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    Department of Chemical Engineering: (An Autonomous Institution Affiliated To JNTUK, AP)

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    sagar
    This document provides an overview of a lecture on the Antoine equation. The lecture was delivered by Mr. P. Satya Sagar, a professor at GMR Institute of Technology in Rajam, Andhra Pradesh, India. The lecture discusses vapor pressure, phase diagrams, the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, and the Antoine equation. The Antoine equation relates vapor pressure to temperature for pure components and can be used to calculate vapor pressure or temperature given one value. Examples of applications include evaporation, drying, distillation, and humidification/dehumidification. Questions asked at the end assess students' understanding of key concepts like vapor pressure, normal boiling point, the Clausius-Clape

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    Department of Chemical Engineering: (An Autonomous Institution Affiliated To JNTUK, AP)

    Uploaded by

    sagar
    94 views7 pages
    This document provides an overview of a lecture on the Antoine equation. The lecture was delivered by Mr. P. Satya Sagar, a professor at GMR Institute of Technology in Rajam, Andhra Pradesh, India. The lecture discusses vapor pressure, phase diagrams, the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, and the Antoine equation. The Antoine equation relates vapor pressure to temperature for pure components and can be used to calculate vapor pressure or temperature given one value. Examples of applications include evaporation, drying, distillation, and humidification/dehumidification. Questions asked at the end assess students' understanding of key concepts like vapor pressure, normal boiling point, the Clausius-Clape

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    Notes-6.pdf

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    This document provides an overview of a lecture on the Antoine equation. The lecture was delivered by Mr. P. Satya Sagar, a professor at GMR Institute of Technology in Rajam, Andhra Pradesh, India. The lecture discusses vapor pressure, phase diagrams, the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, and the Antoine equation. The Antoine equation relates vapor pressure to temperature for pure components and can be used to calculate vapor pressure or temperature given one value. Examples of applications include evaporation, drying, distillation, and humidification/dehumidification. Questions asked at the end assess students' understanding of key concepts like vapor pressure, normal boiling point, the Clausius-Clape

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    94 views7 pages

    Department of Chemical Engineering: (An Autonomous Institution Affiliated To JNTUK, AP)

    Uploaded by

    sagar
    This document provides an overview of a lecture on the Antoine equation. The lecture was delivered by Mr. P. Satya Sagar, a professor at GMR Institute of Technology in Rajam, Andhra Pradesh, India. The lecture discusses vapor pressure, phase diagrams, the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, and the Antoine equation. The Antoine equation relates vapor pressure to temperature for pure components and can be used to calculate vapor pressure or temperature given one value. Examples of applications include evaporation, drying, distillation, and humidification/dehumidification. Questions asked at the end assess students' understanding of key concepts like vapor pressure, normal boiling point, the Clausius-Clape

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    GMR Institute of Technology

    Rajam, Andhra Pradesh


    (An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to JNTUK, AP)

    Department of Chemical Engineering


    rd
    Class 3 Sem. - B. Tech. (Chemical Engineering)
    Course Chemical Process Calculations Course Code CHEM-2403
    Prepared by Mr. P. Satya Sagar, Sr. Assistant Professor
    Lecture Topic Antoine equation
    Course Outcome CCHEM203.2 Program Outcome PO1,PO13
    Duration 50 min Lecture 6 of 45 Unit I
    REMEMBER UNDERSTAND APPLY ANALYSE EVALUATE CREATE
    Learning Level
    (Tick whichever is applicable)

    1. Objectives
    a. Enable impart knowledge on Antoine equation
    b. Learnt the calculation of vapor pressure of components from Antoine equation
    2. Topic Learning Outcomes
    After the completion of the class the students will able to:
    a. be able to identify the various parts of a three dimension Pressure-Volume-
    Temperature (PvT) phase diagram including those regions where a single phase
    exists and those where two phases coexist.
    b. Explain phase diagram and its components Vapor pressure, triple point, equilibrium,
    Dew point, bubble point
    c. Calculate vapor pressure of a substance from a vapor pressure equation
    d. Calculate temperature of substance from vapor pressure
    3. Teaching Methodology
    a. Chalk & Talk /PPT Mode
    4. Applications
    a. Evaporation
    b. Drying
    c. Distillation
    d. Humidification and dehumidification
    e. Cooling towers

    Form No. AC 04. 00.2016 GMRIT, Rajam, Andhra Pradesh


    1
    5. Evocation

    6. Discussion

    Vapor pressure or equilibrium vapor pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by a vapor in
    thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in
    a closed system. The equilibrium vapor pressure is an indication of a liquid's evaporation rate. It
    relates to the tendency of particles to escape from the liquid (or a solid). A substance with a high
    vapor pressure at normal temperatures is often referred to as volatile. The pressure exhibited by
    vapor present above a liquid surface is known as vapor pressure. As the temperature of a liquid
    increases, the kinetic energy of its molecules also increases. As the kinetic energy of the
    molecules increases, the number of molecules transitioning into a vapor also increases, thereby
    increasing the vapor pressure.
    Main points on the phase diagram:

    Form No. AC 04. 00.2016 GMRIT, Rajam, Andhra Pradesh


    2
    Normal boiling point temperature is the point at which liquids start to boil at one
    atmospheric pressure.
    Triple point is the point at which the three phases, i.e. solid, liquid and vapor coexist in
    equilibrium.
    Critical temperature is the temperature at which a substances cant coexist in two phases
    whatever pressure is applied.
    Vapor pressure is the equilibrium pressure of the vapor above its liquid.
    It indicates the tendency of a species to transfer from one phase to another.
    Volatility of a species is the degree to which the species tends to transfer from liquid (or solid) to
    state to the vapor state.
    Four methods can be used to estimate the component vapor pressures:
    1.Vapor pressure tables in references
    2.Clapeyron equation.
    3.Cox chart.
    4.Antoine equation.
    Clapeyron equation: Effect of Temperature on Vapour Pressure :

