Chapter11:

InheritanceandComposition
 Objectives
Inthischapter,youwill:
Learnaboutinheritance
Learnaboutderivedandbaseclasses
Redefinethememberfunctionsofabaseclass
Examinehowtheconstructorsofbaseandderivedclasses
work
Learnhowtoconstructtheheaderfileofaderivedclass

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 2

 Objectives(contd.)
Inthischapter,youwill(contd.):
LearnabouttheC++streamhierarchy
Explorethreetypesofinheritance:public,
protected,andprivate
Learnaboutcomposition(aggregation)
Becomefamiliarwiththethreebasicprinciplesofobject
orienteddesign

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 3

 Introduction
Twocommonwaystorelatetwoclassesina
meaningfulwayare:
Inheritance(isa relationship)
Composition,oraggregation:(hasa relationship)

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 4

 Inheritance
Inheritance:isa relationship
Example:everyemployeeisaperson
Inheritanceallowscreationofnewclassesfrom
existingclasses
Derivedclasses:newclassescreatedfromtheexistingclass
Baseclass:theoriginalclass
Derivedclassinherits thepropertiesofitsbase
classes

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 5

 Inheritance(contd.)
Inheritancehelpsreducesoftwarecomplexity
Singleinheritance:derivedclasshasasinglebase
class
Multipleinheritance:derivedclasshasmorethan
onebaseclass
Publicinheritance:allpublicmembersofbaseclass
areinheritedaspublicmembersbyderivedclass
Mostcommonlyused

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 6

 Inheritance(contd.)
Inheritancecanbeviewedasatreelike,or
hierarchical,structurebetweenthebaseclassandits
derivedclasses

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 7

 Inheritance(contd.)
Syntaxofaderivedclass:

o memberAccessSpecifier ispublic,protected,
orprivate (default)
private membersofabaseclassareprivate to
thebaseclass
o Derivedclasscannotdirectly accessthem

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 8

 Inheritance (continued)
class circle: public shape
{

}

class circle: private shape

{

}

The public members of shape are private to circle.

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 9

 Inheritance(contd.)
public membersofbaseclasscanbeinheritedas
public orprivate members
Derivedclasscanincludeadditionalmembers(data
and/orfunctions)
Derivedclasscanredefinepublic member
functionsofthebaseclass
Appliesonlytotheobjectsofthederived class
Allmembersvariablesofthebaseclassarealso
membervariablesofthederivedclass

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 10

 Redefining(Overriding)Member
FunctionsoftheBaseClass
Toredefine apublic memberfunction:
Correspondingfunctioninderivedclassmusthavesame
name/number/typesofparameters
Ifderivedclassoverrides apublic member
functionofthebaseclass,thentocallthebaseclass
function,specify:
Nameofthebaseclass
Scoperesolutionoperator(::)
Functionnamewithappropriateparameterlist

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 11

RedefiningMemberFunctionsoftheBase
Class(contd.)

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 12

 RedefiningMemberFunctionsof
theBaseClass(contd.)
boxType isderivedfromrectangleType,andit
isapublic inheritance
Alsooverridesprint andarea

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 13

 class rectangleType
{
public:
void setDimension(double l, double w);
double getLength() const;
double getWidth() const;
double area() const;
double perimeter() const;
void print() const;
rectangleType();
rectangleType(double l, double w);

private:
double length;
double width;
};

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 14

 #include <iostream>
#include "rectangleType.h"
using namespace std;

void rectangleType::setDimension(double l, double w)

{ if (l >= 0)
length = l;
else
length = 0;
if (w >= 0)
width = w;
else
width = 0;
}
double rectangleType::getLength() const
{
return length;
}

double rectangleType::getWidth() const

{
return width;
} Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Third Edition
C++ 15
double rectangleType::area() const
{
return length * width;
}

double rectangleType::perimeter() const

{
return 2 * (length + width);
}
void rectangleType::print() const
{
cout << "Length = " << length << "; Width = " << width;
}
rectangleType::rectangleType(double l, double w)
{
setDimension(l, w);
}
rectangleType::rectangleType()
{
length = 0;
width = 0;
}
16
class boxType: public rectangleType // Inheritance
{
public:
void setDimension(double l, double w, double h); // Overloading

double getHeight() const;

double area() const; // Overrides area() of rectangle

double volume() const;

void print() const; // Overrides print() of rectangle

boxType();

boxType(double l, double w, double h);

private:
double height;
};

