WALL FRAMING

Prescriptive Method Section E

1
 In-Line Framing
In-Line
Framing: All
vertical and
horizontal
load carrying
members are
aligned.

In-Line Framing
24

Added Stud

16

2
Typical Wall Components

Typical Wall Section

3
 Common Uses of Cold-Formed
Steel Studs as Framing Members
Non-load bearing interior partition walls
Residential
Commercial
Non-load bearing exterior wall systems (wind
and seismic out of plane loads only)
Residential load bearing wall studs
Single Family
Multi-Family
Commercial load bearing wall studs
Mid-Rise

Interior Non-Load Bearing Studs

4
 Non-Load Bearing
Exterior Stud Walls
Studs are clipped to the floor and roof
levels with vertical slip clips to isolate
the wall system from floor level gravity
loads to prevent cracking the exterior
finish system.

Residential- Load Bearing Single Family

5
Residential-Load Bearing
Multi-Family

Commercial Load Bearing

6
 Mid-Rise Load-Bearing
An 8-story gravity
load-bearing wall
system
15,000 PLF at first
floor bearing walls
5 metal pan deck
and concrete floor
system
Loads uniformly
distributed

Steel Stud Walls Can Use:

Stick Built (Platform) Construction

Balloon Construction
Panelized (Systems) Construction

7
Platform Framing

Balloon Framing

8
 Panelized Wall Systems

Wall Layout
Typically
spaced
16 to 24
on center
Thickness
vary
according
to applied
loads

9
 Wall to Track Connection

Min. No. 8
screw @
each Flange

Tracks Used for the Top

and Bottom of the
Walls, As Well As For
the Head and Sill for
the Openings, Are
Typically The Same
Thickness As the Full
Height Wall Studs

Stud Seating

maximum gap = 1/8

10
 Stud Seating

Gap Visible

Look at the wood shim

Splices are Not Permitted in

Structural Members
WITHOUT AN APPROVED
DESIGN!!

11
Track Splice

Track Splice

12
 Track Splice

Wall to Foundation Attachment

PM Fig E2-1 page 43

13
Wall to Foundation
Attachment

PM Fig E2-2 page 43

Wall to Wood Sill Plate Attachment

PM Fig E2-3 page 44

14
 Table E2-1
Wall to Foundation or Floor Connection Requirements1 page 61
Wind Speed (mph), Exposure, & Seismic Design Category2
Framing
Condition 85 A/B or 100 A/B 110 A/B
90 A/B 100 C < 110 C
SDC3 A,B,C 85 C 90 C
Wall bottom 1-No. 8 1-No. 8 1 No.8 2 No.8 2 No.8
1-No. 8 screw
track to floor screw at 12" screw at 12" screw at 12" screw at 12" screw at 12"
at 12" o.c.
joist or track o.c. o.c. o.c. o.c. o.c.
Wall bottom 1/2" 1/2" 1/2" 1/2" 1/2" 1/2"
track to minimum minimum minimum minimum minimum minimum
foundation diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter
per Figure anchor bolt anchor bolt anchor bolt anchor bolt anchor bolt anchor bolt at
E2-1 or E2-2 at 6' o.c. at 6' o.c. at 4' o.c. at 4' o.c. at 4' o.c. 4' o.c.
Steel plate Steel plate Steel plate Steel plate Steel plate
Steel plate
spaced at 4' spaced at 4' spaced at 3' spaced at 3' spaced at 2'
spaced at 2'
Wall bottom o.c., with 4- o.c., with 4- o.c., with 4- o.c., with 4- o.c., with 4-
o.c., with 4-
track to wood No. 8 screws No. 8 No. 8 No. 8 No. 8 screws
No. 8 screws
sill per Figure and 4-10d or screws and screws and screws and and 4-10d or
and 4-10d or
E2-3 6-8d 4-10d or 6- 4-10d or 6- 4-10d or 6- 6-8d
6-8d common
common 8d common 8d common 8d common common
nails
nails nails nails nails nails
Wind uplift
connector 65 lbs. per
capacity for N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R foot of wall
16 stud length
spacing 3
Wind uplift
connector 100 lbs. per
capacity for N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R foot of wall
24 stud length
spacing 3
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.3 m, 1 lb. = 4.4 N.
1 Anchor bolts shall be located not more than 12 inches (305 mm) from corners or the termination of bottom tracks (e.g. at

door openings or corners). Bolts shall extend a minimum of 15 inches (381-mm) into masonry or 7 inches (178 mm) into
concrete.
2 SDC indicates Seismic Design Category.
3 N/R = uplift connector not required

Stud Bracing

Stud Bracing is Needed to Prevent

Each Individual Stud From Rotating
or Buckling When A Load is Applied.

Wall or Shear Wall

Bracing on the Other
Hand, is Needed to
Prevent Racking of the
Wall in Wind or Seismic
Events.

15
 Wall Stud Bracing:

There are (4)

typical ways to
brace wall studs
for axial and out
of plane bending.

Wall Stud Bracing: Sheathing

where walls are

sheathed, the
sheathing usually
provides sufficient
bracing for the stud

temporary bracing
may be required before
sheathing is installed

Per Table E3-11

PM Fig E4-1 page 45

16
 Wall Stud Bracing: Mechanical Bracing

PM Figure E4-2 page 45

Wall Stud Bracing

Up to 8 Wall 9 Wall
10 Wall Height
Height Height
One Row at One Row at
One Row at Mid- Third Height Third Height
Height One Row at One Row at 2/3
2/3 Height Height

17
 Wall Stud Bracing: Sheathing and
Mechanical Bracing

PM Fig E4-3 page 46

Wall Stud Bracing: Alternative Mechanical Bracing

(common in commercial construction)

Not shown in
PM but is an
acceptable
bracing method.

