SEWER

APPURTENANCES
In order to make the process of construction easy and to have
efficient working and maintenance
1. Catch basins 6. Inlets
2. Cleanouts 7. Inverted siphons
3. Drop manholes 8. Lampholes
4. Flushing tank 9. Manholes
5. Grease and oil traps 10. Storm water regulators
Catch basin

A catch basin is a structure in the form of a chamber which is

provided along the sewer line to admit or allow the clear rain water
free from silt, grit, debris etc into the combined water.

Purpose:
To prevent the entry of silt, grit,
debris etc contained in the rain water
To prevent the sewer gas.
Clean-outs

A clean out is an inclined pipe which is connected to the underground

sewer. The other end of the clean out pipe is brought up to ground
level & covered.
Working :
The water is forced
through clean out pipe to
the lateral sewers to
remove the obstacles in
the sewer lines.
Drop manholes

Drop manhole is constructed to provide a connection between the

high level branch sewer to the extent of about 500mm to 600mm
above the main sewer to the low-level main sewer with a minimum
amount of disturbance.
Flushing tank

A flushing tank is a device or an arrangement which is made to hold

and then to through water into the sewer for the purpose of flushing
it.
Grease and oil traps

These are the traps or chambers which are provided on the sewer
line to exclude grease and oil from sewage before it enters the sewer
line.

Principle:
The grease and oil are light in
weight and float on the
surface of sewer. Hence, if
outlet draws the sewage
from lower level, the oil &
grease are excluded.
Inlets

An inlet is an opening through which storm water and surface wash

flowing along the streets are admitted and conveyed to the storm
water sewer or combined sewer by means of pipe.
Inverted siphons

An inverted siphon is a sewer section which is constructed lower

than the adjacent sewer sections and which runs full under gravity
with pressure greater than the atmosphere.

Purpose:
Is to carry the sewer line below obstructions such as ground
depressions, streams, rivers, railways etc.
Lampholes

An opening or hole constructed in a sewer for the purpose of

lowering a lamp inside it.

Purpose:
Provided in a sewer length
where a manhole cannot be
provided to achieve
inspection, flushing,
ventilation.
Manholes

They are used for inspection & cleaning. They are placed when there
is
1. Change in direction.
2. Change in pipe slope.
3. Change in pipe size.
Intervals between manholes: 90-150m (300-500ft.)

Depending of their depth, the manholes may be classified as:

Shallow manholes is about 0.7 to 0.9 m in depth, and is
constructed at the start of a branch sewer or at places, which are
not subjected to heavy traffic. Such a manhole is provided with a light
cover at its top, and is called an inspection chamber.
Normal manholes is about 1.5 m in depth and is constructed either
square (1m x 1m) or rectangular (1.2m x 1m) in cross section. Its
section is not reduced. It is provided with heavy cover at its top.
Deep manholes is
having depth more than
1.5m. The section of such a
manhole is generally not
kept the same. The size in
the upper portion is
reduced by providing an
offset.
Storm water regulators

The structures constructed to the divert part of sewage in case of

combined sewers are known as the storm water regulators and they
come into operation when the discharge exceeds a certain value.
Objective :
To divert the excess
storm water to the
natural river or
stream.
Ventilation of sewer
Various gases are produced in the sewers due to decomposition of
organic materials of sewage. These gases are foul in nature, cause
harm to human health and corrode the sewers reducing their life.
The gases so produced are highly explosive and in high
concentration nay cause fatal accidents.

Methods of ventilation:
Laying sewer lines at proper gradient.-This helps in maintaining
self-cleaning velocity.
Running sewers at 2/3rd full
Providing manholes with gratings
Proper house drainage
Providing ventilating columns or shafts.
SEWAGE PUMPS
The pumps are required for water supply works. In a similar way, the
pumps are also required for sanitary works.

Types of sewage pumps

1. Centrifugal pumps
2. Reciprocating pumps
3. Propeller or axial flow pumps
4. Air pressure pumps or air ejectors or pneumatic ejectors
Rural sanitation
Night soil disposal without water carriage

Types of privies or latrines without water carriage system

1. Aqua or wet privies

2. Bore-hole privies
3. Pail or tub privies
4. Pit privies
5. Trench privies
Aqua or wet privies
In aqua or wet privy, three chambers are constructed. The end of
pan is taken about 100mm deep in water to provide a water seal.

