UNIVERSITY OF WOLVERHAMPTON

CSR and Company

Reputation
Case study of Nike
1223818 Mira Valjakka
4/29/2013
Index of Abbreviations

CEO Chief Executive Officer

CSR Corporate Social Responsibility

EU European Union

FY Financial Year

MNC Multinational Corporation

NGO Non-Governmental Organisation

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Contents

1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 6

1.1. The Concept of CSR ...................................................................................................... 6

1.2. The Problem................................................................................................................... 7

1.2. Research Aim and Objectives ........................................................................................ 9

1.3. Research Outline.......................................................................................................... 10

2. Literature Review ............................................................................................................... 11

2.1.1. The Application of CSR........................................................................................ 11

2.1.2. Business Benefits from CSR ................................................................................. 12

2.2. Reputation Management .............................................................................................. 13

2.2.1. CSR and Company Reputation ............................................................................. 15

2.2.2. Impact on Stakeholder Behaviour ......................................................................... 16

2.3. Transparency and CSR Measurement ......................................................................... 19

2.3.1 Lack of Transparency............................................................................................. 19

2.3.1. CSR Reporting ...................................................................................................... 20

2.3.2. Reputation Indexes ................................................................................................ 21

2.3.3. Summary ............................................................................................................... 22

3. Research Methodology ....................................................................................................... 22

3.1. Overview...................................................................................................................... 22

3.2. Research Purpose ......................................................................................................... 23

3.3. Research Approach ...................................................................................................... 23

3.4. Research Strategy ........................................................................................................ 24

3.5. Data Collection ............................................................................................................ 25

3.6. Sample Selection ......................................................................................................... 25

3.7. Data Analysis ............................................................................................................... 26

3.7.2. Validity.................................................................................................................. 26
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3.7.2. Reliability .............................................................................................................. 26

3.7.3. Summary ............................................................................................................... 27

4. Data Presentation and Analysis .......................................................................................... 27

4.1. Case Study: Nike ...................................................................................................... 27

5. Conclusions and Discussion ............................................................................................... 34

5.1. Complexity of CSR ..................................................................................................... 34

5.2. Improved Reputation through Strategic CSR Approach ............................................. 35

5.2.3. Research Objectives.................................................................................................. 36

6. References .......................................................................................................................... 38

7. Appendices ......................................................................................................................... 42
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Table of Figures

Figure 1 The conflicts and complexity of sustainability(Hawkins, 2006) ................................. 8

Figure 2 Research outline ......................................................................................................... 10
Figure 3 CSR and value theory (Siltaoja, 2006) ...................................................................... 15
Figure 4 Stakeholder salience and indentification framework (Peloza and Papania, 2008) .... 18
Figure 5 A schematic presentation of the methodological approach ....................................... 23
Figure 6 Nike's CSR strategy (Sustainability report FY11) ..................................................... 31
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1. Introduction

During the 21st century, we have seen an enormous increase in the popularity of CSR, in
corporate level as well as in public media. Societys consciousness on the effects of
individual behaviour has risen with increased awareness on environmental and societal
issues such as global warming and human rights. Corporate catastrophes, such as BP oil spill
in Gulf of Mexico in 20101, which was the biggest oil spill in history of United States, has
woken companies to protect their CSR reputation.

According to study by Visser and Tolhurst (2010) one of the main drivers of increased CSR
is growing globalisation which brings benefits and disadvantages to economic development
throughout the world giving businesses even more decisive role across all levels of society.
More opened global market has combined different cultures bringing problems with
corruption and bribery as well as with different ethical conducts. Issues such as sustainable
production, labour standards or cultural and societal implications of development do not
have mutual norms but cannot be left to be decided solely in the market place (Visser and
Tolhurst, 2010).

Due to globalisation multinational corporations (MNCs) are conquering the global markets.
MNCs are major actors in the society and together with their large supply chain channels
they have a strong influence on what it is going on in the markets. Many MNCs have shown
their interest towards environmentally and socially aware contributions, such as charity
campaigns, introducing new codes of conducts to suppliers to nurture employee rights and
improve environmental standards.

1.1. The Concept of CSR

The concept of modern CSR became to the knowledge of wider audience in 1953 when
Howard Bowen published a book Social Responsibilities of the Businessman. In his
review CSR was defined as the obligations of businessmen to pursue those policies, to make
those decisions, or to follow those lines of action which are desirable in terms of the

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http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/23/deepwater-horizon-oil-rig-pollution
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objectives and values of our society (Bowen 1953, in Carroll 1999, p.6). Bowens view
emphasised the importance of CSR and the impact on society in the future business making.
Many researchers see Bowens book as a beginning of the modern CSR or as Carroll (1999)
calls him as the Father of Corporate Social Responsibility.

Since 1950s many authors have introduced their own definitions of CSR leading to
inconsistency of the concept of CSR and the lack of specific guidelines. Bowens ideology
of valuing the society has remained as a base for post-literature, for instance Kotler and Lee
(2005) introduces CSR as a process of improving community wellbeing from two different
aspects; human conditions and environmental issues. According to Hopkins (2003) the
importance is to treat the stakeholders of the firm ethically the wider aim of CSR is to
create higher and higher standards of living, preserving the profitability of the corporation,
for peoples both within and outside organisation.

European Unions (EUs) approach defines CSR voluntary activity whereby companies
integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their
interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. However the voluntariness of CSR
has changed under the public demand surprising many businesses with the publics response
on the issues they did not previously thought were part of their business responsibilities
(Porter and Kramer, 2006). Also the influence of activism, such as boycotting companies
with unethical reputation, and increased governmental regulations have woken companies to
participate more in CSR activities.

1.2. The Problem

Recently companies need to show social concern has been primarily reaction of corporate
misdeeds in the form of pollution to the environment, disregard of consumer rights and
general disregard for the welfare and well being of stakeholders (Masaka, 2008). Current
concept of CSR has turned it into an instrument of achieving competitive advantage, not
only on voluntary basis but as a necessity to survive in the competitive markets. CSR
enables companies to build better relations with primary stakeholder, such as customers and
employees, helping them to develop intangible, valuable assets which can be sources of
competitive advantage (Hillman and Keim, 2001). Masaka presents CSR as a form of
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corruption and manipulation since companies take advantage of environment and society to
boost their reputation as corporate citizen.

Notwithstanding of the increase in societal and economical concerns, no clear standards or

regulations of measuring CSR have not been created. Thus many problems occur due to the
inconsistency; companies are capable to claim activities, that might not meet the general
understanding of CSR, as CSR initiatives to improve their reputation, or in some cases
companies do not have clear understanding what CSR in actual fact means. Considering the
nature of business and the ultimate aim to create profit or as Friedman (1970) stated; There
is one and only one social responsibility of business to use its resources and engage in
activities designed to increase its profit the genuine goodwill to participate in CSR activities
is open to question.

The problem derives from the complexity of sustainability and the conflicts between
stakeholders, as seen in figure by Hawkins (2006, p.3). Companies are obliged to create
wealth and value to all of its stakeholders which means simultaneously benefiting society
and maximising the profits for shareholders. When CSR is seen only as a short term
approach and it is not included to companys strategy, which is unfortunate issue in many
cases, the scenario is impossible.