18
 Wall Stud Sizing: Stud Tables
Studs Supporting Roof and Ceiling
33 KSI Steel 50 KSI Steel
Building Width (Feet)
24 28 32 36 40 24 28 32 36 40
E3- E3- E3-
E3-1a E3-2a E3-3a E3-4a E3-2b E3-4b E3-5b
5a 1b 3b

Studs Supporting One Floor, Roof and Ceiling

E3- E3- E3- E3- E3-
E3-6a E3-7a E3-8a E3-7b E3-9b
9a 10a 6b 8b 10b

Using the Stud Tables: Example

Snow Load

Select the
8
Proper Wall
Stud Size and
Wind Load
Thickness for
this House
10

27-9

19
 What Do We Need to Know
Wind Speed
Wind Map (from ASCE 7 or IRC)

Wind Exposure (A, B, or C)

ASCE Definitions. Local Practice

Ground Snow Load

Ground Snow Map (from ASCE 7 or IRC)

Seismic Design Category

Seismic Map (from ASCE 7 or IRC)

Wind Speed Map

85 mph

20
Ground Snow Map
30 psf

Seismic Map
SDC C

21
 Using the Stud Tables: Example
30 psf

SDC C

8
85 mph

10

27-9

2nd Floor Studs

Studs Supporting Roof and Ceiling
33 KSI Steel 50 KSI Steel
Building Width (Feet)
24 28 32 36 40 24 28 32 36 40
E3- E3- E3-
E3-1a E3-2a E3-3a E3-4a E3-2b E3-4b E3-5b
5a 1b 3b

Studs Supporting One Floor, Roof and Ceiling

E3- E3- E3- E3- E3-
E3-6a E3-7a E3-8a E3-7b E3-9b
9a 10a 6b 8b 10b

1st Floor Studs

22
 Table E3-2a
33 Stud Thickness
28-Foot Wide Building Supporting Roof and Ceiling Only1,2,3
KSI
Fy 33 ksi
Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)
Wind Speed Member Stud 8-Foot Studs 9-Foot Studs 10-Foot Studs
Exp. Exp. Size Spacing Ground Snow Load (psf)
A/B C (inch) 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70

350S162
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
85
mph
24
16
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
43
33
33
33
33 33 43 33 33 33 43
33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
350S162
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
90 24 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
16 33 33 33 33 33 Second
33 33 Floor
33 Studs
33 33 33 33
100 85 350S162 24 33 33 33 43 33 8 tall33
33 walls43(stud
33span
33is 8)
43 43
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 B33
85 mph wind speed, exposure
550S162
24 33 33 33 33 33 Standard
33 33 3-1/2
33 33 studs
33(i.e.33 33
16 33 33 33 33 33 350S162-xx)
33 33 33 33 33 33 33
110 90 350S162 24 33 33 33 43 33 33 ksi
33 33yield43strength
33 33 43 43
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33spaced
Studs 33 2433 on-center
33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 33 33 Ground
33 33 snow33 load
33 is33
30 psf33 33
Building is 27-9 wide

Table E3-7a
33 Stud Thickness
28-Foot Wide Building Supporting One Floor, Roof & Ceiling 1,2,3
KSI
Fy 33 ksi
Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)
Wind Speed Member Stud 8-Foot Studs 9-Foot Studs 10-Foot Studs
Exp. Exp. Size Spacing Ground Snow Load (psf)
A/B C (inch) 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70

350S162
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
85
mph
24
16
33
33
43
33
43
33
43
33
33
33
33 43 43 43 43 43 43
33 33 33 33 33 33 33
43
550S162
24 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
350S162
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
90 24 33 43 43 43 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43
mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
16 33 33 33 33 33 First 33
33 Floor33 Studs33 33 33 33
100 85 350S162 24 33 43 43 43 43 10 tall
43 43walls43 (stud
43 height
43 is 4310)43
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 B33
85 mph wind speed, exposure
550S162
24 33 33 33 33 33 Standard
33 33 3-1/2
33 33 studs
33(i.e.33 33
16 33 33 33 33 33 350S162-xx)
33 33 33 33 33 33 33
110 90 350S162 24 43 43 43 43 43 33 ksi
43 43yield43strength
43 43 43 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 Studs
33 33spaced
33 2433 on-center
33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 33 33 Ground
33 33 snow33 load
33 is33
30 psf33 33
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 is33
Building 43wide
27-9 43 43 43

23
 Table E3-7b
50 Stud Thickness
28-Foot Wide Building Supporting One Floor, Roof & Ceiling 1,2,3
KSI
Fy 50 ksi
Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)
Wind Speed Member Stud 8-Foot Studs 9-Foot Studs 10-Foot Studs
Exp. Exp. Size Spacing Ground Snow Load (psf)
A/B C (inch) 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
350S162
85
24
16
33
33
33
33
33
33
43
33
33
33
33 33 33 33 33 33 43
33 33 33 33 33 33 33
33
mph 550S162
24 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
90 350S162
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
mph 24 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
550S162
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
24 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
16 33 33 33 33 33 First 33
33 Floor33 Studs33 33 33 33
350S162
24 33 33 33 43 33 10 tall
33 33walls33 (stud
33 height
33 is 4310)43
100 85
mph mph 550S162 16 33 33 33 33 33 85 mph
33 33 wind33 speed,
33 33exposure
33 B33
24 33 33 33 33 33 Standard
33 33 3-1/2
33 33 studs
33(i.e.33 33
16 33 33 33 33 33 350S162-xx)
33 33 33 33 33 33 33
350S162
24 33 33 33 43 33 50 ksi
33 33yield43strength
43 43 43 43
110 90
mph mph 550S162 16 33 33 33 33 33 Studs
33 33spaced
33 2433 on-center
33 33 33
24 33 33 33 33 33 33
Ground33 snow33 load
33 is33
30 psf33 33
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 is33
Building 33wide
27-9 33 33 33