The night soil smoothly falls into first

chamber and it is decomposed under
anaerobic conditions. The gases formed
during the decomposition are allowed to
escape into the atmosphere through the
vent pipe provided in the second
chamber.
In the second chamber, the aerobic bacteria attack the organic
matter. The first and second chambers are of equal capacity and the
sludge is generally removed once in 2years or so.

The third chamber is of small size and it is filled with clinker. The
effluent while rising through the clinker gets purified and it can be
used for farming or gardening or can be directly disposed off in
nearby water courses.
Bore-hole privies
A hole of about 200mm to 400mm in diameter is dug in the ground
with the help of an earth auger. The depth varies from 3m to 5m
should be 1m above the water table.

The depth of hole keeps the flies away

and the odour is eliminated to certain
extent.

When the bore is nearly filled, it is closed

after dumping a layer of earth over it.

Unhygienic.
Pail or tub privies
The night soil is collected in iron pails or tubs which are usually of
size 400mm X 300mm X 200mm. The tubs contains few holes at the
bottom for ablution water.
The contents of the tubs are
usually removed once in a day by
the labourers specially employed
for this purpose.
Pit privies
Trenches or pits are excavated into the ground to work as
receptacles of human excreta. Width 200mm to 250mm; depth
600mm to 2500mm.

Very temporary in nature can be used for small camps.

Trench privies
A long trench of about 60mm width and depth 400mm to 600mm I
excavated and covered with wooden planks.

Sanitary condition is maintained by spreading lime powder over the

excreta and covering with sand daily after use.

Very temporary in nature for

occasions which are to last for few
days such as festivals, fairs etc.
Rural sanitation
Rural sanitation development or maintenance of sanitary
conditions in rural areas, where the following two conditions are
absent.
- piped water supply and sewerage system of waste
disposal.

Aspects of rural sanitation

1. Collection and disposal of dry refuse
2. Collection and disposal of sullage
3. Disposal of night soil
4. Supply of potable or wholesome water for domestic use.
House drainage
- TRAPS
- SANITARY FITTINGS
- SYSTEMS OF PLUMBING
- SEWERAGE LAYOUT
TRAPS
Traps are defined as fittings at the end of soil pipes of waste pipes to
prevent foul gases coming out of the soil pipe/ waste pipe

A trap is a depressed or bent sanitary

fitting which always remains full of
water (water seal). The function of a
trap is to prevent the entry of bad
smelling gases into the house. The
effectiveness depends upon the depth
of water seal, which varies from 25 to
75mm
Requirements of good trap:
1. It should be capable of being easily cleaned.
2. It should be easily fixed with the drain.
3. It should be of simple construction.
4. It should possess self-cleansing property.
5. It should posses adequate water seal to fulfill the purpose of
installation.
6. It should be free from any inside projection which are likely to
obstruct the passage of flow of sewage.
7. The internal and external surfaces should be of smooth finish.
Types of traps - Classification according to shape
a. P-trap.
b. Q-trap.
c. S-trap.
P- trap
As its name suggests, the p-trap
vaguely resembles the letter "p" when
turned on its side. The legs of the trap are
at right angles to each other.

P-traps exit into the wall behind the

sink
S- trap
The "S" shape traps water so that odours
from the sewer don't come up through the drain.

The benefit from the shape is that it can trap

heavier objects, such as rings, that fall into the
drain.
It is used for fixing water closets in
toilets
The difference between P trap and S
trap is that P trap is used for outlet
through the wall where as S trap is used
for outlet through the floor.
Q- trap
This trap is used in toilet under water
closet. It is almost similar to S trap and is
used in upper storey other than ground
floor.
Types of traps - Classification according to use
a. Floor trap.
b. Gully trap.
c. Intercepting trap.
Floor trap
NAHANI TRAP/FLOOR TRAP is provided in the floor to collect waste
water from washbasin, shower, sink and bathroom etc.