Figure 1: The conflicts and complexity of sustainability (Hawkins, 2006)

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In study by Bhattacharya et al. (2006) questionable reputation of CSR initiatives is explained

by bad communication by companies leading stakeholders seeing it as propaganda. They
encourage companies to focus more on what they have achieved and telling the facts instead
of promoting their activities, tell, do not sell. However, the main tool to communicate
environmental and social contributions, sustainability or CSR- report is often misleading
and provides only little information of actual CSR behaviour. The problem lays on the lack
of standardised guidelines to measure CSR which unable mutual understanding of the
concept in both, corporate as well as in public levels.

1.2. Research Aim and Objectives

CSR has many meanings depending on the group and its aims: for Public Relations (PR)
department CSR is reputation protection, for accountants it is supply-chain auditing, for
NGOs it is preservations of humanitarianism when as for governments it is sharing the
burden of sustainability (Kitchin, 2003). This research begins by focusing on CSR from the
perspective of managing and protecting companys reputation and particularly investigating
the actual benefits of CSR participation, thereby aiming to identify company incentives. The
report will then aim to add understanding on CSR measurement and its authenticity. The
hypothesis is CSR engagement leads to improved reputation, which is the main incentive for
a company.

The research questions will be answered by theoretical research using prior literature and
research as a study material. Statistics will be used as supportive material as well as case
study example to relate theory into real life events. The main objective of the report is to
answer to the question
Why companies participate in CSR activities?

To gain deeper insight to the topic, the research will also seek answers to the following sub
questions:

What is CSRs role in companys reputation?

How to measure companys CSR initiatives?

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1.3. Research Outline

This research will follow the structure as introduced in figure 2. The report will have five
different chapters; introduction, literature review, research methodology, data presentation
and analysis and finally concluding the findings in chapter conclusions and discussion.

Data Conlusions
Literature Research
Introduction presentation and
review Methodology discussion
and analysis

Figure 2 Research outline

Introduction

This chapter presents the background of the reasons this report is executed. It will provide a
short outlook to the concept of CSR and identifies the aims and objectives of the study.

Literature Review

Literature review will provide an insight to the prior literature of CSR. It will present
previous theories and research to provide full understanding of the concept. Also the
definitions of company reputation and the stakeholders will be introduced and their relation
to CSR, continuing to analyse CSRs impact on company.

Research Methodology

This chapter will identify the methodology chosen for the report. It will start by covering the
purpose and approach of the research followed by chosen strategy and data collection
methods. Finally it will consider how the data will be analysed and how the reliability and
validity will be covered.
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Data Presentation and Analysis

This chapter will introduce the data collected to the research and will analyse given
information with the key objectives to answer to the research questions.

Conclusion and Discussion

At the end the findings of the research will be discussed. The author aims to answer to key
research questions and conclude the topic.

2. Literature Review

To enable greater understanding of the topic this chapter will present more detailed insight to
CSR activities and how it can be applied, followed by introduction to reputation
management and CSRs relation to reputation. The last paragraphs introduce existing
methods of CSR measurement with discussion of their advantages and disadvantages.

2.1.1. The Application of CSR

People, planet and profit three bottom lines for businesses outlined by Elkinton (1994) in
Triple Bottom Line model. It provides a framework to measure company performance in
terms of its impacts on the economy, the environment and society. The same framework
applies to CSR; well contributed CSR strategy provides the best possible results in all three
bottom lines.

Carrolls (1979, 1991) classification of CSR motives: economic, legal, ethical and
discretionary, is commonly used guideline cited in numerous literature.
Economic responsibility of business is to produce goods and services and sell them at a
profit. This can be seen as activities that maximise shareholder value or profit, also indirectly
for instance in situation where improved reputation by CSR leads to increased sales.
Legal responsibility is to operate under legal requirements and permit the ground rules of
making business. These include standards about the infrastructure where company operates
in, such as standards with waste and working conditions.
Ethical responsibilities are the additional behaviour and activities that are not included in
first two categories but which are expected by societys members.
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Discretionary responsibilities are not actual responsibilities but purely voluntary for
companies, including activities that helps society. (Carrol, 1979)
All the above factors are equally important hence it should be remembered that each of these
should not be excluded but if possible companies should consider all of the factors while
doing business.

Whereas Carrolls theory divideds CSR based on activities, Lantos (2001) classified CSR
motives into three groups based on intentions of the company; ethical, altruistic and
strategic. Ethical CSR includes morally mandatory responsibilities in economical, legal and
ethical terms whereas altruistic CSR consists philanthropic responsibilities which might not
be beneficial to company itself but increases the wellfare of society. Strategic CSR combines
activities which include philantrophic responsibilities and are beneficial to company
resulting to positive publicity and goodwill.

Study by Kotler and Lee (2005) listed major social initiatives under which most CSR
activities falls as follows: cause promotions; cause-related marketing; corporate social
marketing; corporate philanthropy; community volunteering and socially responsible
business practices. In some cases these initiatives can take a form of face lifting activity
instead of having major impact on company in long term. When this occurs CSR is
considered more as an instrument to improve reputation rather than strategic activity.

2.1.2. Business Benefits from CSR

Only way to create busienss value trough CSR is to create social or environmental value first
(Bhattcharya et al., 2006) hence shortcuts is unfavorable for both parties; stakeholders and
the company. Thus it is unfortunate how often managers does not see the real value of CSR
activities.

Companies tend to expect CSR activites will increase their costs hence they try to create a
balance on profits by treating CSR initiatives as a money making process. Often this occurs
when company participates in CSR activities which increase its reputation and thus attracts
new customers but does not have an actual impact on companys performance in the long
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run. Simultaneously some managers wish to cut costs on CSR activities by not planning
them properly or combinging them as a minor part of marketing campaigns.

Indeed, many managers recognize CSR as PR tool, but does not see the actual organisational
and strategic benefits. Hence Porter and Kramer (2006) suggest companies to take CSR
activities as a part of companys business strategy rather than seeing them just as a cosmetic
process of PR and media campaigns. They encourage managers to think CSR more as an
opportunity, innovation and competitive advantage instead of a cost and thus turn CSR as
their competitive advantage.

Truly, CSR initiatives are not just a way to attract customers, they can also make company
work more efficiently or save costs, as Langford and Smith (2009) shows by listing three
profitable CSR areas for business; risk-reduction, financial investing and commercial
benefits. For instance, environmental-efficient machinery can decrease companys energy
costs simultaneously being beneficial for the environment, or acknowledging the threat of
global warming company can decrease future risks. In fact the study of financial impacts of
CSR by Margolis and Walsh (2003) presented 109 empirical studies of CSR demonstrating
positive relationship in 54 cases, 48 cases with no correlation and only 7 cases with a
negative relationship. According to the study it is far more likely to gain financial benefits
when participating in CSR activities than resulting in decreased profitability.

Hawkins (2006) views the benefits outside profitability; traditional ethos of profit at all
cost is wrong, good health and safety supports efficiency, environmental consideration
supports community commitment, and responsible management provides investor
confidence. Altogether CSR fulfil all three bottom lines of business; people, planet and
profit.

