Relations

The equation, y= 5x+2, is a relation. A relation is defined as a set of ordered pairs that abides to a
specific rule.
So with the equation, y= 5x+ 2, the specific rule that applies to it is:

When, x = 3
y = 5(3) + 2
y = 15 + 2
y = 17

That is the ordered pair in this case is, x =3 , y = 17 i.e. (3, 17)

Note: y = 5x+ 2 , is the same as, x 5x+ 2

Where, x 5x+ 2 reads x is mapped to 5x+ 2.

Relations can be showed using arrow diagrams. The following arrow diagram shows the relation
between, x and y values for the equation, y = 5x+ 2.

Note: The y values in the arrow diagram above, were obtained by substituting the respective x
values in the equation, y =5x + 2, for x.

Functions

A function is a relation in which each member of the domain (this is the set of x values) is
mapped to only one member of the range (this is the set of y values), that is, a one to one
mapping. A function is also defined in terms of a many to one mapping; this is where more than
one x values in a domain are mapped to only one y value in a range.

Example of a One to One mapping

Using the equation, f(x) =5x + 2

Where, f(x) means the function of x is 5x + 2

And, y = f(x).

Recall the y values are obtained by substituting the domain values for x in the equation.

That is, when x = 1

y = 5(1) + 2

y=7

Example of a Many to One mapping

Using the equation, f(x) = 2x2 + 3x 2

Note: The x values are obtained by substituting the y values in the equation for f(x), that is, when
y= -1, x= -1.78 or 0.28.

Relation vs Function

The difference between a function and a relation is that for a function each domain value (x
value) should be matched to one and only one range value (y value), while for a relation the
domain value can be matched to more than one range value. This difference is shown using an
arrow diagram below, for the relation:

y = 2 x, for x = 4, 9, 16

Note: The y values in the arrow diagram above, were obtained by substituting the respective x
values in the equation, y = 2 x, for x.

Linear Functions

Linear functions are those of the form, f(x) = ax + c, where, a and c are integers, and linear
means a straight line.

Recall that, y = f(x)

Therefore, y = ax + c

Where, y is the dependent variable

 a is the coefficient of x

x is the independent variable

c is the constant term.

Note also that, y = mx + c, equation of a line

Therefore, y = ax + c = mx + c

Where, m is the gradient of the line (ratio of the vertical rise over the horizontal run)

c is the point at which the line intercepts the y axis.

Having stated the form of linear functions, below is an example of how to draw linear functions.

Example

Draw the graph of the linear function, f(x) = 3x + 2, for the domain -2 x 2.

Method 1

Substitute the values given for x in the domain (-2, -1, 0, 1, 2), in the function, solving for the
respective f(x)/ y values.

Given, f(x) = 3x + 2

Then, f(-2) = 3(-2) + 2 = -6 + 2 = -4

f(-1) = 3(-1) + 2 = -3 + 2 = -1

f(0) = 3(0) + 2 = 0 + 2 = 2

f(1) = 3(1) + 2 = 3 + 2 = 5

f(2) = 3(2) + 2 = 6 + 2 = 8

Therefore, the set of (x, y) values to be plotted and connected in forming the linear function are:

{(-2, -4), (-1, -1), (0, 2), (1, 5), (2, 8)}
Method 2

This method involves finding the x and y intercepts, that is the point at which the graph crosses
the x and y axis. A linear function written in its correct form, that is, f(x) = mx + c, states the y
intercept, c [in (x, y) form is (0, c)]. So, to find the x intercept, substitute 0 for y in the function
and solve for x.

Given, f(x) = 3x + 2

Y intercept (point of intersection on the y axis) is, (0, 2)

X intercept (point of intersection on the x axis) is, y = f(x)

y = 3x + 2

0 = 3x +2 (substituting 0 for y)

3x = -2

x = -2/3 or -0.66

That is, x intercept is (-0.66, 0)

Using the x and y intercepts, (-0.66, 0) and (0, 2), the graph is plotted below.
Quadratic Functions

Quadratic functions are those of the form, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c

Where, a, b and c are all integers

And, f(x) or y is the dependent variable

a is the coefficient of x2

b is the coefficient of x

c is the y intercept

x is the independent variable

Example

Draw the graph of the quadratic function, f(x) = x2 2x -3, for the domain -2 x 4.

Solution:
The set of (x, y) values to be plotted and connected in forming the graph representing the
quadratic function, parabola (a smooth curve), are found by substituting the values given for x in
the domain (-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3), in the function, solving for the respective f(x)/ y values.

