The document provides information about single line diagrams (SLDs), including:
- An SLD is a blueprint for electrical system analysis and allows thorough understanding of layout and design.
- An up-to-date SLD is vital for engineering studies, safety procedures, maintenance and more.
- A typical SLD includes details of incoming lines, transformers, feeders, relays, loads and other electrical components.
- Load calculation examples are provided for different areas to determine total load.
The document provides information about single line diagrams (SLDs), including:
- An SLD is a blueprint for electrical system analysis and allows thorough understanding of layout and design.
- An up-to-date SLD is vital for engineering studies, safety procedures, maintenance and more.
- A typical SLD includes details of incoming lines, transformers, feeders, relays, loads and other electrical components.
- Load calculation examples are provided for different areas to determine total load.
The document provides information about single line diagrams (SLDs), including:
- An SLD is a blueprint for electrical system analysis and allows thorough understanding of layout and design.
- An up-to-date SLD is vital for engineering studies, safety procedures, maintenance and more.
- A typical SLD includes details of incoming lines, transformers, feeders, relays, loads and other electrical components.
- Load calculation examples are provided for different areas to determine total load.
The document provides information about single line diagrams (SLDs), including:
- An SLD is a blueprint for electrical system analysis and allows thorough understanding of layout and design.
- An up-to-date SLD is vital for engineering studies, safety procedures, maintenance and more.
- A typical SLD includes details of incoming lines, transformers, feeders, relays, loads and other electrical components.
- Load calculation examples are provided for different areas to determine total load.
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD) The single-line diagram is the blueprint for electrical system analysis. It is the first step in preparing a critical response plan, allowing you to become thoroughly familiar with the electrical distribution system layout and design in your facility.
WHY ITS REQUIRED?
Whether you have a new or existing facility, the single-line diagram is the vital roadmap for all future testing, service and maintenance activities. As such, the single-line diagram is like a balance sheet for your facility and provides a snapshot of your facility at a moment in time. It needs to change as your facility changes to ensure that your systems are adequately protected. To make all the changes documented in a common file, making the electrical system easily Understandable for any technical person inside/outside of the factory. An up-to-date single-line diagram is vital for a variety of service activities including: Short circuit calculations Coordination studies Load flow studies Safety evaluation studies All other engineering studies Electrical safety procedures Efficient maintenance
WHAT SHOULD BE IN A SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD)?
A typical package of single line diagram shall include: Incoming lines showing voltage and size Incoming main fuses, cutouts, switches, and main/tie breakers Power transformers (rating, winding connection and grounding means) Feeder breakers and fused switches rating and type. Relays (function, use and type) Current and / or potential transformers with size, type and ratio Control transformers rating. All main cable and wire runs with their associated isolating switches All substations, including integral relays and main panels with total load of each feeder and Each substation Critical equipment voltage and size (UPS, battery, generator, power distribution, transfer Switch, computer room air conditioning) A summary load schedule for the LT switchgear panel. A load schedule for each distribution panels and switch board. Rating and dimension of bus bar. All outgoing cables with cable size and type with rating and type of their associated isolating Switches (e.g. circuit breaker). Length and voltage drop of all outgoing cables. Rating of PFI, changeover, ATS, generators with associated protection and isolating switch All earthing cable rating (size, type etc.) All connected load with their individual load capacity. All spare switches (outgoing circuit breaker) shall be mentioned. Earthing system must be included with dimension of earthing pit, boring, earth electrode size, earth lead and ECC cable size and type. Here is given an example of a typical LT panel one line diagram or Single line diagram.
Component use in our SLD
a. Transformer b. Volt-meter c. Circuit breaker 3P,SP d. ATS e. Magnetic contactor f. Panel g. Generator h. Load i. Lightening load Load Calculation For load calculation let's look at a simple formula. Divide load in to 3 categories
1) BASIC LOAD Include lighting, outlets, and smaller appliances including central vacuums, pool pumps, waste disposals, etc. 2) LARGE APPLIANCES Include electric Iron and electric water Dispenser, Printer Electric Cattle swing Machine. 3) SPECIAL LOADS Air conditioners etc.
Total Load = BASIC LOAD + LARGE APPLIANCES + SPECIAL LOADS
Load Calculation of Ground Floor
Ground floor divides by into 3 parts
1. Sheena Factory area
2. Storage area 3. Showroom area Load calculation of Sheena factory area Power rating/load S.no Load types (W) Total no of load Total power (W) 1 Lights 80 81 6480 2 Fans 80 33 2640 3 Swing machine 400 30 12000 4 Iron 1000 5 5000 Total 1560 149 26120
Power factor for lights = 0.51
Power factor for resistive load =1 Power factor induction Motor = 0.85 Formula of Apparent power is S(VA) = P(W) / PF Total apparent power: Apparent power of lightning load [6480/0.51] = 12.7 K VA Apparent power of Resistive load [1000/1] = 1K VA Apparent power of induction Motor Load [14.64/0.85]=17.22 KVA Total Apparent power = 30.92 KVA
Load calculation of Storage area
Power rating/load S.no Load types (W) Total no of loads Total power (W) 1. Lights 80 65 5200 2. Fans 80 32 2600 Total 160 97 7800
Formula of Apparent power is S(VA) = P(W) / PF
Total apparent power: Apparent power of lightning load [5.2kw/0.51] = 10.2 K VA Apparent power of induction Motor Load [2.6kw/0.85]=3.06 KVA Total Apparent power = 13.8 KVA Load calculation of Show rooms area
Power S.no Load types rating/load(Watt) Total no of load Total power in Watt 1 Lights 80 50 4000 2 Printer 400 2 800 3 Electric cattle 650 2 1300 Total 1130 54 6100
Apparent power of lightning load [4kw/0.51] = 7.9 K VA
Apparent power of Resistive load [2.2/1] = 2.1k VA
Total Apparent power is 10.0 KVA
Total Apparent power of ground floor is 13.8 KVA + 10.0KVA + 39.92KVA = 63.72 KVA