2.2. Reputation Management

Reputation is organisations most valuable asset (Hawkins, 2006) hence it is important to
recognize that any negative impact on reputation can damage the profitability for years
ahead if they lose shareholder and customer confidence. Fombrun et al. (2000) describes
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fluctuating value of the companys reputation as reputational capital, which is at risk

everyday when company is in interaction with stakeholders whether it is customers buying
its products or investors purchasing the stock. When stakeholders expected outcomes are
not delivered, the damage to the companys reputation manifests itself in impoverished
revenues, decreased ability to attract financial capital and reduced appeal to current and
potential employees (Fombrun et al., 2000). In other words, if company loses stakeholders
confidence reputational capital will be destroyed.

According to survey by Reputation Institution2 83% of consumers agree that we are

reputation economy, in which people buy products, take jobs and make investments based
mainly on their trust, admiration and appreciation on for the companies that stand behind
them. Surprisingly, the same survey revealed consumers put more value on the enterprise
than the product itself while making the purchase decision. Thus companys reputation have
significant influence on its profitability which have lead to companies putting more focus on
reputation management. Griffin (2008) presents the concept of reputation management by
comparing company reputation to reputation of an individual:
As an individual, what people think about you matters. It affects how they treat
you and whether or not they want to meet you, talk to you, listen to you,
employ you and such like. The same is true with organisations. There are many
people thinking different things about your organisation. Some think good
things; some think bad things: most wont really give it much thought at all.
But, they will all be thinking their thoughts for different reasons, because they
all have different ways of seeing the world. The overall impression that all
these different thoughts add up to is called your reputation. Because it is
better to have good reputation than a bad one, you should know what people
think about you and you should think, talk and act this knowledge in mind.
Over time, you can change this reputation by changing how you explain what
you do and / or by changing how you explain what you do, although you will
never get everyone thinking the same thing.

The author wants to point out, that even company reputation and branding are strikingly
related to each other they are two different functions of a company. This report will

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Reputation Institution, 2012 Global CSR RepTrak 100 The Best CSR in the World
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primarily focus on company reputation, which is wider concept including the company brand
but also consumers expectations on business level. In fact company reputation in the public
eye consist six criteria: financial performance, product quality, employee treatment,
community involvement, environmental performance and organisational issues (Fombrun et
al., 2000), which are all inter-linked to CSR in one way or another.

2.2.1. CSR and Company Reputation

According to Griffin (2008) social responsibility is one the main components of reputation
management together with crisis and reputation management. This view is supported by
Hawkins (2006) who argued that the overall aim of CSR is to build a more sustainable
approach into the operating ethos of the company and to promote these policies to attract the
customer and consumer. In fact, BrandZs analysis proved that 80% of sales are generated
by the product brand itself and 20% of sales are directly linked to corporate reputation.
Companys environmental reputation influenced directly to at least 2 % of the sales.
Siltaoja (2006) uses value theory to linkage CSR and company reputation, figure 3 shows
that when companys actions are assessed by its various stakeholder groups, its reputation is
constructed according to their respective value priorities and the assumed motives of the
company.

2. The constuction
1. The content of
elements of
CSR
reputation

Firm's value 3. Value theory Stakeholders own

priorities when as a linkage value priorities
perfroming certain between CSR evaluate the action
form of CSR and reputation and motives

Reputation stories constracted when

value priorities meet

Figure 3 CSR and value theory (Siltaoja, 2006)

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A study by Minor and Morgan (2011) identified two different levers companies can build a
reputation as a responsible corporate citizen; positive lever and avoiding negative CSR that
they surprisingly see more important effort. The first lever means investments in activities
that benefits society. The second lever is avoiding any harm on companys reputation, issues
such as buying from unethical suppliers or treating employees bad. A study by Peloza and
Papania (2008) supports the importance of protecting company from negative CSR. Their
research indicates that stakeholders disfavour companies with negative CSR reputation
whereas if company does not participate in CSR activities the behaviour will not change.

To conclude, building a good reputation can take years from a company whereas one
negative activity can take it away in months or even in days (Minor and Morgan, 2011).
Thus, neutral behaviour, in other words intention to limit negative activities, towards CSR
activities might be more beneficial for company than seeking a positive CSR reputation.
CSR initiatives can become costly for the companies and the increasing involvement in
building positive CSR might eventually diminish the value of it (Minor and Morgan, 2011).

2.2.2. Impact on Stakeholder Behaviour

Throughout this report a term stakeholder signifies the primary stakeholder groups;
customers, shareholders, employees, suppliers, community residents and the environment, as
is presented by Clarkson (1995). Simply, stakeholders are persons or groups that have
ownership, rights or interests in a corporation and its activities, past, present, or future
(Clarkson, 1995).

Previous chapter proved inter-relation between company reputation and stakeholder

behaviour. Thus the hypothesis is, positive impact from CSR will improve companys
reputation and through that also influence stakeholders behaviour.

It is not possible for any company to survive without its primary stakeholders; company
would not survive without its employees to keep the business functioning, customers buying
its products or shareholders financing its activities. Traditionally the measurement of
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corporate success has been the satisfaction of only one stakeholder which is the shareholder
and especially how much wealth the company and provide to shareholder (Clarkson, 1995).
However from CSR perspective the objective of a company is to add value to all of the
stakeholders without favouring any specific group. As stated by Clarkson the value and
wealth have many more meanings than share price, dividend or profits (see appendix 1). A
company has many social responsibilities to its stakeholders, such ensuring product safety
and healthy working conditions. Nonetheless, if a stakeholder feels not being fairly treated
by a company it might seek alternatives which will ultimately influence on companys
profitability.

Earlier researches have proved the positive influence of CSR activities on stakeholders
decisions. Hawkins (2006) points out clear linkage between company reputation and
sustainability as consumers tend to choose a product based on companys ethical behaviour.
Folkes and Kamins (1999) studied the impact of ethical behaviour on consumers opinion by
implementing 3 different experiments. Experiments proved the importance of ethical
behaviour in comparison with product attribute information; if the company behaved
unethically (in experiment case of using child labour), product performance did not have
impact on purchasing decision. However, the results showed if the product attribute was
inferior consumers took more critical approach of unethical companies than they were with
the ones ethically behaving. I.e. superior product quality does not replace unethical
behaviour but with poor quality both, the company and the product itself will be reviewed
more critically.

Bhattacharya et al. (2006) investigated the effect of CSR on stakeholder relationships

showing evidence that even a single CSR initiative can have impact on both, internal
outcome and behavioural intentions related to stakeholder roles. According to the results,
positive CSR initiatives increased not only attitude and identification of the company but
also the intent to commit personal resources, such as purchasing decision or possibly seeing
company as an potential employer.

Also Peloza and Papania (2008) proved the influence of single CSR initiative to
stakeholders behaviour and through that to companys profitability, as seen in figure 4. The
study overviewed the behaviour of employee and customer leading to an important
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conclusion that CSR is not only what company does to be socially responsible that impacts
its reputation but also what it does not or does not do as well as competitors. It is important
to notice that no CSR activities are better than negative evaluation of CSR activities which
can lead to an unsupportive behaviour by stakeholder. Another significant point of view
discussed in the study was stakeholders propensity to compare company to others in relation
to their own expectations and interests, the more congruent the company more likely it will
be seen as socially responsible. Thus, especially in the competitive markets it is crucial for a
company to maintain the same, or better, CSR involvement than its competitors.