17
#include <iostream>
#include "rectangleType.h"
#include "boxType.h"

using namespace std;

void boxType::setDimension(double l, double w, double h)

{
rectangleType::setDimension(l, w);

if (h >= 0)
height = h;
else
height = 0;
}

double boxType::getHeight() const

{
return height;
}

18
 double boxType::area() const
{ return 2 * (getLength() * getWidth()
+ getLength() * height
+ getWidth() * height); // No need for ::
}
double boxType::volume() const
{
return rectangleType::area() * height;
}
void boxType::print() const
{ rectangleType::print();
cout << "; Height = " << height;
}
boxType::boxType() //default constructor. Automatically calls
{ //default constructor of rectangleType
height = 0.0;
}
boxType::boxType(double l, double w, double h) : rectangleType(l, w)
{ if (h >= 0)
height = h;
else
height = 0;
} Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Third Edition
C++ 19
 ConstructorsofDerivedandBase
Classes
Derivedclassconstructorcannotdirectlyaccess
private membersofthebaseclass
Itcandirectlyinitializeonlypublic membervariablesof
thebaseclass
Whenaderivedobjectisdeclared,itmustexecute
oneofthebaseclassconstructors
Calltobaseclassconstructorisspecifiedinheading
ofderivedclassconstructordefinition

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 20

ConstructorsofDerivedandBase
Classes

21
 #include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>

#include "rectangleType.h"
#include "boxType.h
using namespace std;

int main()
{
rectangleType myRectangle1, myRectangle2(8, 6);
boxType myBox1, myBox2(10, 7, 3);

cout << fixed << showpoint << setprecision(2);

cout << "myRectangle1: ";
myRectangle1.print(); // myRectangle1: Length = 0.00; Width = 0.00
cout << endl;

cout << "Area of myRectangle1: " << myRectangle1.area() << endl;

// Area of myrectangle1: 0.00
cout << "myRectangle2: ";
myRectangle2.print(); // myRectangle2: Length = 8.00; Width = 6.00
cout << endl;
C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Third Edition 22
 cout << "Area of myRectangle2: " << myRectangle2.area() << endl;
// Area of myRectangle2: 48.00
cout << "myBox1: ";
myBox1.print(); // myBox1: Length = 0.00; Width = 0.00; Height = 0.00
cout << endl;

cout << "Surface Area of myBox1: " << myBox1.area() << endl;
// Surface Area of myBox1: 0.00
cout << "Volume of myBox1: " << myBox1.volume() << endl;
// Volume of myBox1: 0.00
cout << "myBox2: ";
myBox2.print(); // myBox2: Length = 10.00; Width = 7.00; Height = 3.00
cout << endl;

cout << "Surface Area of myBox2: " << myBox2.area() << endl;
// Surface Area of myBox2: 242.00
cout << "Volume of myBox2: " << myBox2.volume() << endl;
// Volume of myBox2: 210.00
return 0;
}

23
 DestructorsinaDerivedClass
Destructors:usedtodeallocatedynamicmemory
allocatedbytheobjectsofaclass
Whenaderivedclassobjectgoesoutofscope
Automaticallyinvokesitsdestructor
Whenthedestructorofthederivedclassexecutes
Automaticallyinvokesthedestructorofthebaseclass

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 24

 HeaderFileofaDerivedClass
Todefinenewclasses,createnewheaderfiles
Tocreatenewderivedclasses,includecommands
thatspecifywherethebaseclassdefinitionscanbe
found
Definitionsofthememberfunctionscanbeplacedin
aseparatefile

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 25

 MultipleInclusionsofaHeader
File
Usethepreprocessorcommand(#include)to
includeaheaderfileinaprogram
Preprocessorprocessestheprogrambeforeitiscompiled
Toavoidmultipleinclusionofafileinaprogram,use
certainpreprocessorcommandsintheheaderfile

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 26

 Multiple Inclusions
For every header file we include the following:
#ifndef H_rectangleType
#define H_rectangleType

// Body of the header file

#endif

27
 Multiple Inclusions of a Header
File
Problem: Solution:

28
 C++StreamClasses
ios isthebaseclassforallstreamclasses
Containsformattingflagsandmemberfunctionsto
access/modifytheflagsettings