Headers

Three Types of Headers:

Box-Beam Header
Back-To-Back Header
L-Header

24
 Box Beam Headers

PM Fig. E7-1 page 44

Box Beam Headers

25
Back-to-Back Header

Back-to-Back Header

26
 L-Header

Double L-Header

27
 Header Selection Chart
Box-Beam Back-to-Back Double L
Short Spans Long Spans Moderate Spans

Pre-Insulation Pre-Insulation Not Pre-Insulation Not

Required Required Required

Higher Thermal Low Thermal Low Thermal

Conductivity Conductivity Conductivity

Easy to Apply Hard to Apply Easy to Apply

Finishes Finishes Finishes

Materials & Materials & Less Materials &

Screws Screws Screws

Header Tables
Headers Supporting Roof and Ceiling
Double L-
Box-Beam Back-to-Back
Header
Ground Snow Load
20 & 30 50 & 70 20 & 30 50 & 70 20 & 30 50 & 70
E7-1 E7-2 E7-5 E7-6 E7-10 E7-11
Headers Supporting One Floor, Roof and
Ceiling
E7-3 E7-4 E7-7 E7-8 E7-12 E7-13

28
 Header Tables
Headers Supporting Roof and Ceiling
Double L-Header Uplift Spans
Building Width (feet)
24 28 32 36 40
E7-14 E7-15 E7-16 E7-17 E7-18
Headers Supporting One Floor, Roof and
Ceiling
E7-19 E7-20 E7-21 E7-22 E7-23

Header Example
30 psf

Header Supporting Roof

& Ceiling
Opening Size = 3-6

8
85 mph

Header Supporting One

Floor, Roof, & Ceiling 10
Opening Size = 6-3

27-9

29
 Table E7-1
33 Box-Beam Header Spans
KSI Headers Supporting Roof and Ceiling Only1,2
Fy 33 ksi
Member 20 psf Ground Snow Load 30 psf Ground Snow Load
Designation
Building Width3 Building Width3
24 28 32 36 40 24 28 32 36 40
2-350S162-33 3-10 3-5 3-0 2-6 2-2 3-3 2-9 2-4 - -
2-350S162-43 5-1 4-8 4-4 4-0 3-7 4-6 4-2 3-8 3-4 2-11
2-350S162-54 5-9 5-4 5-0 4-9 4-5 5-3 4-10 4-6 4-2 3-10
2-350S162-68 6-7 6-1 5-9 5-5 5-1 6-0 5-6 5-2 4-10 4-7
2-350S162-97 8-0 7-5 7-0 6-6 6-3 7-3 6-9 6-4 6-0 5-7
2-550S162-33 5-8 5-0 4-5 3-11 3-4 4-9 4-1 3-6 2-11 -
2-550S162-43 7-2 6-8 6-3 5-8 5-22 6-6 5-11 5-3 4-9 4-3
2-550S162-54 8-2 7-7 7-2 6-9 6-5 7-5 6-11 6-6 6-0 5-6
2-550S162-68 9-3 8-7 8-0 7-8 7-3 8-5 7-10 7-4 7-0 6-7
2-550S162-97 11-2 10-5 9-10 9-3 8-11 10-2 9-6 9-11 8-5 8-0
2-800S162-33 6-9 5-11 5-2 4-6 3-10 5-6 4-6 4-0 - -
2-800S162-43 9-0 8-5 7-8 7-0 6-4 8-1 7-3 6-6 5-9 5-2
2-800S162-54 10-9 10-0 9-5 8-11 8-4 9-9 9-1 8-6 7-9 7-1
2-800S162-68 12-2 11-4 10-8 10-2 9-7 11-1 10-4 9-9 9-3 8-9

Table E7-10
33 Double L-Header Spans
Headers Supporting Roof and Ceiling Only1,2
KSI
Fy 33 ksi
20 psf Ground Snow Load 30 psf Ground Snow Load
Double L-Header
Designation Building Width Building Width
24 28 32 36 40 24 28 32 36 40
2-600L150-43 5'-6" 5'-2" 4-10 4'-7" 4'-5" 5'-0" 4'-8" 4'-5" 4'-2" 4'-0"
2-600L150-54 6'-2" 5'-10" 5'-6" 5'-2" 4'-11" 5'-8" 5'-3" 5'-0" 4'-9" 4'-6"
2-600L150-68 7'-3" 6'-9" 6'-4" 6'-0" 5'-9" 6'-7" 6'-2" 5'-9" 5'-6" 5'-3"
2-800L150-43 7'-0" 6'-7" 6'-2" 5'-10" 5'-7" 6'-5" 6'-0" 5'-7" 5'-4" 5'-1"
2-800L150-54 7'-10" 7'-4" 6'-11" 6'-7" 6'-3" 7'-2" 6'-8" 6'-4" 6'-0" 5'-8"
2-800L150-68 9'-1" 8'-6" 8'-0" 7'-7" 7'-3" 8'-3" 7'-9" 7'-3" 6'-11" 6'-7"
2-1000L150-43 7-2 6-8 6-3 6-0 5-8 6-6 6-1 5-9 5-5 5-2
2-1000L150-54 8-0 7-6 7-1 6-8 6-5 7-4 6-10 6-5 6-1 5-10
2-1000L150-68 9-3 8-8 8-1 7-8 7-4 8-5 7-10 7-5 7-0 6-8
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.3 m
1 Building width is measured in the direction of horizontal framing members supported by the header.
2 Design assumptions:

Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf

2-foot roof overhang

30
 Table E7-7
33 Back-to-Back Header Spans
KSI Headers Supporting One Floor, Roof and Ceiling1,2
Fy 33 ksi
20 psf Ground Snow Load 30 psf Ground Snow Load
Member
Building Width3 Building Width3
Designation
24 28 32 36 40 24 28 32 36 40
2-350S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-43 2'-7" 2'-1" - - 2'-6" - -
2-350S162-54 3'-8" 3'-3" 2'-9" 2'-6" 2'-1" 3'-7" 3'-1" 2'-8" 2'-5" 1'-11"
2-350S162-68 4'-5" 4'-0" 3'-9" 3'-6" 3'-1" 4'-4" 3'-11" 3'-8" 3'-5" 3'-0"
2-350S162-97 5'-5" 4'-11" 4'-8" 4'-5" 4'-1" 5'-4" 4'-10" 4'-7" 4'-4" 4'-0"
2-550S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-550S162-43 4'-1" 3'-6" 2'-10" 2'-5" - 3'-11" 3'-5" 2'-9" - -
2-550S162-54 5'-5" 4'-9" 4'-4" 3'-10" 3'-6" 5'-3" 4'-8" 4'-3" 3'-9" 3'-5"
2-550S162-68 6'-6" 5'-10" 5'-6" 5'-1" 4'-8" 6'-2" 5'-9" 5'-5" 4'-11" 4'-7"
2-550S162-97 7'-8" 7'-2" 6'-8" 6'-5" 5'-11" 7'-7" 7'-0" 6'-7" 6'-3" 5'-10"
2-800S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-800S162-43 5'-4" 4'-7" 3'-10" 3'-4" - 5'-1" 4'-5" 3'-9" - -
2-800S162-54 7'-3" 6'-6" 5'-10" 5'-4' 4'-9" 6'-11" 6'-4" 5'-8" 5'-3" 4'-8"
2-800S162-68 8'-5" 7'-9" 7'-5" 6'-9" 6'-5" 8'-4" 7'-8" 7'-3" 6'-8" 6'-3"
2-800S162-97 10'-2" 9'-6" 8'-11" 8'-6" 8'-1" 10'-0" 9'-5" 8'-9" 8'-5" 7'-10"

Table E7-3
33 Box-Beam Header Span
KSI Headers Supporting One Floor, Roof and Ceiling1,2
Fy 33 ksi
Member 20 psf Ground Snow Load 30 psf Ground Snow Load
Designation
Building Width3 Building Width3
24 28 32 36 40 24 28 32 36 40
2-350S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-43 2-6 - - - - 2-5 - - - -
2-350S162-54 3-6 3-0 2-6 - - 3-4 2-10 2-4 - -
2-350S162-68 4-4 3-11 3-5 3-0 2-7 4-3 3-9 3-3 2-10 2-6
2-350S162-97 5-4 5-0 4-7 4-4 4-1 5-4 4-11 4-6 4-3 4-0
2-550S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-550S162-43 3-9 3-0 - - - 3-7 2-11 - - -
2-550S162-54 5-0 4-4 3-9 3-2 - 4-10 4-2 3-6 3-0 -
2-550S162-68 6-3 5-6 5-0 4-5 4-0 6-1 5-5 4-9 4-3 3-9
2-550S162-97 7-8 7-2 6-8 6-4 6-0 7-6 7-0 6-6 6-2 5-10
2-800S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-800S162-43 4-6 - - - - 4-4 - - - -
2-800S162-54 6-6 5-7 4-10 4-1 - 6-4 5-5 4-7 - -
2-800S162-68 8-2 7-3 6-6 5-10 5-2 8-0 7-0 6-4 5-6 5-0
2-800S162-97 10-1 9-6 8-11 8-6 8-0 10-0 9-4 8-9 8-3 7-11
2-1000S162-43 4-9 - - - - - - - - -
2-1000S162-54 7-1 6-0 5-2 - - 6-10 5-10 4-11 - -
2-1000S162-68 9-7 8-6 7-7 6-9 6-0 9-4 8-4 7-4 6-6 5-9

31
 Table E7-12
33 Double L-Header Spans
Headers Supporting One Floor, Roof and Ceiling1,2
KSI
Fy 33 ksi
20 psf Ground Snow Load 30 psf Ground Snow Load
Double L-Header
Designation Building Width Building Width
24 28 32 36 40 24 28 32 36 40
2-600L150-43 3'-10" 3'-7" 3'-4" 3'-2" 3'-1" 3'-9" 3'-6" 3-4 3'-2" 3'-0"
2-600L150-54 4'-4" 4"-0" 3'-9" 3'-7" 3'-5" 4'-3" 4-0 3-9 3'-6" 3'-4"
2-600L150-68 5'-0" 4'-8" 4'-4" 4'-2" 4'-0" 4'-11" 4'-7" 4-4 4'-1" 3'-11"
2-800L150-43 4'-10" 4'-6" 4'-3" 4'-1" 3'-10" 4'-9" 4'-6" 4-3 4'-0" 3'-10"
2-800L150-54 5'-5" 5'-1" 4'-9" 4'-7" 4'-4" 5'-4" 5'-0" 4-9 4'-6" 4'-3"
2-800L150-68 6'-4" 5'-11" 5'-6" 5'-3" 5'-0" 6'-2" 5'-10" 5-6 5'-2" 4'-11"
2-1000L150-43 4-11 4-8 4-4 4-2 3-11 4-10 4-7 4-4 4-1 3-11
2-1000L150-54 5-7 5-2 4-11 4-8 4-5 5-6 5-1 4-9 4-7 4-4
2-1000L150-68 6-5 6-0 5-8 5-4 5-1 6-4 5-11 5-7 5-3 5-0
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.3 m
1 Building width is measured in the direction of horizontal framing members supported by the header.
2 Design assumptions:
Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf
Floor live load = 30 psf
No Header Size
Floor dead load = 10 psf
2-foot roof overhang
Available

Jack and King Studs

Section E7.4:
As a Minimum, The Jack, King, and Cripple Studs Shall
Be the Same Thickness as the Full Height Wall Studs!!