Figure 4 Stakeholder salience and indentification framework ( Peloza and Papania, 2008)

It is important to point out variability in consumer expectations towards CSR and how that
influence on creating appearance of companys image. A study made by Hillenbrand and
Money (2009) classifies consumers and employees into three different segments based on
their expectations of corporate responsibility:

1. Holistic expectations considering corporate responsibility from aspects of financial

success, companys ethical behaviour and its societal impact as well as interaction with local
communities.

2. Relational expectations focus primarily on financial success and impact on people and
society as a whole.
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3. Financial expectations rather low interest in societal and ethical issues, main emphasis
on financial performance.

Thus, these variable stakeholder segments should be taken into consideration while
evaluating CSR influence on stakeholder behaviour.

In turn, fragmenting sustainability into one single concept such as CSR for business is
unrealistic (Hawkins, 2006). Therefore, it is important to remember not all the pressure
cannot be put on the shoulders of companies; stakeholders need to cooperate in order to
make difference. As stated by Webster (2012), it is impossible for companies to succeed if
consumers do not make the decision to only purchase products and services from an ethical
company instead of supporting unethical companies. Simultaneously the pressure from
shareholders can be too high as they demand producing in low costs and maintaining the
highest margins.

2.3. Transparency and CSR Measurement

Companys CSR initiatives can be measured by relying on the amount of CSR investment is
revealed in companys reports. However this method is doubtful according to its validity as
companies understanding of CSR varies (Bhattacharya and Luo, 2006), the amount invested
on actual CSR is more complex; the results cannot be measured only by monetary value.
Hence this chapter will take a deeper view on two other measurement methods; CSR
reporting and reputation indexes, their advantages and disadvantages.

2.3.1 Lack of Transparency

One of the reasons CSR activities are considered questionable is the inability to measure
CSR behaviour. Ambiguity with the actual definition and lack of mutual standards and
frameworks to draw CSR activities together globally, gives companies freedom to disguise
CSR initiatives to benefit their own business objectives, i.e. to use it as a promotion tool.

Charity organisation Christian Aids report gives good example on how large multinationals
like Shell and Coca-Cola have been able to turn the attention away from real impacts of their
actions by promoting CSR initiatives. Above companies are ranked as change makers in
the field of sustainability throughout the 21th century. However simultaneously they have
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violated the rules of ethics elsewhere, for instance Shells actions in Nigeria would not be
able to meet the regulations in developed countries.

Conducting global regulations would ease the process of evaluating CSR activities however
different global standards makes the process difficult, such as differences between
developing and developed countries as introduced earlier. The regulations are not sensitive
with only geographical but also with time issues, as pointed out by Carrol (1979) the
concept of social responsibility changes over time, such as changes in product safety issues,
business ethics, environmental standards. Thus the guidelines would demand constant
updates while regulations are changed either on national or global level. Also the industry
business is done might have significant impact on CSR activities (Carrol, 1979); for instance
a product manufacturer has more reliability on product safety and environmental where as a
service provider is not so pressed.

Christian Aid demands more transparent system on evaluating and monitoring companys
performance by underlining the importance of corporations liability to protect and promote
social values, especially when globalisation has increased. Transparency is one of the major
problems with CSR, which is often compared to iceberg; only small part is actually shown to
the public when the rest remains invisible under the sea.

2.3.1. CSR Reporting

Lacking framework for conducting sustainability reports creates problem with their
accuracy; without effective leadership we are just adding to the sustainability problems by
cutting down more trees to produce more publications (Hawkins, 2006).

Companies publishing reports tend to see CSR reports as glossy marketing brochures where
to present their activities in terms of spent money and hours instead of showing the real
results. In comparison with strict regulations and standards financial reports are obliged
sustainability reports often provide only little information on companys actual performance.
As Porter and Kramer (2006) pointed out, CSR activities such as reductions in pollutions,
waste, or energy use are documented for specific regions but rarely for the company as a
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whole. This again gives company an opportunity to conduct reports to suit its own objectives
and to introduce CSR activities from a perspective that is beneficial for the business.

Research by Adams and Frost (2006) indicates that even companies (the study was made
within companies in Australia and Sydney) are now more committed on CSR reporting, their
approaches still vary a lot. The study did not find any consistency on companies approach
on collecting data and reporting, hence it is impossible to evaluate company based on their
sustainability reports. Reports rarely combine CSR activities to companys wider strategy or
objectives in the future, which again indicates the commercial essence of CSR.

2.3.2. Reputation Indexes

Despite the lack of global guidelines external sources rank companies based on their CSR
performance, Fombruns (2007) research indentified 183 lists that regularly provide rankings
in 38 countries around the world. One of the most known lists is Reputation Institutes
RepTrak index which is a standardised tool for tracking company reputations across all their
stakeholder groups. The evaluation is based on 7 dimensions, which are the main elements
on building trust3;
1. Products / Services
2. Innovation
3. Workplace
4. Governance
5. Citizenship
6. Leadership
7. Financial

Performance CSR lists have obvious influence on companys ethical reputation which in turn
impacts on stakeholder behaviour as indicated in section 2.2.2. Fomburn (2007) points out
the importance of reputation lists by stating: Clearly, lists matter they call attention to the
activities of companies and so influence their appreciation by consumers of media coverage
and may well influence the ratings of specialists themselves, as well as the behaviours of
other stakeholders observing companies. Thus the methods of collecting data must be equal

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Reputation Institution, 2012 Global CSR RepTrak 100 The Best CSR in the World
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to all companies in order to provide consumers with accurate information. However, criteria
often varies based on by whom the list is conducted; some rankings examine only certain
companies, based on their size or industry, or the country and region (Fombrun, 2007). In
fact, companies seen in the lists are often large MNCs who participate on CSR activities in a
larger scale than smaller brands and thus have more visibility.

2.3.3. Summary
As prior researches have pointed out interrelation between company reputation and CSR
activities, however it is open to the question is protecting a company from negative CSR
more efficient than building a positive CSR reputation.
Previous studies also proved that consumers are more willing to purchase goods or services
from a company that they find ethically responsible. However the research made by
Hillenbrand and Money (2009) identifies three different stakeholder segments according to
CSR expectations, which has high importance while targeting CSR strategies to certain
customer groups.

The chapter identified the problem with CSR measurement methodology and the need of
standardisation for reporting frameworks. Numerous reputation indexes are ranking
companies based on very variable criteria.

Next chapter will introduce the research methodology this report will approach to answer to
research questions.

3. Research Methodology

3.1. Overview
This research takes triangulation approach in order to gain better understanding of the topic
by improving accuracy and giving fuller picture of the topic. According to a definition
provided by Denscombe (2010) triangulation stands for viewing things from more than one
perspective by using different methods, different sources of data or even different
researchers within the study. This chapter will consider these factors more detailed.
 [23]

The research design is based on the model presented in figure 5 (Foster, 1998). More
precisely, chapter will begin by identifying the purpose of the research leading to research
approach and strategy. Following paragraphs will introduce the data collection method and
sample selection ending with discussion of data analysis.

Figure 5 A schematic presentation of the methodological approach

3.2. Research Purpose

Many rankings are made on companies reputation based on their social behaviour and
participation on CSR activities. However, far too little attention has been paid on
inconsistency of the concept as a whole and the lack of global guidelines in order to enable
the evaluation of the companies. Loose concept of CSR enables company to modify its CSR
activities to benefit its own objectives and thus to use is it as tool to increase commercial
success, as well as help ensure reputational risk. Hence this research will aim to gain greater
understanding on the drivers that engage companies on CSR.