These are available in cast iron or UPVC material and have

removable grating (JALI) on the top of the trap, to prevent the entry
of solid matter.
Gully trap
These traps are constructed
outside the building to carry waste
water discharge from washbasin,
sinks, bathroom etc. and are
connected to the nearest building It is advisable to provide
drain/sewer so that foul gases from separate gully trap for sullage
sewer do not come to the house. and soil wastes
These are deep seal traps, the depth of
water seal should be 50 mm minimum. It also
prevents the entry of cockroach and other
insects from sewer line to waste pipes
carrying waste water.
The gully trap forms the
starting point of horizontal flow
of sewage.

Usually located near the

external face of wall and it is
kept slightly higher in line with
pavement or ground level.

The gully trap leads the sewage either to the sewage or to the
inspection chamber or to the manhole
Intercepting trap
This trap is provided at the last main hole of building sewerage to
prevent entry of foul gases from public sewer to building sewer. It
has a deepwater seal of 100 mm.

The main idea of providing the

intercepting sewer trap is to
prevent the entry of sewer gases
from public sewer line into the
house drains.
SOME DEFINITION

Anti-siphonage pipe The pipe used in the house

drainage to preserve the water seal of traps is
known as the antisiphonage. It maintains proper
ventilation and does not allow the siphonic action to
take place.
Cowl - The top of vent pipe is provided with
cowls so that the birds may not build their
nests. The cowls are provided with slits or
narrow openings.
Fresh air inlet The last manhole which
connects the house drain with the public
sewer is provided with an inlet of fresh air to
dilute the sewage gases.
Soil pipe The pipe which carries discharges from soil fittings
such as urinals, water closets etc.

Vent pipe The pipe installed for the purpose of ventilation is

known as vent pipe through which foul gases escape into
atmosphere.

Waste pipe The pipe which carries discharges from sanitary

fittings such as bathrooms, kitchens, sinks etc.

Rain water pipe It is a pipe which carries only the rain water.
Page no.427
SANITARY FITTINGS
The sanitary fittings are required in house drainage for the efficient
collection and removal of waste water from the house to the house
drain. The following are some of the sanitary fittings.

1. Bath tubs
2. Drinking fountains
3. Flushing cisterns
4. Sinks
5. Urinals
6. Wash basins
7. Water closets
Sanitary appliances are divided into two main groups:
Waste appliances ( wash basins, sinks, showers / baths
tubs, drinking fountains )
Soil appliances ( water closet, urinal ).

SANITARY APPLIANCES DESIGN REQUIREMENT

A sanitary appliance should be designed so that its fouling area is
reduced to the minimum and should have durable, easily cleaned and
non-absorbent surface.
All sanitary appliances are made of non-absorbent, non-corroding,
smooth and easily cleaned material and usually made from ceramic
ware, vitreous enameled cast iron, vitreous enameled pressed steel,
stainless steel or plastics (thermosetting and thermoplastic).
SYSTEMS OF PLUMBING
The four principal systems adopted in plumbing of drainage works in
a building are:

1. Single stack system

2. One-pipe system
3. One-pipe system partially ventilated
4. Two-pipe system
SINGLE STACK
SYSTEM
In the system all the soil and waste water
are discharged into one common pipe. The
pipe, in addition also acts as a vent pipe.
Only single pipe acts as soil pipe waste
pipe and ventilation pipe. This is poorly
ventilated system.
It is simple system and easy to construct.
Risk of water seal breaking in the trap is
high because of induced siponage.
Waste or air of the waste pipe may be
forced up due to back pressure.
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
In this system, a separate vent
pipe is added and hence it is more
effective than the single stack
system.

This system largely replaces the

two pipe system and let itself very
well to use in multistorey
developments. It is far more
economical than the two pipe
system.
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
(partially ventilated)
There is one soil pipe and all the
waste matter are discharged in this
pipe.

In addition, there is a relief vent

pipe which provided ventilation only to
the traps of water closet.
This is economical system. It is
required to maintain water seal of 75
mm or more. It has simple
arrangement of pipe.
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
In this system, two sets of
pipes are laid soil pipe and
waste pipe. Separate vents for
both requires 4 pipes.

It is efficient system but

costlier than other systems.