Determine the No. of Jack and King Studs for the for
the Previous Header Example

32
 A Jack Stud

B King Stud

Table E7-24
Jack and King Studs Required at Each End of an Opening
24" o.c. Stud Spacing 16" o.c. Stud Spacing
Size of Opening No. of Jack No. of King No. of Jack No. of King
Studs Studs Studs Studs
Up to 3'-6" 1 1 1 1
> 3'-6" to 5'-0" 1 2 1 2
> 5'-0" to 5'-6" 1 2 2 2
> 5'-6" to 8'-0" 1
1 2 2 2 2
> 8'-0" to 10'-6" 2 2 2 3
> 10'-6" to 12'-0" 2 2 3 3
> 12'-0" to 13'-0" 2 3 3 3
> 13'-0" to 14'-0" 2 3 3 4
> 14'-0" to 16'-0" 2 3 3 4
> 16'-0" to 18'-0" 3 3 4 4
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.3 m Two story building
Checking first floor header
Building is 27-9 wide
Studs, joists, and rafters are 24 on center
Rough opening is 6-3 wide

33
 Table E7-9
Number of Screws Required for Header to King Stud Connection
Basic Wind Speed (mph), Exposure & Seismic Design Categories 1,2,3
85 A/B
Header Seismic 100 A/B 110 A/B
Span Design 90 A/B 100 C < 110 C
Category
A,B,C 85 C 90 C

4-No. 8 4-No. 8 4-No. 8 4-No. 8 6-No. 8 6-No. 8

< 4'
screws screws screws screws screws screws
4-No. 8 4-No. 8 4-No. 8 4-No. 8 6-No. 8 8-No. 8
> 4' to 8'
screws screws screws screws screws screws
4-No. 8 4-No. 8 6-No. 8 6-No. 8 8-No. 8 10-No. 8
> 8' to 12'
screws screws screws screws screws screws
4-No. 8 4-No. 8 6-No. 8 8-No. 8 10-No. 8 12-No. 8
> 12' to 16'
screws screws screws screws screws screws
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.3 m, 1 mph =1.61 km/hrstory building
Two
1 For headers located on the first floor of a two-story building, the total number of screws may be reduced by 2
less
screws, but the total number of screws shall be no Building
than 4. is 27.9 wide
2 For roof slopes of 6:12 or greater, the required number of screws may be reduced by 1/2, but the total number of
Wind speed is 85 mph, exposure B
screws shall be no less than 4.
Studs,
3 Screws can be replaced by an uplift connector, which joists,
has a capacity and
of the rafters
number are multiplied
of screws 24 on by center
164 lbs
(e.g. 12-No. 8 screws can be replaced by an up-lift connector whose capacity exceeds 12 x 164 lbs = 1,968 lbs)
Rough openings is 6-3

Head and Sill Track

33 Table E7-25
Head Track Span
KSI
Fy 33 ksi
Basic
Wind Allowable Head Track Span1,2,3
Speed (ft-in)
(mph)
Exposure Track Designation
A/B C 350T125-33 350T125-43 350T125-54 550T125-33 550T125-43 550T125-54
85 4-7 5-9 6-5 4-8 6-8 7-3
90 4-1 5-7 6-3 4-2 6-6 7-0
100 85 3-3 5-3 5-10 3-3 5-8 6-7
110 90 2-10 4-11 5-6 2-10 5-1 6-5
120 100 2-3 4-3 5-3 2-4 4-0 6-0
130 110 - 3-7 4-11 - 3-4 5-8
120 - 3-3 4-2 - 2-10 4-9
130 - 3-0 3-6 - 2-3 4-1
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.3 m
1 Deflection Limit: L/240
2 Head track spans are based on components and cladding wind speeds and 48 (1220 mm) tributary span.
3 For openings less than 4 feet (1220 mm) in height and have top and bottom head tracks, the above spans are
permitted to be multiplied by 1.75. For openings up to 6 feet high (1830 mm) and have top and bottom head
tracks, the above spans are permitted to be multiplied by a factor of 1.5.

34
 Beam Pocket

Not in PM or IRC
Design Required

Shear Walls

35
 Two Functions of a Shear
Wall
STIFFNESS
Controls Side Sway
Lateral Force

STRENGTH

Resist Shear

Connection Connection For

For Uplift Sliding Resistance
Resistance

C Shear Walls T

Earthquake Force

End Stud in End Stud

Compression in Tension

Resisting Force
From Connection
C T

36
What Provides Shear Wall Strength?

Framing Members
Sheathing
Fasteners

Shearwall
Types

37
Structural Sheathing

Sheet Steel

38
 X-Bracing

Proprietary
Systems
Check for NES/ER
Design Data Available
from Manufacturer

39
How Do You Obtain Shear Wall
Values For LGS Walls?

Prescriptive Method
IRC/IBC (and UBC)
Shearwall Design Guide
Testing

IBC

Wind
Loading:
Table 2211.2
(1) Plywood +
Steel Sheet

Table
2211.2(2)
Gypsum
Board

40
 Seismic Forces - IBC Table 2211.1(3)

Cyclically Tested Sheathed Shearwall

Assemblies
Typical load Vs. lateral displacement response
2500
2000
1500
1000
Applied load, plf

500
0
-500
-1000
-1500
-2000
-2500
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Top lateral displacement, in.