The research also seeks to address the questions on how to measure CSR initiatives and what
is the real impact on company reputation. In order to answer to the key questions the report
will use a case study example of company that have taken part in various CSR activities.
Firstly the report will present the CSR initiatives presented by the company followed by
companys response in conflict situations.

3.3. Research Approach

The research approach justifies the methodology for data collection using two main
approaches; quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative methods are based on gathering and
 [24]

working with structured data that can be represented numerically whereas qualitative
research methods are more concerned with stories and accounts including subjective
understandings, feelings, opinions and beliefs (Matthews and Ross, 2010). This report will
use approach described as mixed methods which is the combination of the above. As
Denscombe (2010) states, mixed methods approach provides researcher with the opportunity
to check the findings from one method to against the findings from a different method
leading more accurate findings.

The mixed methods approach was chosen as most appropriate according to the nature of
information. Main emphasis will be on quantitative approach with combination of statistical
data. Overall the approach is more theoretical than empirical whereas the research is more
subjective based on researchers own conclusions on found information.

3.4. Research Strategy

Four basic research strategies listed by Matthews and Ross (2010) are comparative research,
evaluation, ethnography and Ground Theory. Evaluation research was chosen as a strategy
for this report since main findings are based on evaluating secondary data and information.
The reasons to choose evaluator research listed by Matthews and Ross (2010, p. 133)
supports the authors decision:

1. To find out whether and intervention or change has had the desired outcomes.
2. To assess how well a process (policy, implementation, practice) is working.
3. To consider how a process or intervention might be improved.
4. To assess whether the costs of the process (service, policy implementation, etc. ) is
value for money or best value
5. To find out what works (or doesnt work) and why.

To support findings from evaluation strategy also a case study example is added to research.
According to Yin (2003) case study strategy is relevant strategy especially when the
boundary between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident. Thus case study is a
suitable strategy for this report where prior literature has not been able to find clear
coherence between company reputation and CSR activities.
 [25]

Another important factor supporting the decision is case studies focus on one (or just a few)
instances of a particular phenomenon with a view to providing an in-depth account of events,
relationships, experiences or processes occurring in that particular instance (Denscombe,
2000). This report seeks answers particularly on questions why company apply CSR and
activities are measured.

3.5. Data Collection

Denscombe (2010) lists main data collection methods as follows; questionnaires, interviews,
observation and documents. The methods can be used separately or together, however it
should be remembered none of the methods can be regarded as perfect and none can be
regarded as utterly useless (Denscombe, 2010).

To be able to analyse and compare existing theories, this report will use documents as a
primary data collection method. It includes official statistics and governmental publications
as well as articles, books, journals and Internet.

Data is collected by secondary research which consist sources of data and other information
collected by other and archived in some form (Stewart and Kamins, 1993). Data collected for
this report contains prior literature and findings as secondary sources as well as raw data
which has been obtained in prior studies and official publications. Main emphasis will be on
organisational data, such as CSR reports and CSR indices like Dow Jones Social Index
(DJSI). The problems may occur with the reliability of the data, however, the aim of the
report is search faults in particular documents.

3.6. Sample Selection

The empirical part of the research data consists of CSR reports of selected company and
publications of its CSR behaviour in public media in recent years. The selected company is
Nike , athletic footwear, apparel and equipment company. It was selected for several
reasons. Firstly, Nike has long history of publishing CSR reports hence its CSR records are
easily accessible. It has been awarded according to its participation in CSR, such as Ceres-
ACCA award for sustainability reporting in 2011, Nike has been listed highly in rankings
like Climate Counts and CS Magazines list for best corporate citizen (see appendix 2).
 [26]

On the other hand, Nike has received a lot of negative publicity concerning its ethical
behaviour in recent years, which provides a base to compare its behaviour in public media to
its CSR initiatives on corporate level. Hence Nike provides an interesting insight on CSR
reporting and how it describes its social responsibilities to public.

3.7. Data Analysis

Data analysis is a collection of methods applied to the collected data in order to describe,
interpret, explain and evaluate it (Matthews and Ross, 2010). It will be used to answer to the
research questions and introduces findings.

3.7.2. Validity
Denscombe (2010) listed four basic criteria which will be used in this document to evaluate
the validity of documents:

Authencity Is the article genuine? Can we be satisfied that the

document is what it purports to be- not fake or forgery?
Representativeness Is the document typical of its type? Does it
represent a typical instance of the thing it portrays? Is the document
complete? has it been edited? Is the extract treated in context?
Meaning Is the meaning of the words clear and unambiguous? Are
there hidden meanings? Does the document contain argot and subtle
codes? Are there meaning which involve what is left unsaid or
reading between the lines?
Credibility Is it accurate? Is it free from bias and errors (Why was
document produced, by who and when) p. 222

3.7.2. Reliability
As this document mainly uses secondary data the fact that information may not be reliable or
valid, must be considered. Information must be evaluated carefully and weighted according
to its recency and credibility by answering questions such as who collected the information
and when, and how consistent is the information with other sources (Stewart and Kamnis,
1993).
 [27]

In this report special the emphasis must be put on using organisational data which is
unofficial data provided by companies and organisations. Problems with organisational data
may occur in cases when the records are not well kept or accurate, some data can be lost to
help record-keepers hidden agenda or when the researcher does not have clear understanding
on how records are generated and in what purpose. (Matthews and Ross, 2010).

3.7.3. Summary
This chapter has introduced the research methodology as a whole and identified the purpose
of the research, which is to examine companys incentives on CSR. When most appropriate
approach, strategy and data collection method is selected, the chapter provides a framework
for next chapter which is presentation on how Nike is engaging to CSR. The findings of the
chapter will be supported by the literature discussed under chapter 2. Previous researches
and theories will be applied to Nikes practises.

4. Data Presentation and Analysis

4.1. Case Study: Nike

Nike Inc. is one of the worlds leading brands in designing and developing athletic footwear,
apparel, equipment and accessories. It is ranked in top10 in CR magazines Best Corporate
Citizens4 list and as Most Valuable Global Brand5 in apparel industry. Nike Inc. includes
seven distinct brands; NIKE Brand, Cole Haan, Converse, Hurley International LLC,
Umbro, Nike Golf and Jordan Brand. From financial year 2010 (FY10) revenues have
increased 9,7% in FY11. Nike Inc. has more than 600 contract factories in 46 countries
around the world and over 1 million factory workers, hence wide value chain demands
strategic CSR.

Mission: To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete* in the world.

*If you have a body, you are an athlete.

4
CRs 100 Best Corporate Citizens 2012
5
BrandZ Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brands2012
 [28]

Vision: To build a sustainable business and create value for Nike and our stakeholders by
decoupling profitable growth from constrained resources.

Strategy: Growth through innovation into a business that is more sustainable and brings
together people, planet and profits into balance for lasting success its by striving for the
best, creating value for the business and innovating for a better world.