Given, f(x) = x2 2x 3

Then, f(-2) = (-2)2 2(-2) -3 = 4 + 4 3 = 5

f(-1) = (-1)2 2(-1) 3 = 1 + 2 -3 = 0

f(0) = (0)2 2(0) 3 = 0 0 3 = -3

f(1) = (1)2 2(1) 3 = 1 -2 3 = -4

f(2) = (2)2 2(2) 3 = 4 4 3 = -3

f(3) = (3)2 2(3) 3= 9 6 3 = 0

f(4) = (4)2 2(4) 3 = 16 8 3 = 5

Therefore the set of (x, y) values are: {(-2, 5), (-1, 0), (0, -3), (1, -4), (2, -3), (3, 0), (4, 5)}

Please watch the video below to see how the graph is drawn.

Equation of a Line

Given the graph of the line

In this instance, the graph of a line is given and the question requires finding the equation of the
line.

Example
Find the equation of the line above.

Solution:

The equation of a straight line is, y = mx + c

Recall, c is the y intercept (the point at which the graph crosses the y axis), which is the point (0,
2)

That is, c = 2

Now substituting the (x, y) coordinates of any of the other four points on the graph, along with
the value for c (2) in the equation, solve for m.

That is, using the point (1, 5), substituting 1 for x, 5 for y, and 2 for c

Yields, y = mx + c

5 = m (1) + 2

5=m+2

m=52

m=3

Therefore the equation of the straight line is:

 Y = 3x + 2

Given the co-ordinates of two points on the line

If co-ordinates of two points on the line are given, and the question requires using those points to
find the equation of the line, use one of the methods below.

Example

The points, M (-3, -5) and N (5, 3) lie on a straight line L2 . Find the particular equation of the
line.

Method 1

Substitute the co-ordinates of the points in two different equations, subtracting one equation from
the other in solving for m and c.

Using the equation of a straight line:

y = mx + c

Substituting (-3, -5) for x and y respectively

-5 = m (-3) + c

-5 = -3m + c - eq (1)

Substituting (5, 3) for x and y respectively

3 = m (5) + c

3 = 5m + c eq (2)

eq (2) eq (1)

3 (-5) = 5m (-3m) + c c

3 + 5 = 5m + 3m

8 = 8m

m=1
 Substituting m = 1 in eq (1)

-5 = -3(1) + c

-5 = -3 + c

c = -5 + 3

c = -2

Hence the equation of L2 is:

y = mx + c

y = (1) x + (-2)

y=x2

Method 2

Use the co-ordinates of the two points to find the gradient of the line (m), then using m and one
of the points to substitute in the equation of a line to find c and hence the equation of the line L2 .

Gradient, m = y2 y1/ x2 x1

Recall, M (-3, -5) N (5, 3)

m = 3 (-5)/ 5 (-3)

m=3+5/5+3

m=8/8

m=1

Using, m = 1 and N (5, 3) to substitute in the equation of a line:

y = mx + c

3 = 1 (5) + c

3=5+c
 c=35

c = -2

Therefore, the equation of L2 is:

y=x2

Given the gradient and one point on the line

Substitute the given quantities into the equation of a line, solving for c, and hence the equation of
the line L2.

Given, m = 1

N (5, 3)

Then, y = mx + c

3 = 1(5) + c

3=5+c

c = -2

Therefore the equation of L2 is:

y=x2

Note: The above is the same as Method 2 (with gradient given).

Bar Charts

A Bar chart is a series of rectangular bars of the same width, drawn vertically or horizontally,
with an equal space between them, with the height of each bar being a depiction of the data it is
representing.

Example

The table below lists several models of Blackberry cellular phones and the amount of each that
an electronic store has in stock. Draw a vertical and horizontal bar chart to represent the data.
Blackberry Phones Stock
Amount
Blackberry Curve 8310 75
Blackberry Curve 8320 100
Blackberry Pearl 8100 50
Blackberry Bold 9650 200
Blackberry Bold 9000 150
Blackberry Curve 8520 125

Pie Charts
A Pie chart is a circular diagram divided into sectors, with the size of each sector representing the
magnitude of data it is depicting. Each sector of a pie chart can either be displayed in percentages
(note all sectors must add up to 100%) or as an angle (note all sectors must add up to 360o).

Example

The table below lists some of the most popular football clubs and the number of students at a
given institution that supports each. Use a Pie chart to represent the information given in the
table.

Football Clubs Number of Students

Chelsea 50
Manchester United 200
Barcelona 350
Real Madrid 150
Inter Milan 25
Arsenal 100
Liverpool 40
AC Milan 75

The Pie Chart above depicts each sector as percentages. To calculate the percentages for each
sector use the formula below:

% of a sector = Number of students x 100

Total number of students

So, to calculate the percentage of Chelsea fans:

% of Chelsea fans = 50 x 100

990
% of Chelsea fans = 5%

For Pie charts which depicts each sector as angles, the angles for each sector is found using the
formula below:

Angle of a sector = Number of students x 360

Total number of students

So, to calculate the angle of the Chelsea sector:

Angle of Chelsea sector = 50 x 360

990

Angle of Chelsea sector = 18o

Note: In most cases the questions set on Pie charts require those drawn depicting sectors in
percentages.