    The forces causing the vaporization of a liquid are derived from the kinetic energy of
    translation of its molecules. An increase in kinetic energy of molecular translation should
    increase the rate of vaporization and therefore the vapour pressure. It was pointed out that the
    kinetic energy of translation is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. On the basis of
    this theory, an increase in temperature should cause an increased rate of vaporization and a
    higher equilibrium vapour pressure. This is found to be universally the case. It must be
    remembered that it is the temperature of the liquid surface that is effective in determining the rate
    of vaporization and the vapour pressure.
    An exact thermodynamic relationship between vapour pressure and temperature is
    developed as
    dp
    dT T (VG VL )
    (1)
    Where p = vapour pressure
    T = absolute temperature
    = heat of vaporization at temperature T

    Form No. AC 04. 00.2016 GMRIT, Rajam, Andhra Pradesh


    3
    VG = volume of gas
    VL = volume of liquid
    The above relationship is the Clapeyron equation. It is rigorous and is applied to any
    vaporization equilibrium. Its use in this form is, however, greatly restricted because it
    presupposes knowledge of , VG and VL and their variation with temperature.
    If the volume of the liquid is neglected and the applicability of the ideal-gas law
    assumed, the above relation reduces to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation

    dp dT d 1
    d ln p
    p RT 2 or R T (14)

    Where R = gas-law constant


    = molal heat of vaporization
    The Clausius-Clapeyron equation in the form written above is accurate only when the
    vapour pressure is relatively low, where it may be assumed that the vapour obeys the ideal-gas
    law and that the volume in the liquid state is negligible compared with that of the vapour state.
    Where the temperature does not vary over wide limits, it may be assumed that the molal
    latent heat of vaporization is constant and equation 14 may be integrated between the limits po,
    To and p, T; to give
    p 1 1
    ln
    po R T0 T
    (15)
    p 1 1
    log
    po 2.303R T0 T
    or (16)
    Equation 16 permits calculation of the vapour pressure of a substance at temperature To
    be known, together with the latent heat of vaporization . The results are accurate only over
    limited ranges of temperature in which it may be assumed that the latent heat of vaporization is
    constant, and at such conditions that the ideal-gas law is obeyed.
    The Antoine equation is a vapor pressure equation and describes the relation between vapor
    pressure and temperature for pure components. The Antoine equation is derived from the
    ClausiusClapeyron relation.
    {\displaystyle \log _{10}p=A-{\frac {B}{T}}}

    where:

    Form No. AC 04. 00.2016 GMRIT, Rajam, Andhra Pradesh


    4
    A, B, C are constant picked up from references
    The simplified form with C set to zero:
    {\displaystyle \log _{10}p=A-{\frac {B}{T}}}

    is named the August equation, after the German physicist Ernst Ferdinand August (17951870).
    The August equation describes a linear relation between the logarithm of the pressure and the
    reciprocal temperature. This assumes a temperature-independent heat of vaporization. The
    Antoine equation allows an improved, but still inexact description of the change of the heat of
    vaporization with the temperature.
    The Antoine equation can also be transformed in a temperature-explicit form with simple
    algebraic manipulations:

    T{\displaystyle T={\frac {B}{A-\log _{10}\,p}}-C}T

    7. Mind Map

    Form No. AC 04. 00.2016 GMRIT, Rajam, Andhra Pradesh


    5
    8. Readings:

    1. Hougen, Olaf A., and Kenneth M. Watson. "Chemical Process Principles-Part 1: Material
    and Energy Blances." (1948).
    2. Himmelblau, David Mautner, and James B. Riggs. Basic principles and calculations in
    chemical engineering. FT Press, 2012.
    3. Bhatt, B. I., and S. M. Vora. Stoichiometry:(si units). Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co., 1996.
    4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_equation
    5. nptel.ac.in/courses/103103035/module5/lec1.pdf
    6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxplklxQDmI
    9. Questions:
    Remember:
    1. Dene i. Vapour pressure. ii. Normal boiling point
    2. Write Antoines Equation, explain its significance.
    3. What is Bubble point and Dew point?
    Understand:
    1. What is the main principle involved to derive Clausius Clapeyron equation and what
    are the assumptions made.
    Apply:
    1. A liquid mixture containing equimolar amounts of benzene, toluene and ethylebenzene
    is flashed to conditions of T= 110oC, P= 90 KPa, determine the equilibrium
    molefraction{xi} and {yi} of the liquid and vapour phase formed and the molar fraction
    of V of the vapour formed. Assume that raoults law applies

    {\displaystyle \log _{10}p=A-{\frac {B}{T}}}


    A B C

    Form No. AC 04. 00.2016 GMRIT, Rajam, Andhra Pradesh


    6
    Benzene 13.8594 2773.78 -53.08
    Ethyl benzene 14.0045 3279.47 -59.95
    Toluene 14.0098 31.03.01 -53.36

    10. Key Words:


    Clausius Clapeyron Equation,
    Antoines Equation,
    Vapour Liquid Equilibrium
    11. Scope for Mini Project
    a. Try to solve the above problems in Aspen one
    b. Prepare an excel sheet to easy converting obtaining of remaining parameters when two
    parameters

    Form No. AC 04. 00.2016 GMRIT, Rajam, Andhra Pradesh


    7

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