(Source: Nike sustainability report FY11)

4.1.2. CSR Insights

Nike is highly committed on sustainable business practises. President and CEO of Nike,
Mark Parker , proved company has responded to change by stating change Over the past 15
years, we have moved from an approach of simply reacting to criticisms to pursuing
sustainability as an integral driver of our long-term growth6.

Parker acknowledges there is no finish line while building sustainable business and that short
term plans are meaningful on a way achieve long-term vision. Thus, Nike sustainability
strategy is highly complex and systematic, aiming to bring a positive change across its entire
supply chain.

4.1.3. Sustainability Report

According to Nike the purpose of the sustainability report is to share the journey of our
strategy, approach and progress on sustainability issues: how we approach sustainability and
innovation, how we work, where we have the greatest impacts on the environment and
society, what we aim to do, and our progress and performance. Nike CSR strategy is
focused to enable sustainable economic through innovation.

Key elements of Nikes report are categorised above according to their response for each
stakeholder group and CSR motive based on Carrolls (1979) classification introduced in
chapter 2.1.1.

6
Nikes Sustainability report FY11, letter from CEO
 [29]

Stakeholder Nikes Sustainability report How the goal is achieved Motive for CSR

Customer Nike begins and ends with the Nike Better World, an Ethical
consumer. We need to both inform online platform to help to
and meet consumers growing create innovative
expectations in sustainability solutions to social and
environmental issues
Today we operate with a great Higher levels of Ethical and
deal more insight into what transparency economic
consumers expect of us and (indirectly)
what will be required for us to
thrive in a world of increasingly
constrained resources

Shareholder We are clear on our ultimate Sustainable Growth Economic

destination: To decouple profitable
growth from constrained
resources.

Shareholders benefit from the

reduced cost of production and
increased margins our innovations

Employee Key issues in which we have Human Resources Legal and ethical
engaged include the health and Management (HRM)
safety of the workers who make Program Implementation
our products, excessive overtime, Sustainable
the ability of workers to freely Manufacturing Training
associate, and child labour and Audits
forced labour. Lean manufacturing7

7
Lean manufacturing approach that delivers the highest-quality product while eliminating all types of waste,
including lost time and material. Approach also includes worker empowerment giving factory workers the
skills and abilities needed to manage production and immediately address issues as they arise, such as quality
or process improvements. (Source http://www.nikebiz.ccom)
 [30]

Coaching to Inspire
At NIKE, Inc., we believe that a Individuals and Teams
talented, diverse and inclusive Acquiring, Managing and
employee base helps drive the Developing Talent
creativity that is central to our Rewards and benefits
brands

Supplier We do not own these factories, so Code of Conduct Legal and ethical
we cannot simply mandate change. Code Leadership
Instead, we must build and Standards
influence positive change through Sustainable
our contracts. Manufacturing Training

As we work to maximize the Nikes definition of a

positive impact of our influence, sustainable supply chain:
we also seek to help the contract Lean with regard to our
factories and others in our value manufacturing philosophy
chain understand and take Green in our approach to
seriously their own impacts. design, product creation
and sourcing
Equitable in our
commitment to balance
people and profit
Empowered by building a
workforce that knows and
can advocate for its rights

Community We recognize that our work to Community sport program Ethical and
positively impact energy, labour, around the world discretionary
chemistry, water and waste also The Nike Foundation to
influences the communities across support adolescent girls
our value chain. We see our work The Nike Employee Grant
 [31]

in those areas as part of how we Fund

address communities basic needs Nike School Innovation
for health, safety and vitality. Fund
Engaging consumers to Economical
support the cause they (Indirectly)
care about

The Our ultimate, long-term vision is Providing incentives for Ethical and
environment the conversion of raw materials contract factories economic
into finished products with zero and material vendors to
waste participate in waste-
reduction activities and
certifications

We are working to design products Nike Water Program to

from materials that require less help material
water to produce, help material vendors address their
vendors and contract factories to wastewater quality
reduce their water-related impacts

Figure 6 Nike's CSR strategy (Sustainability report FY11)

4.1.2. Conflicts
Nikes Chairman and CEO Phil Knight acknowledged the reputation problem in 1998 press
conference at the National Press Club: The Nike product has become synonymous with
slave wages, forced overtime, and arbitrary abuse.8

Nike has achieved a lot of negative publicity concerning the working rights of the employees
in its contract factories. Issues has risen considering poor working conditions, according to
Global Alliances report (2001) verbal and physical abuse, such as hitting, pushing and
throwing objects, shockingly high rates of sexual harassment and forced overtime are major
issues in Nikes contract factories based on the interviews with over 4000 employees.

8
Connor, T. (2001) Still Waiting For Nike To Do It - Nikes Labor Practices in the Three Years Since
 [32]

Absence of decent health and safety regulations even led to two worker deaths were reported
due to insufficient access to medical care.

Probably the biggest hit on Nikes reputation as a responsible corporate citizen is allegations
on using child labour. It began in 1996 when Life magazine published an article about Nike
and child labour with a photograph of young Pakistani boy sewing Nike soccer ball9. In
2000BBC program Panorama10 revealed sweat shop working conditions and child labour in
the factory used by Nike in Cambodia. The program interviewed under 15 years old girls
working in the factory seven days a week, often even sixteen hours a day.

Complaints about wage violations have been a continuous battle for Nike; wage levels in
some of its contract factories do not meet the minimum wage standards. Recently Nikes
factory in Indonesia was forced to pay $1m to its workers to compensate almost 600,000
hours of unpaid overtime within two years11.

4.1.3. Nikes Response

In 1998, to reply to the scandal with working conditions, Nikes press release assured it will
increase monitoring and increased cooperation with non-governmental organisation (NGOs)
to improve its conducts of business. Nikes chairman and CEO Phil Knight assured Nike will
raise the minimum working age, in countries where the common age is 14, at shoe factories
to 18 and in other plants to 16. Nike promised to improve the conditions of working
environment, such as tightening air-quality conditions to meet the same standard in overseas
factories as are enforced by United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

In FY05/06 report Nike introduced formation of Excessive Overtime Task Force to control
and indentify the causes of the overtime occurrence in its contract factories with a target of
zero excessive overtime. It has established a code of conduct as well as code of business
ethics to give guidelines and minimum standards to its contract manufacturers. The code of
conduct clarifies Nikes expectation for its suppliers in terms of employment rights, the
minimum wage of workers, discrimination, freedom of association, minimum wage and

9
Connor, T. (2001) Still Waiting For Nike To Do It - Nikes Labor Practices in the Three Years Since
10
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/archive/970385.stm
11
Hodal Kate, Nike factory to pay $1m to Indonesian workers for overtime, The Guardian Magazine 12
January 2012
 [33]

benefits, harassment and abuse, working hours, health and safety and environmental impact
(see appendix 3).

Nike is collaborated with a number of global NGOs and unions, such as Fair Labour
Association, United Nations Global Compact and Carbon Disclosure Project, with projects
in order to improve sustainability.

Even Nike has executed code of conduct for its supplier, with as enormous value chain
including more than 600 contract factories it is almost impossible to control the behaviour of
each. Hence

4.1.4. Reasons to Participate in CSR Activities

Nike has discovered CSR as an opportunity to grow invest in new innovations which will fill
all three bottom lines of business. However, in the 1990s when consumers were boycotting
its products due to working conditions, the goal of CSR activities were in risk and reputation
management. It was obliged to response to the need of more ethical practises in order to
maintain its competitiveness in global markets.