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 29

 C++StreamClasses(contd.)
istream andostream provideoperationsfor
datatransferbetweenmemoryanddevices
istream definestheextractionoperator(>>)and
functionsget andignore
ostream definestheinsertionoperator(<<)whichis
usedbycout
ifstream/ofstream objectsareforfileI/O
Headerfilefstream containsthedefinitionsforthese

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 30

 ProtectedMembersofaClass
Derivedclasscannotdirectlyaccessprivate
membersofitbaseclass
Togiveitdirectaccess,declarethatmemberas
protected

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 31

Inheritanceaspublic,protected,
orprivate
AssumeclassBisderivedfromclassAwith

IfmemberAccessSpecifier ispublic:
public membersofA arepublic inB,andcanbe
directlyaccessedinclassB
protected membersofA areprotected inB,andcan
bedirectlyaccessedbymemberfunctions(andfriend
functions)ofB
private membersof A arehiddeninB andcanbe
accessedonlythroughpublic orprotected members
ofA

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 32

 Inheritanceaspublic,protected,or
private (contd.)
IfmemberAccessSpecifier isprotected:
public membersofA areprotected membersofB
andcanbeaccessedbythememberfunctions(andfriend
functions)ofB
protected membersofA areprotected membersof
B andcanbeaccessedbythememberfunctions(and
friendfunctions)ofB
private membersofA arehiddeninB andcanbe
accessedonlythroughpublic orprotected members
ofA

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 33

 Inheritanceaspublic,protected,or
private (contd.)
IfmemberAccessSpecifier isprivate:
public membersofA areprivate membersofB and
canbeaccessedbymemberfunctionsofB
protected membersofA areprivate membersofB
andcanbeaccessedbymemberfunctions(andfriend
functions)ofB
private membersofA arehiddeninB andcanbe
accessedonlythroughpublic/protected membersof
A

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 34

#ifndef H_protectMembClass
#define H_protectMembClass

class bClass
{
public:
void setData(double);
void setData(char, double);
void print() const;

bClass(char = '*', double = 0.0);

protected:
char bCh;

private:
double bX;
};

#endif

35
#include <iostream>
#include "protectMembClass.h"
using namespace std;

void bClass::setData(double u)
{
bX = u;
}
void bClass::setData(char ch, double u)
{
bCh = ch;
bX = u;
}
void bClass::print() const
{
cout << "Base class: bCh = " << bCh << ", bX = " << bX << endl;
}

bClass::bClass(char ch, double u)

{
bCh = ch;
bX = u;
}
#ifndef H_protectMembInDerivedCl
#define H_protectMembInDerivedCl

#include "protectMembClass.h"

class dClass: public bClass

{
public:
void setData(char, double, int);
void print() const;

private:
int dA;
};

#endif

37
#include <iostream>
#include "protectMembClass.h"
#include "protectMembInDerivedCl.h"

using namespace std;

void dClass::setData(char ch, double v, int a)

{
bClass::setData(v); // indirect access of private member

bCh = ch; // direct access of protected member

dA = a;
}

void dClass::print() const

{
bClass::print();

cout << "Derived class dA = " << dA << endl;

}

38
#include <iostream>
#include "protectMembClass.h"
#include "protectMembInDerivedCl.h"

using namespace std;

int main()
{
bClass bObject;
dClass dObject;

bObject.print();
cout << endl; // Base class: bCh = *, bX = 0

cout << "*** Derived class object ***" << endl;

dObject.setData('&', 2.5, 7);

dObject.print(); // Base class: bCh = &, bX = 2.5

// Derived class dA = 7
return 0;
}
 Composition(Aggregation)
Incomposition,oneormoremember(s)ofaclass
areobjectsofanotherclasstype
Composition(aggregation):hasa relation
Argumentstotheconstructorofamemberobject
arespecifiedintheheadingpartofthedefinitionof
theconstructor

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 40

 Composition(Aggregation)(contd.)
Memberobjectsofaclassareconstructedinthe
ordertheyaredeclared
Notintheorderlistedintheconstructorsmember
initializationlist
Theyareconstructedbeforethecontainingclass
objectsareconstructed

