciplines.
(2) Engineering Design and Problem Solving reinforces and integrates skills learned in previous
mathematics and science courses. This course emphasizes solving problems, moving from well
defined toward more open ended, with real-world application. Students apply critical-thinking
skills to justify a solution from multiple design options. Additionally, the course promotes interest
in and understanding of career opportunities in engineering.
(3) This course is intended to stimulate students' ingenuity, intellectual talents, and practical skills in
devising solutions to engineering design problems. Students use the engineering design process
cycle to investigate, design, plan, create, and evaluate solutions. At the same time, this course
fosters awareness of the social and ethical implications of technological development.
(1) The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, conducts engineering field and laboratory
activities using safe, environmentally appropriate, and ethical practices. The student is expected
to:
(A) demonstrate safe practices during engineering field and laboratory activities; and
(B) make informed choices in the use and conservation of resources, recycling of materials,
and the safe and legal disposal of materials.
(2) The student applies knowledge of science and mathematics and the tools of technology to solve
engineering design problems. The student is expected to:
(A) apply scientific processes and concepts outlined in the Texas Essential Knowledge and
Skills (TEKS) for Biology, Chemistry, or Physics relevant to engineering design
problems;
(B) apply concepts, procedures, and functions outlined in the TEKS for Algebra I, Geometry,
and Algebra II relevant to engineering design problems;
(C) select appropriate mathematical models to develop solutions to engineering design
problems;
(D) integrate advanced mathematics and science skills as necessary to develop solutions to
engineering design problems;
(E) judge the reasonableness of mathematical models and solutions;
(F) investigate and apply relevant chemical, mechanical, biological, electrical, and physical
properties of materials to engineering design problems;
(G) identify the inputs, processes, outputs, control, and feedback associated with open and
closed systems;
(H) describe the difference between open-loop and closed-loop control systems;
(I) make measurements and specify tolerances with minimum necessary accuracy and
precision;
(J) use appropriate measurement systems, including customary and International System (SI)
of units; and
(K) use conversions between measurement systems to solve real-world problems.
(3) The student communicates through written documents, presentations, and graphic representations
using the tools and techniques of professional engineers. The student is expected to:
(A) communicate visually by sketching and creating technical drawings using established
engineering graphic tools, techniques, and standards;
(B) read and comprehend technical documents, including specifications and procedures;
(C) prepare written documents such as memorandums, emails, design proposals, procedural
directions, letters, and technical reports using the formatting and terminology conventions
of technical documentation;
(D) organize information for visual display and analysis using appropriate formats for various
audiences, including, but not limited to, graphs and tables;
(E) evaluate the quality and relevance of sources and cite appropriately; and
(F) defend a design solution in a presentation.
(4) The student recognizes the history, development, and practices of the engineering professions. The
(A) identify and describe career options, working conditions, earnings, and educational
requirements of various engineering disciplines such as those listed by the Texas Board
of Professional Engineers;
(B) recognize that engineers are guided by established codes emphasizing high ethical
standards;
(C) explore the differences, similarities, and interactions among engineers, scientists, and
mathematicians;
(D) describe how technology has evolved in the field of engineering and consider how it will
continue to be a useful tool in solving engineering problems;
(E) discuss the history and importance of engineering innovation on the United States
economy and quality of life; and
(F) describe the importance of patents and the protection of intellectual property rights.
(5) The student creates justifiable solutions to open-ended problems using engineering design
practices and processes. The student is expected to:
(A) identify and define an engineering problem;
(B) formulate goals, objectives, and requirements to solve an engineering problem;
(C) determine the design parameters associated with an engineering problem such as
materials, personnel, resources, funding, manufacturability, feasibility, and time;
(D) establish and evaluate constraints pertaining to a problem, including, but not limited to,
health, safety, social, environmental, ethical, political, regulatory, and legal;
(E) identify or create alternative solutions to a problem using a variety of techniques such as
brainstorming, reverse engineering, and researching engineered and natural solutions;
(F) test and evaluate proposed solutions using methods such as models, prototypes, mock-
ups, simulations, critical design review, statistical analysis, or experiments;
(G) apply structured techniques to select and justify a preferred solution to a problem such as
a decision tree, design matrix, or cost-benefit analysis;
(H) predict performance, failure modes, and reliability of a design solution; and
(I) prepare a project report that clearly documents the designs, decisions, and activities
during each phase of the engineering design process.
(6) The student manages an engineering design project. The student is expected to:
(A) participate in the design and implementation of a real or simulated engineering project;
(B) develop a plan and timeline for completion of a project;
(C) work in teams and share responsibilities, acknowledging, encouraging, and valuing
contributions of all team members;
(D) compare and contrast the roles of a team leader and other team responsibilities;
(E) identify and manage the resources needed to complete a project;
(F) use a budget to determine effective strategies to meet cost constraints;
(G) create a risk assessment for an engineering design project;
(H) analyze and critique the results of an engineering design project; and
(I) maintain an engineering notebook that chronicles work such as ideas, concepts,
inventions, sketches, and experiments.
130.374. Practicum in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (Two to Three Credits).
(a) General requirements. This course is recommended for students in Grade 12. The practicum course is a
paid or unpaid capstone experience for students participating in a coherent sequence of career and technical
education courses in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics career cluster.
(b) Introduction. The practicum is designed to give students supervised practical application of previously
studied knowledge and skills. Practicum experiences can occur in a variety of locations appropriate to the
nature and level of experience.
(1) The student demonstrates professional standards as required by business and industry. The student
is expected to:
(A) adhere to policies and procedures;
(B) demonstrate positive work behaviors and attitudes, including punctuality, time
management, initiative, and cooperation;
(C) accept constructive criticism;
(D) apply ethical reasoning to a variety of situations in order to make ethical decisions;
(E) complete tasks with the highest standards to ensure quality products and services;
(F) model professional appearance, including dress, grooming, and personal protective
equipment as appropriate; and
(G) comply with practicum setting safety rules and regulations to maintain safe and healthful
working conditions and environments.
(2) The student applies concepts of critical thinking and problem solving. The student is expected to:
(A) analyze elements of a problem to develop creative and innovative solutions;
(B) critically analyze information to determine value to the problem-solving task;
(C) compare and contrast alternatives using a variety of problem-solving and critical-thinking
skills; and
(D) conduct technical research to gather information necessary for decision making.
(3) The student demonstrates leadership and teamwork skills in collaborating with others to
accomplish goals and objectives. The student is expected to:
(A) analyze leadership in relation to trust, positive attitude, integrity, and willingness to
accept key responsibilities in a work situation;
(B) demonstrate teamwork skills through working cooperatively with others to achieve tasks;
(C) demonstrate teamwork processes that promote team building, consensus, continuous
improvement, respect for the opinions of others, cooperation, adaptability, and conflict
resolution;
(D) demonstrate responsibility for shared group and individual work tasks;
(E) establish and maintain effective working relationships in order to accomplish objectives
and tasks;
(F) demonstrate effective working relationships using interpersonal skills;
(G) use positive interpersonal skills to work cooperatively with others;
(H) negotiate effectively to arrive at decisions;
(I) demonstrate respect for individuals, including those from different cultures, genders, and
backgrounds; and
(J) demonstrate sensitivity to and value for diversity.
(4) The student demonstrates oral and written communication skills in creating, expressing, and
interpreting information and ideas, including technical terminology and information. The student
is expected to:
(A) demonstrate the use of content, technical concepts, and vocabulary when analyzing
information and following directions;
(B) employ verbal skills when obtaining and conveying information;
(C) use informational texts, Internet websites, and technical materials to review and apply
information sources for occupational tasks;
(D) evaluate the reliability of information from informational texts, Internet websites, and
technical materials and resources;
(E) interpret verbal and nonverbal cues and behaviors to enhance communication;
(F) apply active listening skills to obtain and clarify information; and
(G) use academic skills to facilitate effective written and oral communication.
(5) The student demonstrates technical knowledge and skills required to pursue a career in the
science, technology, engineering, and mathematics cluster. The student is expected to:
(A) develop advanced technical knowledge and skills related to the student's occupational
objective;
(B) evaluate strengths and weaknesses in technical skill proficiency; and
(C) accept critical feedback provided by the supervisor.
(6) The student documents technical knowledge and skills. The student is expected to:
(A) update a professional portfolio to include:
(i) attainment of technical skill competencies;
(ii) licensures or certifications;
(iii) recognitions, awards, and scholarships;
(iv) extended learning experiences such as community service, active participation in
career and technical student organizations and professional organizations;
(v) abstract of key points of the practicum;

