Action of Antacids: Chemistry Investiga Tory Project

CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGA
TORY
PROJECT
ACTION OF
ANTACIDS
SAIRAM.R.IYER
CLASS 12
INDEX
1. Acknowledgement
2. Introduction
3. Important antacids:
(i) Aluminum Hydroxide
(ii) Magnesium Hydroxide
(iii) Calcium Carbonate
(iv) Sodium Bicarbonate
(v) Magnesium Carbonate
4. Famous Brands Of Antacids
5. Hyperacidity
6. Investigatory experiment
7. Bibliography
Certificate
This is to certify that Sairam.R.Iyer , studying in class XII, Indian
School , Dar-es-Salaam, has completed the project titled Action Of
Antacids during the academic year 2015- 16 towards partial fulfillment
of credit for the Chemistry P.,ractical evaluation of CBSE AISSCE 2015
16, and submitted satisfactory report , as compiled in the following
pages ,under my supervision .
Shailendra Singh Kushwah.

HOD - Chemistry,
Indian School Dar-es-Salaam.
Ackn
owle
dgm
ent
There are times when silence speaks so much more
loudly than words of praise to only as good as belittle a
person, whose words do not express, but only put a
veneer over true feelings, which are of gratitude at this
point of time.
I would like to express my sincere

gratitude to my Chemistry mentor Mr.
Shailendra Singh for his vital support,
guidance and encouragement, without
which this project would not have come
forth. I would also like to express my
gratitude to my parents , my sister and
my friends for their support during the
making of this project !
Introd
uction
ANTACIDS:
An Antacid is any substance, generally a base or basic salt, which
neutralizes stomach acidity. They are used to relieve acid indigestion,
upset stomach, sour stomach, and heartburn.
ACTION MECHANISM OF ANTACIDS :

Antacids perform a neutralization reaction, i.e. they buffer gastric
acid, raising the pH to reduce acidity in the stomach. When gastric
hydrochloric acid reaches the nerves in the gastrointestinal mucosa,
they signal pain to the central nervous system. This happens when
these nerves are exposed, as in peptic ulcers. The gastric acid may also
reach ulcers in the esophagus or the duodenum. Other mechanisms may
contribute, such as the effect of aluminium ions inhibiting smooth
muscle cell contraction and delaying gastric emptying.
WHEN ARE ANTACIDS TAKEN? :

Antacids are taken by mouth to relieve heartburn, the major symptom
of gastro esophageal reflux disease, or acid indigestion. Treatment
with antacids alone is symptomatic and only justified for minor
symptoms. Peptic ulcers may require H2-receptor antagonists or proton
pump inhibitors.
Import
ant
ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE
Antaci
Aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3, Alum, is the most stable form of
ds
aluminum in normal conditions. It is found in nature as the
mineral gibbsite and its three, much rarer, polymorphs: bayerite,
doyleite and nordstrandite. Closely related are aluminum oxide
hydroxide, Al(OH) 3, and aluminum oxide, Al2O3, differing only by
loss of water. These compounds together are the major components
of the aluminum ore bauxite. Freshly precipitated aluminum
hydroxide forms gels, which is the basis for application of
aluminum salts as flocculants in water purification. This gel
crystallizes with time. Aluminum hydroxide gels can be dehydrated
to form an amorphous aluminum hydroxide powder, which is
readily soluble in acids. Heat-dried aluminum hydroxide powder is
known as activated alumina and is used in gas purification, as a
catalyst support and an abrasive.
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical
formula Mg(OH)2. As a suspension in water, it is often called milk
of magnesia because of its milk-like appearance. The solid mineral
form of magnesium hydroxide is known as brucite. Magnesium
hydroxide is common component of antacids and laxatives; it
interferes with the absorption of folic acid and iron. Magnesium
11
hydroxide has low solubility in water, with a K sp of 1.510 ; all of
magnesium hydroxide that does dissolve does dissociate. Since the
dissociation of this small amount of dissolved magnesium hydroxide
is complete, magnesium hydroxide is considered a strong base.
CALCIUM CARBONATE
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical
formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rock in all parts
of the world, and is the main component of shells of marine
organisms, snails, pearls, and eggshells. Calcium carbonate is the
active ingredient in agricultural lime, and is usually the principal
cause of hard water. It is commonly used medicinally as a calcium
supplement or as an antacid, but excessive consumption can be
hazardous.
SODIUM BICARBONATE
Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the chemical
compound with the formula NaHCO 3. Sodium bicarbonate is a
white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder.
Since it has long been known and is widely used, the salt has many
related names such as baking soda, bread soda, cooking soda,
bicarbonate of soda.
MAGNESIUM CARBONATE
Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, is an inorganic salt that is a white
Fam
solid. Several hydrated and basic forms of magnesium carbonate
also exists as minerals.
ous
Ant
acid
Bra
nds
SOME FAMOUS ANTACID BRANDS :
1. Alka-Seltzer NaHCO3 and/or KHCO3