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 41

#ifndef dateType_H
#define dateType_H

class dateType
{
public:
void setDate(int month, int day, int year);
int getDay() const;
int getMonth() const;
int getYear() const;
void printDate() const;
dateType(int month = 1, int day = 1, int year = 1900);

private:
int dMonth;
int dDay;
int dYear;
};

#endif

42
 #include <iostream>
#include "dateType.h"
using namespace std;
void dateType::setDate(int month, int day, int year)
{ dMonth = month;
dDay = day;
dYear = year;
}
int dateType::getDay() const
{ return dDay;
}
int dateType::getMonth() const
{ return dMonth;
}
int dateType::getYear() const
{ return dYear;
}
void dateType::printDate() const
{ cout<<dMonth<<"-"<<dDay<<"-"<<dYear;
}
dateType::dateType(int month, int day, int year)
{
dMonth = month; dDay = day; dYear = year;
} Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Third Edition
C++ 43
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class personType
{
public:
void print() const;

void setName(string first, string last);

string getFirstName() const;

string getLastName() const;

personType(string first = "", string last = "");

private:
string firstName;
string lastName;
};

44
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include "personType.h"
using namespace std;
void personType::print() const
{
cout << firstName << " " << lastName;
}
void personType::setName(string first, string last)
{ firstName = first;
lastName = last;
}
string personType::getFirstName() const
{ return firstName;
}
string personType::getLastName() const
{ return lastName;
}
personType::personType(string first, string last)

{ firstName = first;
lastName = last;
} 45
#ifndef personalInfo_H
#define personalInfo_H
#include <string>
#include "personType.h"
#include "dateType.h"
using namespace std;

class personalInfo
{
public:
void setpersonalInfo(string first, string last, int month, int day, int year, int ID);
void printpersonalInfo () const;
personalInfo(string first = "", string last = "",
int month = 1, int day = 1, int year = 1900, int ID = 0);
private:
personType name; // Composition
dateType bDay; // Composition
int personID;
};

#endif
46
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include "personalInfo.h"
using namespace std;

void personalInfo::setpersonalInfo(string first, string last,

int month, int day, int year, int ID)
{ name.setName(first,last);
bDay.setDate(month,day,year);
personID = ID;
}
void personalInfo::printpersonalInfo() const
{ name.print();
cout<<"'s date of birth is ";
bDay.printDate();
cout<<endl;
cout<<"and personal ID is "<<personID;
}
personalInfo::personalInfo(string first, string last, int month,
int day, int year, int ID): name(first, last), bDay(month, day, year)
{
personID = ID;
} 47
#include <iostream>
#include "personalInfo.h"

using namespace std;

int main()
{
personalInfo newStudent("William", "Jordan", 8,24,1963,555238911);

newStudent.printpersonalInfo();

cout << endl;

return 0;
}

48
 ObjectOrientedDesign(OOD)and
ObjectOrientedProgramming(OOP)
Thefundamentalprinciplesofobjectorienteddesign
(OOD)are:
Encapsulation:combinesdataandoperationsondataina
singleunit
Inheritance:createsnewobjects(classes)fromexisting
objects(classes)
Polymorphism:theabilitytousethesameexpressionto
denotedifferentoperations

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 49

 OODandOOP(contd.)
InOOD:
Objectisafundamentalentity
Debugattheclasslevel
Aprogramisacollectionofinteractingobjects
OODencouragescodereuse
Objectorientedprogramming(OOP)implements
OOD

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 50

 OODandOOP(contd.)
C++supportsOOPthroughtheuseofclasses
Functionnameandoperatorscanbeoverloaded
Polymorphicfunctionoroperator:hasmanyforms
Example:divisionwithfloatingpointanddivisionwith
integeroperands

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 51

 OODandOOP(contd.)
Templatesprovideparametricpolymorphism
C++providesvirtualfunctionstoimplement
polymorphisminaninheritancehierarchy
Allowsruntimeselectionofappropriatemember
functions
Objectsarecreatedwhenclassvariablesaredeclared
Objectsinteractwitheachotherviafunctioncalls

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 52

 OODandOOP(contd.)
Everyobjecthasaninternalstateandexternalstate
Private membersformtheinternal state
Public membersformtheexternal state
Onlytheobjectcanmanipulateitsinternalstate