(vi) resum;
(vii) samples of work; and
(viii) valuation from the practicum supervisor; and
(B) present the portfolio to all interested stakeholders such as in a poster presentation.

Chapter 130. Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills For Career and Technical Education Subchapter O. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

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Chapter 130. Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills For Career and Technical Education Subchapter O. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

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Adopted to be effective August 23, 2010.

Text of Adopted 19 TAC

Subchapter O. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

130.362. Concepts of Engineering and Technology (One-Half to One Credit).

(E) identify emerging issues in process control and automation systems.

130.363. Biotechnology (One to Two Credits).

(D) identify applications of bioinformatics in biotechnology;

130.364. Advanced Biotechnology (One Credit).

(E) maintain proper growing conditions for plant tissue cultures;

(A) perform validation testing on laboratory reagents and equipment; and

130.365. Engineering Design and Presentation (One to Two Credits).

130.366. Advanced Engineering Design and Presentation (Two to Three Credits).

(I) demonstrate appropriate actions and identify consequences relating to discrimination,

(C) present the prototype using a variety of media.

130.367. Engineering Mathematics (One Credit).

(A) determine a dimension of an object given a scaled drawing having no dimensions;

(D) convert air volumes at pressures to free air volumes;

130.368. Electronics (One to Two Credits).

(D) develop a plan for production of an individual product.

130.369. Advanced Electronics (Two to Three Credits).

(A) understand and discuss how teams function;

(H) implement knowledge of transmission theory;

(C) present the prototype using a variety of media to a panel.

130.370. Robotics and Automation (One to Two Credits).

(A) master relevant safety tests;

130.371. Principles of Technology (One Science Credit).

(D) identify and describe motion relative to different frames of reference.

130.372. Scientific Research and Design (One Science Credit).

130.373. Engineering Design and Problem Solving (One Science Credit).

(v) abstract of key points of the practicum;

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