RNP/RNAV

Training Course

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1. DEFINITIONS

What is RNAV?
RNAV (Area Navigation) is a navigation techniques.
It enables aircraft to fly on any desired flight path within
the coverage of ground-or-space-based navigation aids.

NDB

VOR/DME

VOR/DME

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1. DEFINITIONS

What is RNAV?
The aircraft position is calculated by the RNAV system
using inputs from one or more of the following: e.g.
o DME/DME (Distance Measuring Equipment);
o VOR/DME;
o GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System); or
o IRS/INS (Inertial Reference System/Inertial
Navigation System).

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RNP/RNAV Training Programme

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1. DEFINITIONS

Precision of RNAV

The best precision for the RNAV system is obtained by

the use of
o DME/DME; unfortunately the range of DME is
limited;
o GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System); and
o VOR/DME
o INS (or IRS) with updating or limited to 2 hours
after last on-ground position update.

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1. DEFINITIONS

RNAV system

RNAV routes are defined by Waypoints defined by

coordinates.
These routes can follow any desired path and are not
constrained by the position of ground based NAVAIDS.

PO 123
N 49 23 12
E 02 18 05

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1. DEFINITIONS

RNAV route using DME/DME

Position is estimated by the ranges from 2 suitably
situated DME.

RAN
DME GE
RANGE

DME

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1. DEFINITIONS

RNAV route using GPS

GPS position is determined by:
A constellation of 24 satellites in 6 orbital planes
(at least 4 satellites are necessary to get a 3
dimensional position)
Ground stations used to control the satellites and
updates the information.

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1. DEFINITIONS
RNAV route using GPS: Differential GPS (DGPS)

Uncorrected
GPS position

Differential Uncorrected GPS

correction ground position

Data Link
Precisely
surveyed
antenna
Measured position
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Error

1. DEFINITIONS
Aircraft Navigation

Only aircraft equipped with an RNAV system can

navigate effectively to these waypoints;
RNAV system include:
o Flight management system and a Data Base;
o Navigation Display.

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1. DEFINITIONS

Aircraft Navigation (Cont.)

All inputs into RNAV are made via the CDU;
The database include all the navaids, intersections
and different navigation information;
The database is only valid for 28 days;
Presentation is made on the PFD;
Deviation displayed is a distance from the planned
flight-path: 1 dot = 1 NM (in approach 1 dot = 0.25
NM).

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1. DEFINITIONS

What is RNP?
RNP (Required Navigation Performance) is RNAV with
the addition of an onboard performance monitoring and
alerting capability.

X NM

X NM

Track accuracy = + or X NM for 95% of flight time

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1. DEFINITIONS

What is RNP?

According ICAO Annex 6 definition:

RNP is a statement of the navigation performance

necessary for operation within a defined airspace.

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1. DEFINITIONS

What is RNP?

RNP is a generic term designating airspace, route(s),

leg(s), operations(s) or procedures where minimum
required navigational performance has been
established;
The acronym RNP is always followed by a number:
i.e. RNP 5 or RNP 12.

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1. DEFINITIONS

What is RNP?

RNP is a level of navigation performance expressed in

nautical miles.
The RNP defines the width of the airspace corridor
required for the procedure.
The RNP uses the aircrafts FMS to integrate
numerous sources of position data.

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2. CONCEPT AND APPLICATION OF RNP

Operations in RNP area:

Aircraft operating in those areas must be equipped
to achieve the required navigation performance ;
Operational procedures must be approved by the
Authority; and
The flight crew must be trained accordingly.

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2. CONCEPT AND APPLICATION OF RNP

State of the operator obligation:

The operator must show that:
o Safe operations can be conducted within the
area of operation;
o Facilities and services necessary to conduct
the operations are available and serviceable
during period when their use is required.

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2. CONCEPT AND APPLICATION OF RNP

RNAV operations within RNP concept:

Permit flight in any airspace within prescribed
accuracy tolerances without the need to fly directly
over ground-based navigation facilities.

NDB

VOR/DME

VOR/DME

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2. CONCEPT AND APPLICATION OF RNP

RNAV operations provide a number of

advantages:
More direct routes reducing flight distances;
Dual or parallel routes for greater flow of en-route
traffic;
By-pass route for aircraft over-flying high-density
terminal areas;
Alternatives or contingency routes;
Optimum location for holding patterns; and
Reduction of ground-based navigation facilities.

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2. CONCEPT AND APPLICATION OF RNP

In addition RNAV operations provide:

An improvement of air safety by a navigation more

accurate; and
A benefit due to the reduction of flight time.

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3. IMPLEMENTATION OF B-RNAV

Basic RNAV (B-RNAV)

In operation for Eurocontrol en-route Air Traffic
Services (ATS) routes since 1998;
Basic RNAV system [ 5NM during 95% of total
flight time];
Mandatory for IFR operations at all en-route flight
levels;
B-RNAV not intended for Terminal Control Area
(TMA) operations.

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3. IMPLEMENTATION OF B-RNAV

Precision RNAV (P-RNAV)

Precision RNAV (P-RNAV) is fully suitable for en-

route and/or TMA operations as well.
Aircraft equipped and certified with a Precision
RNAV system [1NM during 95% of total flight time]
may operate on P-RNAV SIDs and STARs.
Note: B-RNAV and P-RNAV are RNAV applications
specific to Europe only.