Seismic Design: Allowable load = Load @ 0.5

Deflection or second loop of last group of
stable loops/2.5

41
 Shear Walls in P.M.
Structural Panels must be either
o Minimum 7/16 thick OSB
o Minimum 15/32 thick plywood
o 1/2 gypsum sheathing or wallboard engineered
o 18 Mil (25 ga.) or 27 Mil (22 ga.) sheet steel
engineered
o Diagonal Tension Strapping or X-Bracing -
engineered

Braced wall segments must be 48 wide or

greater to contribute to the total required
lateral bracing
PM Section E8.2

Structural Sheathing

Requirements similar
to those for wood-
framed structures

6 oc Field
12 o.c Intermediate

42
 Structural Sheathing:
Other Requirements

Minimum screw size: No. 8 except for

GWB/GSB (No.6) (Evaluation reports
supercede these requirements)

Sheathing may be installed parallel or

perpendicular to framing.
Blocking Shall be Used if Perpendicular to
Framing

Table E8-1
Minimum Percentage of Full Height PM Page 103
Structural Sheathing on Exterior Wall1,2
Basic wind Speed (mph) and Exposure
85 90 100 <110
Roof A/B A/B A/B A/B
Wall Supporting 100 C <110 C
Slope
85 C 90 C
3:12 8 9 9 12 16 20
Roof & Ceiling Only 6:12 12 13 15 20 26 35
(One Story or Second-
9:12 21 23 25 30 50 58
Floor of Two-Story)
12:12 30 33 35 40 66 75 Low
One Story, Roof & 3:12
6:12
24
25
27
28
30
30
35
40
50
58
66
74
Wind &
Ceiling
(First Floor of a Two-
Story Building)
9:12 35 38 40 55 74 91 seismic
12:12 40
Seismic
45 50
Seismic
65 100 115
Loads
Seismic Design
Wall Supporting Design Design
Category C
Category A Category B
Roof & Ceiling Only 6 6 19
One Story, Roof & Ceiling 13 13 40
For SI: 1 mph = 49 m/sec, 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm
1 Linear interpolation shall be permitted.
2 For hip roofed homes the minimum percentage of full height sheathing, based upon wind, shall be
permitted to be multiplied by a factor of 0.95 for roof slopes not exceeding 7:12 and a factor of 0.9 for
roof slopes greater than 7:12.

43
Structural Sheathing (High Wind/ Seismic):
Solid Braced Wall Panels (Type I Braced
Wall)
PM Fig E 11.2-1 page 95

Hold Downs Anchors Per Section E11.1-5

Structural Sheathing (High Wind/ Seismic):

Perforated Approach (Type II Braced Wall)
PM Fig E 11.2-1 page 95

Hold Downs Anchors Per Section E11.1-5

44
Structural Sheathing (High Wind/ Seismic):
Perforated Approach (Type II Braced Wall)
PM Fig E 11.2-1 page 95

Hold Downs Anchors Per Section E11.1-5

Braced Wall Panels in High Wind &

Seismic Areas
Structural Panels Must Be Either
o Minimum 7/16 thick OSB
o Minimum 15/32 thick plywood
o 27 Mil (22 ga.) sheet steel
Each Wall Shall Have At Least 2 Full Height
Panels With Height to Width Ratio of 2:1
Each Braced Wall Panel Shall Be at Least 12
Wide
Braced Wall Panels Shall Begin Not More Than
8 Feet From Each End of a Braced Wall.

45
 Shearwall Design Example

Building Length = 50 6:12 Roof Slope

SDC: B
10
100 mph
Exposure B

10

33-4

Short Wall = 33.25 feet

Need:
% Sheathing Required from:
Table E8-1 for Wind
Table E8-2 for Seismic
Plan Aspect Ratio Adjustment Factors
Table E8-3 for Wind
Table E8-4 for Seismic
Adjustments for Wall Height
Other Requirements

46
 Table E8-1
Minimum Percentage of Full Height
Structural Sheathing on Exterior Wall1,2
Basic wind Speed (mph) and Exposure
85 90 100 <110
Roof A/B A/B A/B A/B 100 C <110 C
Wall Supporting
Slope
85 C 90 C
3:12 8 9 9 12 16 20
Roof & Ceiling Only 6:12 12 13 15 20 26 35
(One Story or Second-
Floor of Two-Story) 9:12 21 23 25 30 50 58
12:12 30 33 35 40 66 75
One Story, Roof & 3:12 24 27 30 35 50 66
Ceiling 6:12 25 28 30 40 58 74
(First Floor of a Two- 9:12 35 38 40 55 74 91
Story Building)
12:12 40 45 50 65 100 115
Seismic Seismic
Seismic Design
Wall Supporting Design Design
Category C
Category A Category B
Roof & Ceiling Only 6 6 19
One Story, Roof & Ceiling 13 13 40
For SI: 1 mph = 49 m/sec, 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm
1 Linear interpolation shall be permitted.
2 For hip roofed homes the minimum percentage of full height sheathing, based upon wind, shall be
permitted to be multiplied by a factor of 0.95 for roof slopes not exceeding 7:12 and a factor of 0.9 for
roof slopes greater than 7:12.

