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    Fill Walls and Investigations

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    Frans van der Merwe
    The document discusses fill retaining walls and geotechnical investigations for their design. It defines gravity and MSE retaining walls. Gravity walls rely solely on their own weight while MSE walls use alternating layers of soil and reinforcement. The document recommends investigations including test pits, auger drilling, rotary coring with SPT, and laboratory testing per applicable codes of practice. Standards for road and foundation investigations are outlined. Common tests include grain size, Atterberg limits, CBR, triaxial, and oedometer for determining soil parameters. Depth of investigation should be 1.5 to 2 times the wall height or to bedrock.

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    Fill Walls and Investigations

    Uploaded by

    Frans van der Merwe
    37 views44 pages
    The document discusses fill retaining walls and geotechnical investigations for their design. It defines gravity and MSE retaining walls. Gravity walls rely solely on their own weight while MSE walls use alternating layers of soil and reinforcement. The document recommends investigations including test pits, auger drilling, rotary coring with SPT, and laboratory testing per applicable codes of practice. Standards for road and foundation investigations are outlined. Common tests include grain size, Atterberg limits, CBR, triaxial, and oedometer for determining soil parameters. Depth of investigation should be 1.5 to 2 times the wall height or to bedrock.

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    Fill Walls and Investigations

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    1. Fill Walls and Investigations

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    The document discusses fill retaining walls and geotechnical investigations for their design. It defines gravity and MSE retaining walls. Gravity walls rely solely on their own weight while MSE walls use alternating layers of soil and reinforcement. The document recommends investigations including test pits, auger drilling, rotary coring with SPT, and laboratory testing per applicable codes of practice. Standards for road and foundation investigations are outlined. Common tests include grain size, Atterberg limits, CBR, triaxial, and oedometer for determining soil parameters. Depth of investigation should be 1.5 to 2 times the wall height or to bedrock.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views44 pages

    Fill Walls and Investigations

    Uploaded by

    Frans van der Merwe
    The document discusses fill retaining walls and geotechnical investigations for their design. It defines gravity and MSE retaining walls. Gravity walls rely solely on their own weight while MSE walls use alternating layers of soil and reinforcement. The document recommends investigations including test pits, auger drilling, rotary coring with SPT, and laboratory testing per applicable codes of practice. Standards for road and foundation investigations are outlined. Common tests include grain size, Atterberg limits, CBR, triaxial, and oedometer for determining soil parameters. Depth of investigation should be 1.5 to 2 times the wall height or to bedrock.

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    FILL RETAINING WALLS

    INTRODUCTION, GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS

    Specialists in Geological, Geotechnical, Tunnel and Underground Engineering


    CONTENTS

    Introduction Fill Retaining Walls,

    Geotechnical Investigations,

    Gravity Segmental Block Retaining Walls,

    Reinforced-Soil Segmental Retaining Walls


    (Mechanically Stabilised Earth Walls),

    Roles and responsibilities.


    WHAT IS A GRAVITY WALL?

    A retaining wall that relies solely on its own weight to resist earth pressures is
    called a gravity wall.
    TYPES OF GRAVITY WALLS
    WHAT IS AN MSEW?

    Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) walls are earth retaining structures that
    are constructed by placing alternating layers of reinforcement and compacted
    soil behind a facing element to form a composite material which acts integrally
    to restrain lateral forces.
    Typically results in a cost saving of 25 50% compared to conventional
    Reinforced concrete retaining structures (Koerner, 1998)

    Patented MSE systems in SA and depending on the height and system used:
    R3500 4500m2 (incl. fill)
    DIFFERENT TYPES OF FACINGS

    Discrete Precast Panel Segmental Block

    Wire facing
    COMPLAINTS TO ECSA -
    SEGMENTAL BLOCK RETAINING
    WALLS
    ECSA AND SEGMENTAL RETAINING
    WALLS

    ECSA has identified these structures as

    PROBLEM STRUCTURES
    ECSA AND SEGMENTAL RETAINING
    WALLS

    2006; 9% of the complaints geotechnical related,

    2007; 15% of the complaints geotechnical related.


    With total collapse of segmental block walls at
    coastal areas, and unauthorised raising of these
    structures,

    2008; 14% of the complaints geotechnical related.