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3. IMPLEMENTATION OF B-RNAV
Aircraft capability:

FUNCTIONS B-RNAV P-RNAV

Continuous indication of aircraft relative to track (ND)

Display of distance/bearing to active (TO) waypoint
Display of groundspeed or time to active waypoint
Minimum number of waypoints stored 4 10
Automatic channel selection of NAVAIDS

Required Recommended
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3. IMPLEMENTATION OF B-RNAV
Aircraft capability (Cont.):

FUNCTIONS B-RNAV P-RNAV

Failure indication of RNAV system and sensors

2D Navigation (LNAV)
Navigational database
DIRECT TO capability
Automatic leg sequencing and associated turn
anticipation

Required Recommended
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3. IMPLEMENTATION OF B-RNAV

Basic RNAV (B-RNAV)

B-RNAV is the solution adopted by ECAC to deal
with the increase amount of traffic;
B-RNAV refer to RNAV i.e. aircraft may fly on any
desired flight path within the coverage of ground-or-
space-based navigation aids;
B-RNAV is RNP 5. The precision of navigation
adopted is 5NM during 95% of total flight time.

NON R-NAV R-NAV

DME DME

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 3. IMPLEMENTATION OF B-RNAV

Basic RNAV (B-RNAV) (Cont.)

On 23 April 1998, B-RNAV became mandatory as
the primary means of navigation in all ECAC en-
route airspace;
B-RNAV applies to all IFR flights in this airspace;
Initial portion of departure procedure is non-RNAV
up to a conventional fix beyond which the B-RNAV
procedure is provided;
The B-RNAV portion of an arrival route terminates at
a conventional fix and the the arrival is completed
by an alternative final approach procedure.

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4. IMPLEMENTATION OF RNP-RNAV

RNP-RNAV
RNP-RNAV is the ultimate goal;
After B-RNAV and P-RNAV;
Functionality and integrity for all phases of flight;
With track keeping accuracy applicable to
prescribed RNP values (RNP 0.3 and RNP 0.1);
Mandate foreseen in 2010.

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3. IMPLEMENTATION OF B-RNAV
1998 2002 2005 2015

B-RNAV RNP - RNAV

B-RNAV mandatory RNP1 mandatory

Nav Accuracy RNP1 optional 4D RNAV ?

En-route
B-RNAV routes Random RNAV
Application

TMA RNP5 mandatory RNP1 procedures

Enable RNP1 TMA mandatory
Application
procedures

NAV VOR/DME +DME/DME DME

infrastructure
GNSS 1 GNSS 2

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4. RNAV OPERATIONS

Waypoints are defined by latitude and longitude

instead of conventional design (radial/DME,
intersections of radials, NDB etc.)
SID P-RNAV

En-route B-RNAV

STAR P-RNAV

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4. RNAV OPERATIONS

Waypoint designation

Former designation New designation

Initial Approach Waypoint
Initial Approach Fix
(IAWP)
Intermediate Approach
Intermediate Fix
waypoint (IWP)
Final Approach Waypoint
Final Approach Fix
(FAWP)

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4. RNAV OPERATIONS

Waypoint designation (Cont.)

3 categories of waypoints:
Strategic waypoints used on route navigation i.e.
DETSO or ROXEN;
Tactical waypoints used on SIDs and STARs
expressed by the 2 latest letters of airport ICAO
identifier and a number (i.e. PG123 or LL456);
Unnamed Waypoints necessary for designing a SID
or a STAR expressed by a letter, a radial and a
distance expressed by a letter (i.e. D225G G
correspond to 7NM).
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4. RNAV OPERATIONS

RNAV Waypoint points

2 types of waypoints:
Fly-by waypoints better suited for the FMS
navigation but requires larger protected area;
Fly-over waypoints for MAP, Holding points, FAWP.

Fly-by WPT Fly-over WPT

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4. RNAV OPERATIONS

Path terminators for RNAV design

7 path terminators are allowed for RNAV
procedures:
LL 123 (Fly-over WPT)
800 FT

FA DF LL 124
Course from FIX Direct to FIX (Fly-by WPT)
to altitude
TF
Track to Fix

LL 125
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(Fly-by WPT)

4. RNAV OPERATIONS

Path terminators for RNAV design (Cont.)

From To
Next Leg
IF Initial Fix TF Track to Fix
Start of a procedure Computed between 2 coordinates
To
CRS 090
2000 FT
FA Course from Fix to altitude DF Direct to Fix
Maintain course until altitude reached From previous terminator direct to Fix
CRS 090
CF Course to Fix
As inbound on VOR radial
HF Holding pattern to Fix

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4. RNAV OPERATIONS

Minimum check of SID and STAR:

Compare with the chart for confirmation.

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4. RNAV OPERATIONS

Contingency procedures in RNAV airspace

In case of Loot of ability to navigate
according to R-NAV requirements
o Inform ATC;
o Leave R-NAV airspace; or
o If traffic situation permits, continue with
restrictions such as Radar vectors.

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Thank you for

your ATTENTION

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