Line Graphs

Line graphs are mostly used in depicting trends, and as such, values are in most cases plotted
against time. A line graph is drawn by connecting a line to consecutive values, with a circle/point
made at each value being depicted.

Example

The table below lists the amount of Toyota motor vehicles produced in the month of April over
the period 2000- 2010.

Year Number of Toyota Motor Vehicles Produced

2000 220,382
2001 260,879
2002 213,546
2003 238,890
2004 227,678
2005 245,376
2006 240,224
2007 224,100
2008 258,100
2009 248,024
2010 249,123

Histograms

A histogram is quite similar to Bar charts in that they both have rectangular bars. However, with
Histograms the bars can be of different widths, there are no spaces between each (as there is a
standard scale on the horizontal axis i.e 1, 2 etc) and the bars must be vertical. The height of
each bar is equal to the frequency which it represents.

Example

The table below lists the number of goals Chelsea scored in the first 6 matches of the 2009/2010
Barclays English Premier League Season.

Match # 1 2 3 4 5 6
Goals Scored 2 3 2 3 2 3
Frequency Polygon

A Frequency Polygon is an alternative to histograms, as it also used in representing the frequency

of an event. It is a line graph, joining consecutive points.

Note: If drawn over a Histogram, each point on the frequency polygon is the mid-point of the top
of each respective bar.

Example

The table below displays the results of a survey of 70 persons, providing their favourite number
from the list 1-9.

Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frequency 0 5 9 14 20 10 7 5 0
Relations, Functions and Graphs Quiz #1

Question 1

Draw the graph of the following relations using suitable scales.

(i) x = 4 (iii) y = -5

(ii) x = 2.5 (iv) y = 6

Solutions:

(i)
(ii)

(iii)
(iv)

Question 2

Draw the graphs of the linear functions:

(i) f(x) = 2x + 3

(ii) f(x) = 6x

for the domain -1 x 2.

Solutions:

(i) Substitute the values given for x in the domain (-1, 0, 1, 2), in the function, solving for the
respective f(x)/y values.

Given, f(x) = 2x + 3

f(-1) = 2(-1) + 3 = -2 + 3 = 1

f(0) = 2(0) + 3 = 0 + 3 = 3

f(1) = 2(1) + 3 = 2 + 3 = 5

f(2) = 2(2) + 3 = 4 + 3 = 7

Therefore, the set of (x, y) values to be plotted and connected in forming the linear function are:

{(-1, 1), (0, 3), (1, 5), (2, 7)}.

(ii) Substitute the values given for x in the domain (-1, 0, 1, 2), in the function, solving for the
respective f(x)/y values.

Given, f(x) = 6x

f(-1) = 6(-1) = -6

f(0) = 6(0) = 0

f(1) = 6(1) = 6

f(2) = 6(2) = 12

Therefore, the set of (x, y) values to be plotted and connected in forming the linear function are:

{(-1, -6), (0, 0), (1, 6), (2, 12)}.

Question 3

Find the equation of the line which passes through the points A (2, 4) and B (8, 10).

Solution:

Using the equation of a straight line:

y = mx + c

Substituting (2, 4) for x and y respectively

4 = m(2) + c

4 = 2m + c - eq(1)

Substituting (8, 10) for x and y respectively

10 = m(8) + c
10 = 8m + c- eq(2)

eq(2) eq(1)

10 4 = 8m 2m + c c

6 = 6m

m=1

Substituting m = 1 in eq(1)

4 = 2m + c

4 = 2(1) + c

4=2+c

c=42

c=2

Hence the equation of the line passing through points A (2, 4) and B (8, 10) is:

y = mx + c

y = (1)x + (2)

y=x+2

Question 4

The data below are the sizes (to the nearest inch) of the waists of 30 students in a class.

20 21 23 25 26 27

20 21 23 26 26 27

20 22 23 26 26 27

21 22 24 26 27 28

21 22 24 26 27 28

(a) Copy and complete the frequency table below.

Size of Waist (Inch) Frequency
20 ____
21 4
22 ____
23 3
____ 2
25 ____
26 ____
____ 5
28 2

(b) Draw a Frequency Polygon for the information presented above.

Solutions:

(a)

Size of Waist (Inch) Frequency

20 3
21 4
22 3
23 3
24 2
25 1
26 7
27 5
28 2

(b)
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