2. Equate Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2
3. Gaviscon Al(OH)3
4. Maalox (liquid) Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2
5. Eno- Sodium Bicaronate and Citric acid
6. Milk of Magnesia Mg(OH)2
7. Pepto-Bismol HOC6H4COO
8. Rolaids CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2
HyperAcidity
HYPERACIDITY : CAUSE FOR INTAKE OF

ANTACIDS :
Hyperacidity or acid dyspepsia simply means increase of acidity in the

stomach. The human stomach secretes hydrochloric acid which is
necessary for the digestion of food. When the stomach contains an
excessive amount of hydrochloric acid, then the condition is called as
hyperacidity or acid dyspepsia.The prime medical factors of
hyperacidity or acid dyspepsia are as follows :
(i) Stomach Ulcers:

Ulcers in the stomach are one of the prime causes of
hyperacidity. Once this is diagnosed, the treatment will be
done by the surgical removal of the stomach ulcers.
(ii) Acid Reflux Disease:

Some people have a gastric disorder called as the acid reflux
disease. In this condition, the acids of the stomach, i.e. gastric
acids or hydrochloric acid, get refluxed up to the food pipe,
which is biologically called as the esophagus. When this
happens, it builds up the level of acidity in the stomach.
(iii) Stomach Cancers:

Stomach cancers can also cause hyperacidity as one of their
symptoms. This is a very rare case, but the mortality rate is
quite high. Hence, a hyperacidity that lasts more than two
weeks must be immediately shown to the doctor and got
checked for any cancer. A timely diagnosis can enable complete
treatment of the disease.
SYMPTOMS OF HYPERACIDITY :
Hyperacidity symptoms are observed a couple of hours after eating,

when the food has been digested and still excess acids are left within
the stomach. At this stage, the following symptoms are seen:-
1. A typical feeling of restlessness
2. Feeling of nausea (wanting to throw up) and actual vomiting
3. Sour belching with an aftertaste of the already-eaten food
4. Lack of desire for any other type of food
5. Indigestion
6. Excess Constipation
PROBLEMS WITH REDUCED STOMACH ACIDITY