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Sixth Edition 53

 ProgrammingExample
Thisprogrammingexampleillustratestheconcepts
ofinheritanceandcomposition

Problem:Themidsemesterpointatyourlocal
universityisapproaching
Theregistrarsofficewantstopreparethegradereportsas
soonasthestudentsgradesarerecorded
ProgrammingExample(continued)
Someofthestudentsenrolledhavenotyetpaidtheir
tuition
Ifastudenthaspaidthetuition,thegradesareshownon
thegradereporttogetherwiththegradepointaverage
(GPA)
Ifastudenthasnotpaidthetuition,thegradesarenot
printed
Gradereportindicatesthatgradeshavebeenheldfor
nonpaymentofthetuition
Gradereportalsoshowsthebillingamount
 TheDataFile
Dataarestoredinafileinthefollowingform:
15000345
studentName studentID isTuitionPaid numberOfCourses
courseName courseNumber creditHours grade
courseName courseNumber creditHours grade

studentName studentID isTuitionPaid numberOfCourses

courseName courseNumber creditHours grade
courseName courseNumber creditHours grade
 TheDataFile(continued)
Thefirstlineindicatesnumberofstudentsenrolled
andtuitionratepercredithour
Studentsdataisgiventhereafter
Asampleinputfileis:
3345
LisaMiller890238Y4
MathematicsMTH3454A
PhysicsPHY3573B
ComputerSci CSC4783B
HistoryHIS3563A
..
 Output
Sampleoutputforeachstudent:
StudentName:LisaMiller
StudentID:890238
Numberofcoursesenrolled:4
CourseNoCourseNameCreditsGrade
CSC478 ComputerSci 3 B
HIS356 History 3 A
MTH345 Mathematics 4 A
PHY357 Physics 3 B
Totalnumberofcredits:13
MidSemesterGPA:3.54
 ProblemAnalysis
Twomaincomponentsare:
Course
Maincharacteristicsofacourseare:coursename,
coursenumber,andnumberofcredithours
Student
Maincharacteristicsofastudentare:studentname,
studentID,numberofcourses enrolled,namecourses,
andgrade foreachcourse

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Third Edition 59

ProblemAnalysis(continued)

Operationsonanobjectofthecoursetypeare:

1. Setthecourseinformation

2. Printthecourseinformation

3. Showthecredithours

4. Showthecoursenumber
 AlgorithmDesign
Thebasicoperationstobeperformedonanobjectof
thetypestudentType:
1. Setstudentinformation
2. Printstudentinformation
3. Calculatenumberofcredithourstaken
4. CalculateGPA
5. Calculatebillingamount
6. Sortcoursesaccordingtocoursenumber
 MainProgram
1. Declarevariables
2. Openinputfile
3. Ifinputfiledoesnotexist,exitprogram
4. Openoutputfile
5. Getnumberofstudentsregisteredandtuitionrate
6. Loadstudentsdata
7. Printgradereports
#ifndef H_courseType
#define H_courseType

#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class courseType
{
public:
void setCourseInfo(string cName, string cNo, int credits);
void print(ofstream& outF);
int getCredits();
string getCourseNumber();
string getCourseName();
courseType(string cName = "", string cNo = "", int credits = 0);

private:
string courseName;
string courseNo;
int courseCredits;
};
#endif
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <iomanip>
#include "courseType.h"

using namespace std;

void courseType::setCourseInfo(string cName, string cNo, int credits)

{
courseName = cName;
courseNo = cNo;
courseCredits = credits;
}
void courseType::print(ostream& outF)
{
outF << left;
outF << setw(8) << courseNo << " ";
outF << setw(15) << courseName;
outF << right;
outF << setw(3) << courseCredits << " ;
}
courseType::courseType(string cName, string cNo, int credits)
{
courseName = cName;
courseNo = cNo;
courseCredits = credits;
}

int courseType::getCredits()
{
return courseCredits;
}

string courseType::getCourseNumber()
{
return courseNo;
}

string courseType::getCourseName()
{
return courseName;
}
#ifndef H_personType
#define H_personType

#include <string>

using namespace std;

class personType
{
public:
void print() const;
void setName(string first, string last);
string getFirstName() const;
string getLastName() const;
personType(string first = "", string last = "");

private:
string firstName;
string lastName;
};