In recent years, Nike has taken CSR as a form of research and development. Its strategy is
ideal example of Porters and Kramers (2006) approach to think CSR as an opportunity and
long term process which will lead improve all functions of business when well executed.

Recently Nike has won awards such as Innovation and Sustainability Award given by
Waste Management in 2010 and Best Sustainability Reporting Award by Ceres and the
Association for Chartered Certified Accountants in 2011 (see appendix 3 for full list). In
addition to its position in rankings like Best Corporate Citizen and BrandZs Most
Valuable Global Brands indicate the results of well structured CSR strategy.

The global analysis by BrandZs proves a distinct correlation between the most successful
performers in its annual Top 100 Most Powerful Brands with the brands with high scores
on the categories of Corporate Reputation, Leadership and Innovation. One of the top
characteristics of leading companies is environmental responsibility. Thus we can assume
that 1st position in BrandZs Most Valuable Global Brands in apparel industry in 2012 is at
least partly enabled by Nikes investment sustainability.
 [34]

To refer to study by Hillenbrand and Money (2009) presented in chapter 2.2.2., customers
compare companys ethical behaviour not only for their own expectations but the
performance of competitors. Hence as a leader in its own industry we can assume consumers
will choose Nike in comparison to its consumers. The financial benefits of CSR were proved
in a study by Margolis and Walsh (2003) presented companys profitability will more likely
increase than add additional costs from CSR activities.

Notwithstanding the positive influence of CSR to companys reputation, study by

Bhattacharya et al. (2006) present a conflict on effect on consumer behaviour. The study
questions societys understanding in CSR and hence the actual impact on consumer.

4.1.5. Summary
This chapter has presented CSR strategy from a case study example of Nike. The multi-
dimensional nature of CSR can be seen by various activities Nike is engaged in order to
build sustainable business. Nikes approach is an excellent example of well constructed CSR
strategy. However study also pointed out the influence of negative CSR and how long it will
gain to improve reputation, and in fact how Nikes brand will probably be linked to issues
such as child labour for long ahead.

The next, and final, chapter will conclude the findings of this research and discussed them
from the perspective of research objectives introduced at the beginning of the research.

5. Conclusions and Discussion

5.1. Complexity of CSR

The first part of the report discussed the theory of CSR and its impact on companys
reputation and thus to consumer behaviour. It indentified the drivers that encourage
companies participate in CSR activities.

Various studies pointed out the interrelation between companys ethical reputation and
consumer behaviour (Folkes and Kamins, 1999; Bhattacharya et al., 2006; Hawkins, 2006).
According to the results, positive CSR initiatives increased not only the attitude and
identification of the company but also the intent to commit personal resources. Thus
 [35]

customers prefer to use product and services from a company they find ethically reliable.
Same applied on employees willingness to work for employer which embraces same
societal and environmental values.

However the research also pointed out the complexity of CSR; businesses aim to add value
for all of its stakeholder groups creates a conflict. Whereas shareholders have high interest
on profitability of the business, consumers expect companies to engage in activities that
benefits society instead of company itself. Latter activities demand additional investments
from company which in turn can create concern amongst shareholders as CSR is often seen
as philanthropic activities which not lead to increased profitability. Activities which increase
shareholder satisfaction, to increase profitability by cutting costs, can often lead to unethical
business practice, as later on Nikes case with child labour and worker conditions presented.
Hence to find the balance to satisfy expectations of every stakeholder group, strategic
approach towards CSR must be taken. A case study of Nikes CSR activities gave an
example of strategic CSR.

5.2. Improved Reputation through Strategic CSR Approach

Second part of the report used Nike as a case study to gain greater understanding of the
definition of CSR and how it can be conducted by companies. Nike was chosen as a case
study due to its strong position in the markets as being the leading brand in athletic footwear,
apparel, equipment and accessories. Due to its wide supply chain channels and previous
accusations in unethical behaviour, such as child labour, it has engaged in various social and
environmentally responsible activities.

Nikes case proved the fragility of reputation; even strong brands can perish under negative
publicity. Previous research (Peloza and Papania, 2008; Minor and Morgan, 2011) pointed
the importance of protecting brand from negative publicity is higher than building positive
CSR reputation, which can often be a long and costly process for a company. From finance
perspective, protection from negative publicity can save company from additional costs; in
cases such as product recalls the loss for company can become high whereas if situation
could have been prevented by focusing on protecting reputation, no costs would exist.
 [36]

Nike however has patiently strengthened its reputation; strategys viability is proven by
several awards it has gained concerning its sustainable engagement in recent years. In the
end, the only CSR initiatives visible to public are the ones reported by companies. It is
impossible to measure what is companies involvement in second lever (Minor and
Morgan, 2011) which are protecting company reputation from negative CSR.

5.2.3. Research Objectives

To combine together findings, the research questions will be answered one by one based on
the collected information.

Why companies participate in CSR activities?

Various studies have proved the benefits or CSR engagement for company (Langford and
Smith, 2009; Margolis and Walsh, 2003) both, form financial and operational approach
which encourage companies to engage in CSR. It can improve companys efficiency, lead to
commercial benefits or reduce future risk. Most importantly it increases the added value for
companys stakeholder as presented by Siltaoja (2006).

The assumption is that companies participate in CSR initiatives voluntarily. However,

publics demand and expectations towards companys behaviour have large influence as
long as business main mission is to satisfy its stakeholders. As the research pointed out
customers compare companys ethical reputation and CSR activities to its competitors, hence
company with no visible CSR background will most likely lose its customers to alternatives.
In order to survive in the competitive markets, CSR initiatives have become more than
voluntary.

What is CSRs role in companys reputation?

The general hypothesis is that participating in CSR activities will have positive influence on
companys reputation. CSR engagement defines companys ethical reputation; negative
CSR publicity has negative influence whereas positive CSR leads to improved reputation.
 [37]

Third alternative is neutral approach to CSR, which often includes protecting CSR from bad
publicity but not necessarily include any actual CSR activities.

How to measure companys CSR initiatives?

Predominantly, particularly in corporate level, CSR is measured by amount of money and

spent hours company has invested in CSR activities. Sustainability reports provide
information of CSR campaigns and initiatives from companys view. In fact, companies
have the power to regulate the given information of CSR to best serve its own objectives. In
turn, in cases when companies are involved in negative CSR they have very little control. In
such situations, media has the biggest impact on societys opinion based on the view issue is
presented to public.

Medias and publics attention to CSR has been the reason sustainability reports have
become so common amongst companies. They provide a company with a channel to
communicate their CSR engagement, most often in really positive way. However the lack
global framework has created problems in finding consistency between the reports (Adams
and Frost, 2006). The information is presented based on companys own judgement which
creates a question on its reliability.

Another tool to measure CSR from reputational perspective are various reputation indexes
executed by external sources. Their criteria and scale often varies, hence readers should be
aware why certain companies are excluded from the list before creating an assumption based
on the rankings.