:
Reduced stomach acidity may result in an impaired

ability to digest and absorb certain nutrients, such as iron and the B
vitamins. Since the low pH of the stomach normally kills ingested
bacteria, antacids increase the vulnerability to infection.
It could also result in reduced bioavailability of some
drugs. For example, the bioavailability of ketoconazole (antifungal) is
reduced at high intragastric pH (low acid content). At hazardous level
of this infection, the patient is malnutritioned and left dead.
Inve
stiga
OBJECTIVE: To analyse the given samples of
commercial antacids by determining the amount of
tory
hydrochloric acid they can neutralize.
Expe
REQUIREMENTS: Burettes, pipettes, titration
flasks, measuring flasks, beakers, weight box,
rime
fractional weights, sodium hydroxide, sodium
carbonate, hydrochloric acid, phenolphthalein.
nt
PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare 1 litre of approximately HCl solution by
diluting 10 ml of the concentrated acid for one litre.
2. Similarly, make 1 litre of approximately NaOH
solution by dissolving4.0g of NaOH to prepare one litre
of solution.
3. Prepare Na2CO3 solution by weighing exactly 1.325
g of anhydrous sodium carbonate and then dissolving it
in water to prepare exactly 0.25 litres (250 ml) of
solution.
4. Standardize the HCl solution by titrating it against
the standard Na2CO3 solution using methyl orange as
indicator.
5. Similarly, standardize NaOH solution by titrating it
against standardized HCl solution using phenolphthalein
as indicator.
6. Powder the various samples of antacid tablets and
weigh 1.0 g of each.
7. Add a specific volume of standardized HCl to each
of the weighed sample is taken in conical flasks. The
acid should be in slight excess, so that it can neutralize
all the alkaline component of the tablet.
8. Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein and warm the flask
till most of powder dissolves. Filter off the insoluble
material.
9. Titrate this solution against the standardized NaOH
solution, till a permanent pinkish tinge is obtained.
Repeat this experiment with different antacids.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:
1. Standardization of HCl solution :
Volume of Na2CO3 solution taken = 20.0 ml

S.NO INITIAL FINAL VOL. OF
. BURETTE BURETTE ACID
READING READING USED
1. 0 15 15.0 ml
2. 15 31.3 16.3 ml
3. 30 45 15.0ml
4. 0 15 15.0 ml
5. 15 31 16.0 ml
Concordant volume = 15.0 ml

Applying normality equation,
N1V1 = N2V2
N1 * 15.0 = 1 * 20
Normality of HCl, (N1) = 0.133 N
2. Standardization of NaOH solution:
Volume of the given NaOH solution taken = 20.0 ml

S.NO INITIAL FINAL VOL. OF
. BURETTE BURETTE ACID
READING READING USED
1. 0 26.5 26.5 ml
2. 0 26.8 26.8 ml
3. 0 26.6 26.6 ml
4. 0 26.6 26.6 ml
5. 0 26.6 26.6 ml
Concordant volume = 26.6 ml

Applying normality equation,
N1V1 = N2V2
0.133 * 26.6 = 2 * 20
Normality of NaOH (N2) = 0.176 N
3. Analysis of antacid tablet :
Weight of antacid tablet powder = 1.0 g

Volume of HCl solution added = 20.0 ml
S ANTACID VOL. OF NaOH VOL. OF HCl

USED USED TO USED TO
no
NEUTRALISE HCl NEUTRALISE
1.0gm ANTACID
1. Gelusil 12.1 ml 12.0 ml
2. Digene 16.0 ml 16.2 ml
3. Eno 21.3 ml 23.9 ml
4. Ranitidine 21.4 ml 21.7 ml
5. Ocid 20 22.7 ml 21.9 ml
CONCLUSION:
The antacid which has maximum volume of HCl is used

for neutralizing i.e. ENO is most effective.
Bibli
ogr
aph
y

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CHEMISTRY

Shailendra Singh Kushwah.

I would like to express my sincere

ACTION MECHANISM OF ANTACIDS :

WHEN ARE ANTACIDS TAKEN? :

1. Alka-Seltzer NaHCO3 and/or KHCO3

HYPERACIDITY : CAUSE FOR INTAKE OF

Hyperacidity or acid dyspepsia simply means increase of acidity in the

(i) Stomach Ulcers:

(ii) Acid Reflux Disease:

(iii) Stomach Cancers:

Hyperacidity symptoms are observed a couple of hours after eating,

PROBLEMS WITH REDUCED STOMACH ACIDITY

Reduced stomach acidity may result in an impaired

1. Standardization of HCl solution :

Volume of Na2CO3 solution taken = 20.0 ml

Concordant volume = 15.0 ml

2. Standardization of NaOH solution:

Volume of the given NaOH solution taken = 20.0 ml

Concordant volume = 26.6 ml

3. Analysis of antacid tablet :

Weight of antacid tablet powder = 1.0 g

S ANTACID VOL. OF NaOH VOL. OF HCl

The antacid which has maximum volume of HCl is used

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