#endif
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include "personType.h"
using namespace std;

void personType::print() const

{ cout << firstName << " " << lastName;
}
void personType::setName(string first, string last)
{ firstName = first;
lastName = last;
}
string personType::getFirstName() const
{ return firstName;
}
string personType::getLastName() const
{ return lastName;
}
personType::personType(string first, string last)

{ firstName = first;
lastName = last;
}
#ifndef H_studentType
#define H_studentType

#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include "personType.h"
#include "courseType.h"

using namespace std;

class studentType: public personType // Inheritance

{
public:
void setInfo(string fname, string lName, int ID, int nOfCourses, bool isTPaid,
courseType courses[], char courseGrades[]);

void print(ostream& outF, double tuitionRate);

studentType();
int getHoursEnrolled();
double getGpa();
double billingAmount(double tuitionRate);
private:
void sortCourses(); // Private function, WHY? Will only be used
// internally by other member functions.
int sId;
int numberOfCourses;
bool isTuitionPaid;
courseType coursesEnrolled[6]; // Composition
char coursesGrade[6];
};

#endif
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include "personType.h"
#include "courseType.h"
#include "studentType.h"
using namespace std;

void studentType::setInfo(string fName, string lName, int ID,

int nOfCourses, bool isTPaid, courseType courses[], char cGrades[])
{ int i;
setName(fName, lName);
sId = ID;
isTuitionPaid = isTPaid;
numberOfCourses = nOfCourses ;

for (i = 0; i < numberOfCourses; i++)

{
coursesEnrolled[i] = courses[i];
coursesGrade[i] = cGrades[i];
}
sortCourses();
}
studentType::studentType()
{
// The constructors for the name and the courses enrolled will be
// automatically called to initialize the corresponding data members
numberOfCourses = 0;
sId = 0;
isTuitionPaid = false;
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
coursesGrade[i] = '*';
}
int studentType::getHoursEnrolled()
{
int totalCredits = 0, i;
for (i = 0; i < numberOfCourses; i++)
totalCredits += coursesEnrolled[i].getCredits();

return totalCredits;
}
double studentType::billingAmount(double tuitionRate)
{
return tuitionRate * getHoursEnrolled();
}
void studentType::print(ostream& outF, double tuitionRate)
{
int i;
outF << "Student Name: " << getFirstName() << " " << getLastName() << endl;

outF << "Student ID: " << sId << endl;

outF << "Number of courses enrolled: " << numberOfCourses << endl;

outF << endl; outF << left;

outF << "Course No" << setw(15) << " Course Name"
<< setw(8) << "Credits" << setw(6) << "Grade" << endl;
outF << right;

for (i = 0; i < numberOfCourses; i++)

{ coursesEnrolled[i].print(outF);
if (isTuitionPaid)
outF <<setw(4) << coursesGrade[i] << endl;
else
outF << setw(4) << "***" << endl;
}
 outF << endl;
outF << "Total number of credit hours: "<< getHoursEnrolled() << endl;

outF << fixed << showpoint << setprecision(2);

if (isTuitionPaid)
outF << "Mid-Semester GPA: " << getGpa() << endl;
else
{
outF << "*** Grades are being held for not paying the tuition. ***" << endl;

outF << "Amount Due: $" << billingAmount(tuitionRate) << endl;

}

outF << "-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-" << endl << endl;

}
double studentType::getGpa()
{ int i;
double sum = 0.0;

for (i = 0; i < numberOfCourses; i++)

{
switch (coursesGrade[i])
{
case 'A': sum += coursesEnrolled[i].getCredits() * 4;
break;
case 'B': sum += coursesEnrolled[i].getCredits() * 3;
break;
case 'C': sum += coursesEnrolled[i].getCredits() * 2;
break;
case 'D': sum += coursesEnrolled[i].getCredits() * 1;
break;
case 'F': sum += coursesEnrolled[i].getCredits() * 0;
break;
default: cout << "Invalid Course Grade." << endl;
}
}
return sum / getHoursEnrolled();
}
void studentType::sortCourses() // Selection Sort Algorithm on strings
{ int i, j, minIndex;
courseType temp;
char tempGrade;
string course1, course2;

for (i = 0; i < numberOfCourses - 1; i++)