To conclude, the essence of CSR makes it difficult to evaluate the participation and actual
results of certain activities. Transparency of companies CSR initiatives is desirable,
however true incentives are difficult to examine. CSR will always be an instrument to
increase companys profitability, whether it is through improved reputation or business
practise, a response to conflict situation or purely made by companys goodwill as it will
increase attractiveness amongst stakeholders, directly or indirectly. The situation where CSR
is the most beneficial to all parties, stakeholders and for the company itself is when company
is able to find solution to benefit all three bottom lines; planet, people and profit.
 [38]

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 [41]

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7. Appendices

Appendix 1

Typical Corporate and Stakeholder Issues (Clarkson 1995)

1 Company

1. 1. Company history 1.2. Industry background 1.3. Organization structure 1.4. Economic
performance 1.5. Competitive environment 1.6. Mission or purpose 1.7. Corporate codes 1.8.
Stakeholder and social issues management systems

2 Employees

2.1. General policy 2.2. Benefits 2.3. Compensation and rewards 2.4. Training and development
2.5. Career planning 2.6. Employee assistance program 2.7. Health promotion 2.8. Absenteeism and
turnover 2.9. Leaves of absence 2.10. Relationships with unions 2.11. Dismissal and appeal 2.12.
Termination, layoff, and redundancy 2.13. Retirement and termination counseling 2.14.
Employment equity and discrimination 2.15. Women in management and on the board 2.16. Day
care and family accommodation 2.17. Employee communication 2.18. Occupational health and
safety 2.19. Part-time, temporary, or contract employees 2.20. Other employee or human resource
issues

3 Shareholders

3.1. General policy 3.2. Shareholder communications and complaints 3.3. Shareholder advocacy
3.4. Shareholder rights 3.5. Other shareholder issues

4 Customers

4.1. General policy 4.2. Customer communications 4.3. Product safety 4.4. Customer complaints
4.5. Special customer services 4.6. Other customer issues

5 Suppliers

5.1. General policy 5.2. Relative power 5.3. Other supplier issues
6 Public Stakeholders

6.1. Public health, safety, and protection 6.2. Conservation of energy and materials 6.3.
Environmental assessment of capital projects 6.4. Other environmental issues 6.5. Public policy
involvement 6.6. Community relations 6.7. Social investment and donations

Appendix 2
Nike awards 2007-2012 (Source: http://nikeinc.com/)

2012

CLIMATE COUNTS

Dec. 2012 -- For the sixth straight year, NIKE, Inc. earned the No. 1 ranking in the Apparel/Accessories
sector in the Climate Counts performance rankings. Nike is one of the five highest-ranked companies --
including Unilever, UPS, Levi Strauss and L'Oreal -- who showed year-over-year revenue growth from 2010
to 2011 while reducing their total emissions across some or all of their business units,

2011

CLIMATE COUNTS

Dec. 2011 -- NIKE, Inc. has once again ranked highly on Climate Counts' annual scorecard of companies
addressing sustainability and climate change. Nike ranks as a leader in the Apparel/Accessories sector in
implementing strategies that align with our core businesses, supply chain, and how customers use our
products. Read the full scorecard here.

FOREST FOOTPRINT DISCLOSURE PROJECT

Feb. 2012 -- the Forest Footprint Disclosure project and the National Wildlife Federation released their 2011
disclosure survey, asking companies whether they use products linked to deforestation and what they're
doing about it. NIKE, Inc. leads the way in demonstrating that sustainability is good business.

HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGN

2011 -- For the ninth consecutive year, the Human Rights Campaign (HRC) has named Nike one of the best
American companies for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender workers. Nike scored 100, the best possible.
CERES-ACCA

May 11, 2011 -- Ceres and the Association for Chartered Certified Accountants gave Nike the award for best
sustainability reporting at the Ceres conference in Oakland.

AMERICAN CARBON REGISTRY

March 25, 2011 -- ACR gave Nike the Commitment to Quality award for leadership demonstrated in
mitigating the companys climate impact.

CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY MAGAZINE

March 3, 2011 -- The magazine unveiled the 12th annual 100 Best Corporate Citizens List, featuring Nike
at number 10 on the list.

2010

NEWSWEEK 2010 GREEN RANKINGS

October 18, 2010 -- Newsweek's 2010 Green Rankings is a data-driven assessment of the largest companies
in the U.S. and in the world. In the industry of consumer goods, Nike was rated number 1 for the green
score and number 2 for the reputation score.

WASTE MANAGEMENT

2010 - Waste Management gave Nike World Headquarters the 2010 Innovation and Sustainability Award,
acknowledging how Nike has integrated sustainability into its operations.

MAPLECROFT CLIMATE INNOVATION INDEX

October 2010 - Nike ranks #25 out of the top 350 U.S. companies on Maplecroft's 2010 Climate Innovation
Index.

ETHISPHERE INSTITUTE

2010 - The Ethisphere Institute named Nike as one of the Worlds Most Ethical Companies for 2010. The
Institute recognizes organizations that promote ethical business standards and practices by going beyond
legal minimums, introducing innovative ideas benefiting the public and forcing their competitors to follow
suit.

CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY MAGAZINE

March 2010 - Corporate Responsibility Magazine (the new name of CRO Magazine) released the 11th
annual 100 Best Corporate Citizens List March 2, featuring Nike on the list.
WORKING MOTHER

March 2010 - Magazine names Nike to list of companies who are following green paths, implementing
recycling programs and reducing their carbon footprints.

2009

INNOVEST/CORPORATE KNIGHTS INC.

2009 - Innovest Strategic Value Advisors and Corporate Knights Inc. identified the 100 Most Sustainable
Companies in the globe for 2009. Companies were evaluated based on how effectively they manage
environmental, social and governance risks and opportunities, relative to their industry peer.

2008

FORTUNE'S MOST ADMIRED COMPANIES

2008 -- For the third consecutive year, Nike was ranked as the Most Admired Company in America in the
Apparel industry. Nike was second behind Apple in Innovation in the rankings of more than 300 companies.
Nike also topped the industry in social responsibility, financial soundness and long-term investment.

RUNNING USA AND YOUTHRUNNER.COM

Feb. 12, 2008 -- Running USA and YouthRunner.com named the Nike 5K for Kids Series the Youth
Program Contributor of the Year.

2007

WORLD WILDLIFE FUND

2007 -- As a founding partner of the Climate Savers Program, Nike attained its company-wide target,
achieving annual CO2 emissions reductions 13 percent below 1998 levels by the end of 2005.

SB20

2007 -- Nike claimed the only spot in our industry for the 2007 Sustainable Business list of the Worlds Top
Sustainable Stocks.

I.D. MAGAZINE

2007 -- Three Nike products have been recognized by I.D. magazine in its 2007 Best Of Consumer Product
category: Nikes Revolutionary Support Sports Bra, the Considered 2K5 shoe and Nike+ Air Zoom Moire.

BUSINESS WEEK
2007 -- Nike placed #55 on BusinessWeeks 2007 Top 100 Places to Launch A Career list. Students gave us
even higher marks ranking us #14 based on a survey of 44,000 undergraduates. All 100 companies are
featured online.

FORTUNE MAGAZINE

2006, 2007, 2008 -- Nike has been recognized three times by FORTUNE magazine on its "100 Best
Companies To Work For" list for employee benefits like paid sabbaticals, on-site childcare, and a 50 percent
discount on company products, as well as for corporate responsibility efforts in addressing conditions in
overseas contract factories.
Appendix 3

Nike Code of Conduct (Source: http://nikeinc.com/)