Table E8-2
Minimum Percentage of Full Height
Structural Sheathing on Exterior Wall -
Seismic

Seismic Seismic Seismic

Wall Design
Design Design
Supporting
Category A Category B Category C
Roof &
Ceiling Only

6
(One Story of
Second Floor 6 19
of Two-Story)

One Story,
Roof &
Ceiling
(First Floor of
13 13 40
a Two Story
Building)

47
 Aspect Ratio Adjustments-Wind

50
Table E8-2
50 33.3 = 1.5
33.3
Adjustment Factor = 1.5
Table E8-2
Exterior Wall Length Adjustment Factors - Wind
Plan Aspect Adjustment Factor
Ratio Short Wall Long Wall
1:1 1.0 1.0
1.5:1 1.5 0.67
2:1 2.0 0.50
3:1 3.0 0.33
4:1 4.0 0.25

Length Adjustment Factor - Seismic

50
Table E8-4
50 33.3 = 1.5
33.3
Adjustment Factor = 1.5

Table E8-4
To Be Used Exterior Wall Length Adjustment Factors - Seismic
Plan Aspect Adjustment Factor
with the 6% Ratio
1:1
Short Wall
1.0
Long Wall
1.0
Full Height 1.5:1 1.5 1.0

Sheathing 2:1
3:1
2.0
3.0
1.0
1.0
4:1 4.0 1.0

48
 Adjustments (Stud Height)

Section E8.2
Adjustment
Stud Height
Factor
8 foot 1.0

9-foot 1.1

10-foot 1.2

Wall Length

% Sheathing Required

Factor for 10 Studs

33-4 x 15% x 1.2 x 1.5 = 33.33 x 0.15 x 1.2 x1.5

Aspect Ratio Adjustment

= 9 of Wall

49
 Required Sheathing for Short Wall

= Maximum of:
1. Calculated Percentage (9)
2. 20% of Wall Length (6.67)
3. Two 48 Panels, One at Each End
(8)

Use 9 (i.e., 3- 48 Panels)

Long Wall 15% 50

Sheathing 33.3 50 33.33 = 1.5
Table E8-3
Adjustment Factor = 0.67 Table E8-3
Exterior Wall Length Adjustment Factors- Wind
Plan Aspect Adjustment Factor
Table E8-4 Ratio
1:1
Short Wall
1.0
Long Wall
1.0
Adjustment Factor = 1.0 1.5:1 1.5 0.67
2:1 2.0 0.50
6% 3:1 3.0 0.33
Sheathing 4:1 4.0 0.25

Table E8-4
Stud Adjustment Exterior Wall Length Adjustment Factors - Seismic
Height Factor Plan Aspect
Ratio
Adjustment Factor
Short Wall Long Wall
8 foot 1.0 1:1 1.0 1.0
1.5:1 1.5 1.0
9-foot 1.1 2:1 2.0 1.0
3:1 3.0 1.0
10-foot 1.2 4:1 4.0 1.0

50
Long Wall
Wall Length

% Sheathing Required

Factor for 10 Studs

50 x 15% x 1.2 x 0.67= 50 x 0.15 x 1.2 x 0.67

Aspect Ratio Adjustment

= 6.03 of wall

Required Sheathing for Long Wall

= Maximum of:
1. Calculated Percentage (6.03)
2. 20% of Wall Length (10)
3. Two 48 Panels, One at Each End
(8)

Use 10 (i.e., 3- 48 Panels)

51
 Building Offsets

Building Offset Up to 4 Feet is Acceptable.

Offsets > 4 Feet Require Building Segmentation

Offset Determine Shearwall Requirement

for Each Building Separately

Most Important Factors

Height Weight

Tall
Are Narrow

Long Short Walls Stiffer Walls

Than

52
 Shearwall Design Example,
High Wind/Seismic

Building Length = 50 6:12 Roof Slope

SDC: D1
10
120 mph
Exposure C

10

33-4

Required Sheathing

= Maximum of:
1. High Seismic Requirements
2. High Wind Requirements

Start with High Seismic

Requirements

53
 Required Sheathing: High Seismic
Calculate Diaphragm Aspect Diaphragm Span
Ratio

33.3
Seismic
Load
50

Diaphragm Aspect Ratio = 33.25/50 = 0.67

Figure E12.1 SDC D1 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for

Single Story or Top of Two Story
100

90
TYPE I PERCENT FULL HEIGHT

80
SIDEWALL SHEATHING

70

60

Spa n
50 phragm Sp an
60 Dia phragm
50 Diaan
40 Sp
phragm
40 Dia
Spa n
30 phragm
30 Dia an
Sp
phragm
20 20 Dia
Spa n
phragm
10 15 Dia

25% 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
DIAPHRAGM ASPECT RATIO

54
Long Wall = 50 feet

Adjustments:
No Adjustment From Table E12-1 (Normal
Weight Roof and Normal Weight Wall)
Adjustments For Closer Screw Spacing Can
Be Applied (Table E11-1)

Required Sheathing = 50 x 25% = 12.5 Feet

Required Sheathing Due to High Wind

Table E13-1
Range of Allowable Sidewall Lengths
One Story Slab on Grade
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
EXPOSURE A/B 130
EXPOSURE C 110 120 130
Building Allowable Building Sidewall Length (ft)
Foundation
Endwall
Supporting
width (ft) Min Max Min Max Min Max
12 10 48 10 48 10 43
16 10 64 10 64 10 58
One Story Slab
20 10 80 10 80 11 73
on Grade
24 10 80 11 80 13 80
28 10 80 12 80 15 80
32 11 80 14 80 17 80
36 13 80 16 80 19 80
40 14 80 18 80 20 80

55
Determine Sheathing Length
Table E13-3
Type I Braced Wall Panel
Sidewall Sheathing Length Requirements
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
EXPOSURE A/B 130
EXPOSURE C 110 120 130
Braced Wall Building Endwall Minimum Length of Full Height Sheathing
Supporting Length, W (ft) on Building Sidewall, L 1,2,3 (ft)
12 5 5 5
16 5 5 5
Roof/Ceiling 20 5 5 6
Only 4 24 5 6 7
28 5 6 8
32 6 7 9
36
40
7
8
8 8
9
10
11
20 8 10 11
One Floor and 24 9 11 14
Roof/Ceiling 5 28 11 13 16
32 12 15 18
36 14 17 20
40 16 19 22

Adjustments (Stud Height)