{ minIndex = i;
for (j = i + 1; j < numberOfCourses; j++)
{
course1 = coursesEnrolled[minIndex].getCourseNumber();
course2 = coursesEnrolled[j].getCourseNumber();
if (course1 > course2)
minIndex = j;
}
temp = coursesEnrolled[minIndex];
coursesEnrolled[minIndex] = coursesEnrolled[i];
coursesEnrolled[i] = temp;
tempGrade = coursesGrade[minIndex];
coursesGrade[minIndex] = coursesGrade[i];
coursesGrade[i] = tempGrade;
}
}
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include "studentType.h"

using namespace std;

const int maxNumberOfStudents = 10;

void getStudentData(ifstream& infile, studentType studentList[],

int numberOfStudents);

void printGradeReports(ofstream& outfile, studentType studentList[],

int numberOfStudents, double tuitionRate);
int main()
{
studentType studentList[maxNumberOfStudents];

int noOfStudents;
double tuitionRate;
ifstream infile;
ofstream outfile;
 infile.open("stData.txt");

if (!infile)
{
cout << "The input file does not exist. "
<< "Program terminates." << endl;
return 1;
}

outfile.open("sDataOut.txt");

infile >> noOfStudents;

infile >> tuitionRate;

getStudentData(infile, studentList, noOfStudents);

printGradeReports(outfile, studentList, noOfStudents, tuitionRate);

return 0;
}
void getStudentData(ifstream& infile, studentType studentList[],
int numberOfStudents)
{
string fName;
string lName;
int ID;
int noOfCourses;
char isPaid;
bool isTuitionPaid;

string cName;
string cNo;
int credits;

int count;
int i;

courseType courses[6];
char cGrades[6];
for (count = 0; count < numberOfStudents; count++)
{
infile >> fName >> lName >> ID >> isPaid;

if (isPaid == 'Y')
isTuitionPaid = true;
else
isTuitionPaid = false;

infile >> noOfCourses;

for (i = 0; i < noOfCourses; i++)

{
infile >> cName >> cNo >> credits >> cGrades[i];
courses[i].setCourseInfo(cName, cNo, credits);
}

studentList[count].setInfo(fName, lName, ID, noOfCourses, isTuitionPaid,

courses, cGrades);
}
}
void printGradeReports(ofstream& outfile, studentType studentList[],
int numberOfStudents, double tuitionRate)
{
int count;

for (count = 0; count < numberOfStudents; count++)

studentList[count].print(outfile, tuitionRate);
}
 InputFile
3345
LisaMiller890238Y4
MathematicsMTH3454A
PhysicsPHY3573B
ComputerSci CSC4783B
HistoryHIS3563A

BillWilton798324N5
EnglishENG3783B
PhilosophyPHL5343A
ChemistryCHM2564C
BiologyBIO2344A
MathematicsMTH3463C

DandyGoat746333Y6
HistoryHIS1013A
EnglishENG3283B
MathematicsMTH1373A
ChemistryCHM3484B
ComputerSci CSC2013B
BusinessBUS1283C
 OutputFile

Student Name: Lisa Miller

Student ID: 890238
Number of courses enrolled: 4

Course No Course Name Credits Grade

CSC478 ComputerSci 3 B
HIS356 History 3 A
MTH345 Mathematics 4 A
PHY357 Physics 3 B

Total number of credit hours: 13

Mid-Semester GPA: 3.54
-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-
 OutputFile
Student Name: Bill Wilton
Student ID: 798324
Number of courses enrolled: 5

Course No Course Name Credits Grade

BIO234 Biology 4 ***
CHM256 Chemistry 4 ***
ENG378 English 3 ***
MTH346 Mathematics 3 ***
PHL534 Philosophy 3 ***

Total number of credit hours: 17

*** Grades are being held for not paying the tuition. ***
Amount Due: $5865.00
-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-
 OutputFile
Student Name: Dandy Goat
Student ID: 746333
Number of courses enrolled: 6

Course No Course Name Credits Grade

BUS128 Business 3 C
CHM348 Chemistry 4 B
CSC201 ComputerSci 3 B
ENG328 English 3 B
HIS101 History 3 A
MTH137 Mathematics 3 A

Total number of credit hours: 19

Mid-Semester GPA: 3.16
-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-