    Unreinforced masonry wall failing below three storey
    dwellings,

    2009; 19% of the complaints geotechnical related


    brunt of objections due to segmental block retaining
    walls,

    2010; 11% of the complaints geotechnical related


    one segmental block retaining wall,

    2011; 11% of the complaints geotechnical related


    one segmental block retaining wall and two
    complaints alluding to absence of geotechnical
    investigation

    2012; 3% of the complaints geotechnical related,

    2013; 9% of the complaints geotechnical related,

    2014; 3% of the complaints geotechnical related.


    APPLICATIONS
    FILL RETAINING WALLS/ WIDENING OF
    EMBANKMENTS
    BRIDGE APPROACH RAMPS
    INTERCHANGE WITH ACCESS
    RAMPS
    BRIDGE ABUTMENTS
    MINE TIP WALLS
    SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION
    WHICH CODES OF PRACTICE?
    SAICE SITE INVESTIGATION-
    CODE OF PRACTICE

    Feasibility every 500m, Design one every 250m


    SAICE SITE INVESTIGATION-
    CODE OF PRACTICE
    SAPEM - Chapter 6
    (ROAD PRISM)
    Preliminary:
    One test pit per feature
    SAPEM - Chapter 6
    (ROAD PRISM)
    Detailed investigation:
    Centreline (<150m spacing),
    Every 100m for single carriageways,
    Every 50m for dual carriageways.
    SAPEM - Chapter 7
    One every 100 -150m below fills >10metres.

    To a depth of significant stresses


    INVESTIGATION DEPTH
    Normally 1.5 to 2B or to bedrock
    METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
    CODE OF PRACTICE

    SAICE Code of Practice (2007)

    The Safety of Persons Working


    in Small Diameter Shafts and
    Test Pits for Geotechnical
    Engineering Purposes
    TEST PITTING
    3m maximum with a TLB
    and 5m with an Excavator

    Undisturbed samples in
    sidewall

    Can log consistency.

    Needs to be stable.

    What is the maximum depth


    where no special precaution
    is required?

    Use to 1.5m. OHS acts says


    batter to angle of repose or
    get permission in writing from
    competent person
    AUGER DRILLING
    Depending on the rig 25-40m,

    Hole needs to be stable


    (H&S Considerations Log in hole?)

    Cannot establish consistency but will be able to


    assess materials visually from spoil unless with
    Boatswains Chair,

    Cannot retrieve undisturbed samples for testing.


    ROTARY CORE DRILLING WITH
    SPT TESTING
    Depending on the rig >100m deep,

    Can retrieve undisturbed samples for


    testing (Shelby),

    Can determine stiffness or strength by


    means of SPT or pressuremeter, and other
    insitu tests

    Watertable.
    PERCUSSION DRILLING

    Percussion >100m,

    Percussion rate and chips?

    Watertable.
    DYNAMIC CONE
    PENETROMETER - DCP

    DCP 1-4m

    Penetration Rate,

    Soil type unknown unless done


    in test pit.
    DYNAMIC PROBE SUPER HEAVY
    - DPSH

    DPSH <15m

    Penetration Rate/Stiffness,

    Soil type unknown.


    CONTINIOUS SURFACE WAVE
    (CSW)

    CSW <15m

    Stiffness,

    Soil type unknown.


    LABORATORY TESTING
    VARIOUS STANDARDS

    Lab testing does not replace experience;

    It should be confirmatory in nature and provide a


    statistical basis for design.

    Insist on SANAS approved laboratory. The


    specific test method must be approved.

    In the rest of Africa: better/important to have an


    experienced geotechnical engineer on site as
    testing is probably not reliable.
    FOUNDATION INDICATOR

    Grading,

    Hydrometer,

    Atterberg limits (LL, PI)

    Moisture content (MC).


    ROAD INDICATOR

    CBR,

    Compaction (MDD)

    Grading,

    Atterberg limits (LL, PI).


    TRIAXIAL

    On undisturbed or remoulded samples,

    Consolidation,

    Youngs Modulus,

    Shear parameters (CD, CU, UU).


    DIRECT SHEAR BOX

    On undisturbed or remoulded
    samples,

    Shear parameters.
    OEDOMETER

    Consolidation,

    Consolidation time.
    EXAMPLE
    APPROACH FILL TO BRIDGE

    I need to construct an approach fill wall,


    10m high, to a bridge that is 20m wide in an
    alluvial plain next to a river.

    What type of investigation? How deep?


    20m

    MSEW

    NGL
    APPROACH FILL TO BRIDGE

    Investigation shows clays in the top 5m, silty


    sands from 5 15m and rock at 20m.

    What type of testing?

    20m

    MSEW

    NGL
    QUESTIONS

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