Footnote 1 to Table E13-3

Adjustment
Stud Height
Factor
8 foot 1.0

9-foot 1.13

10-foot 1.25

56
Long Wall Shearwall Length

Length of Sheathing Required

Factor for 10 Studs

8 x 1.25

= 10 Feet

Required Sheathing

= Maximum of:
1. High Wind Requirements (10 Feet)

2. High Seismic Requirements (12.5 Feet)

3. Min. Two Full Height Panels (8 Feet)

(Aspect Ratio 2:1)
Required Full Height Sheathing = 12.5 Feet

57
 Non-Structural Walls
No Requirements in PM
Drywall studs
17 mil minimum
1-1/4 flange
1/4 return
Not Designed for Carrying Loads of
Structure Above
No need to be fastened to top and
bottom tracks with 2 screws, except at
jambs

Non Structural Wall Connections

58
 Non Structural Header

(2) types of non-load bearing exterior wall

system connections
By-pass wall systems w/ slotted deflection clips
In-fill deflection track systems
Specification Performance Criteria (shop drawing
process)
Vertical deflection gaps 1/2, 3/4 or more
Horizontal seismic drifts (where required)
Out of plane deflection limits
Metal panels L/120, L/180
EIFS L/240
Brick Veneer L/360, L/600, L/720, L/2000

59
 Hybrid Connections

Hybrid Connections

Hollow Core Plank

Hot Rolled Steel

Composite Concrete Deck

Engineered
Lumber

60
 Fire Rating

Photos courtesy Atlanta Journal-Constitution

Highlands on Ponce fire,
Atlanta, April 31, 2001

Fire Rated Assembly UL U425 2

1

Interior Walls

Sheathing Fire
1 2 Rating
1/2 GWB N/A 45 MIN.
1
5/8 GWB N/A 1 HR 2
1/2 GWB 1/2 GWB 1-1/2 HR 350S162-33
5/8 GWB * 5/8 GWB * 2 HR @ 24 o.c.
(2) 1/2 GWB 1/2 GWB 2 HR Batt
3/4 GWB 3/4 GWB 2 HR
Insulation
* 80% Design Load

61
Fire Rated Assembly UL U425 3
2
350S162-33
@ 24 o.c.

Batt
Insulation

Exterior Walls
Sheathing Fire 1
1 2 3 Rating
(1) 5/8 GWB Siding, Brick, or Stucco 45 MIN.
1/2 or 5/8 Cementitious
(2) 1/2 GWB 1 HR
1/2 Backer Unit
(2) 5/8 GWB
GWB Mineral Fiber Board 1-1/2 HR
(3) 1/2 GWB Fiber Cement Siding 2 HR
(2) 3/4 GWB 2 HR

Fire Rating 1
2
UL V446
350S162-33 @
24 o.c. Batt Insulation

2 1

Sheathing Fire
1 2 Rating
5/8 GWB N/A 1 HR*
5/8 GWB 5/8 GWB 2 HR
* 1-HR (80% Load) Current Practice

62
 Sound Transmission

The incorporation of one or

more plasterboards or
gypsum boards affixed to a
light metal framework enables
highly effective sound
insulation, used for instance
in theatre auditoriums or in
recording studios.

Sound Transmission
UL V446 1 2

350S162-33 @
24 o.c. Batt Insulation

2 1

Sheathing STC
1 2 Rating
5/8 GWB N/A 51 dB
5/8 GWB 5/8 GWB 59 dB

63
 Thermal Conductivity
Steel Members Form a Thermal Bridge
Dust May Accumulate at Stud Locations
(Ghosting)
Condensation May Occur in and on the Walls
Proper Design Can Reduce or Eliminate Above
Issues

Thermal Zone Map

Green Zone

7000

5000
4000

Chicago, IL
HDD = 6716

64
 Example: Exterior Wall Insulation
Suggested Insulation Levels
Annual Ext. Effective
Degree Cavity Wall
Zone Insulation Construction
Insulated Wall R-
Day Sheathing Value
Demand
R19 2x6 R-10 20
Blue > 7000
R-11 2x4 R-13 21
5000- R19 2x6 R-5 15
Green
7000 R-11 2x4 R-7 15
4000- R19 2x6 R-2.5 12.5
Yellow
5000 R-11 2x4 R-5.0 13.5
R19 2x6 R-0 10
Red < 4000
R-11 2x4 R-0 8.5

Chicago, IL
To Obtain an Effective Wall R-Value of the Steel Wall:

Annual Ext. Effective

Degree Cavity Wall
Zone Insulation Construction
Insulated Wall R-
Day Sheathing Value
Demand

R11 R-5 13
Green 6716 R-13 2x4 R-4 13
R-15 R-3 13

65
 Available Resources

Low-Rise Residential Construction Details

Residential Steel Beam and Column Load/Span
Tables
Thermal Design Guide for Exterior Walls
Shear Wall Design Guide
Builders Steel Stud Guide
Durability of Cold-Formed Steel Framing
Members

Field Inspections (what to look for)

In-Line Framing
Fastener Installation
Splices and Proper Corrosion Protection
Allowable Penetrations
Materials / Identification and Verification
Bearing Stiffeners
Stud and Track Size and Thickness
see LGSEA Tech Note
Header Size and Thickness
Inspection Checklist
Adequate Stud Bracing for Load Bearing Cold-
Adequate Thermal Insulation Formed Steel Framing

Adequate Shear Bracing

66
 Cut Studs

Totally Unacceptable

Electrical and Plumbing Installation

Plastic bushing
or grommets

67
 Electrical Installation

Hold Downs

verify proper installation of

holdowns per plans

68
 Boundary Studs

Minimum of two
boundary
members at the
ends of
braced wall
segments

Proper Alignment & Installation

69
Straps
Straps must remain
taut after dead load
is applied

This strap is not

providing any
benefit to the wall.

70