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    Experiment No - 4 Problem Definition:: - F Ls /' Ls - R

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    Amitabh Kumar
    The document discusses basic Linux commands like ls, cat, tac, sort, head, tail, and grep. It explains that these commands can be used to list, concatenate, sort, and search files. It then discusses shell programming, noting that shell scripts allow automation of common tasks by executing a series of commands. To create a shell script, you write commands in a text file, make it executable, and run it to execute the series of commands. A simple example shell script is provided that changes the directory, lists files, and returns an exit code.

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    Experiment No - 4 Problem Definition:: - F Ls /' Ls - R

    Uploaded by

    Amitabh Kumar
    32 views6 pages
    The document discusses basic Linux commands like ls, cat, tac, sort, head, tail, and grep. It explains that these commands can be used to list, concatenate, sort, and search files. It then discusses shell programming, noting that shell scripts allow automation of common tasks by executing a series of commands. To create a shell script, you write commands in a text file, make it executable, and run it to execute the series of commands. A simple example shell script is provided that changes the directory, lists files, and returns an exit code.

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    RAJAT OS 4,5

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    The document discusses basic Linux commands like ls, cat, tac, sort, head, tail, and grep. It explains that these commands can be used to list, concatenate, sort, and search files. It then discusses shell programming, noting that shell scripts allow automation of common tasks by executing a series of commands. To create a shell script, you write commands in a text file, make it executable, and run it to execute the series of commands. A simple example shell script is provided that changes the directory, lists files, and returns an exit code.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    32 views6 pages

    Experiment No - 4 Problem Definition:: - F Ls /' Ls - R

    Uploaded by

    Amitabh Kumar
    The document discusses basic Linux commands like ls, cat, tac, sort, head, tail, and grep. It explains that these commands can be used to list, concatenate, sort, and search files. It then discusses shell programming, noting that shell scripts allow automation of common tasks by executing a series of commands. To create a shell script, you write commands in a text file, make it executable, and run it to execute the series of commands. A simple example shell script is provided that changes the directory, lists files, and returns an exit code.

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    OS(CSP-210)

    EXPERIMENT NO - 4

    PROBLEM DEFINITION :

    Linux commands are executable binary files which can be ran to perform certain tasks, like for
    example listing the files in a directory running an entire graphical application.

    OBJECTIVE : To study and learn basic linux commands


    .
    1. ls ,ls-a , ls-F , ls-r command :-
    ls -a: List all files including hidden file starting with .
    ls F: Using -F option with ls command, will add the / Character at the end each
    directory.
    Ls r: The following command with ls -r option display files and directories in reverse
    order.

    2. Cat and tac Command:- Cat command is a well known Unix utility that reads files
    sequentially. Writing them to conventional output.Tac (that is cat backwards)
    concatenates every record to traditional output much like the cat command. However in
    opposite: line-by means of-line, printing the last line first.

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    3. Sort command:- sort is a simple and very useful command which will rearrange the
    lines in a text file so that they are sorted, numerically and
    alphabetically.

    4. Head and Tail command:- The Linux head and tail commands are very similar.The
    head command command prints lines from the beginning of a file (head),and the tail
    command prints lines from the end of files.

    5. The wc command:- The wc (word count) command in Unix/Linux operating systems is


    used to find out number of newline count, word count, byte and characters count in a
    files specified by the file arguments.To count number of newlines in a file use the
    option -l.Using -w argument with wc command prints the number of words in a
    file.When using options -c with wc command will print the total number of

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    charactersr in a file.

    6. The grep command:- As grep prints out lines from the file by the pattern / string you had
    given.When you do the following export you will get the highlighting of the matched
    searches. When you want to display the lines which does not matches the given
    string/pattern, use the option grep -v .

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    EXPERIMENT:-6

    Problem definition: Shell programming is a basic skill that every UNIX System Administrator
    should have. The Systems Administrator must be able to read and write shell programs because

    there are many tasks that can and should be quickly automated by using shell programs,
    many software products come with install scripts that have to be modified for your
    system before they will work.

    Objective: To study shell programming.

    What is a shell program?

    Simply put, a shell program (sometimes called a shell script) is a text file that contains standard
    UNIX and shell commands. Each line in a shell program contains a single UNIX command
    exactly as if you had typed them in yourself. The difference is that you can execute all the
    commands in a shell program simply by running the shell program (rather than typing all the
    commands within).

    Shell programs are interpreted and not compiled programs. This means when you run a shell
    program a child shell is started. This child shell reads each line in the shell program and carries
    out the command on that line. When it has read all the commands the child shell finishes.

    Support for programming

    To be truly useful a programming language must provide the following services

    comments,
    variables,
    conditional commands, and
    repeated action commands.

    Creating a shell program

    To create a shell program you need to complete the following steps:

    create a text file to hold the shell program


    decide which shell you will use
    add the required commands to the file
    save the file
    change the permissions on the file so it is executable
    run the shell program

    Add the commands

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    The next step is to add the commands you wish the shell program to perform. The commands can
    be any standard UNIX or shell command. Of course any shell commands you use must be
    supported by the shell that will interpret your shell program.

    Make the file executable

    Once you've added all the commands you can then save the file. In order to execute a shell
    program both the read and execute permissions must be set. By default when you save a text file
    the execute file permission will not be set. You will have to set this manually.

    Running a shell program

    By default a shell reads commands from standard input. This is the mode of operation you are
    use to. It is also possible for the shell to read commands from a file. For example

    unx1:~$ sh files
    will start a new shell but rather than reading commands from standard input the shell will read its
    commands from the file called files. (created in the example in the previous section).

    Executing a shell program

    The other method to execute a shell program is to enter its name in the same way as you would
    execute any other command. For example to run the files shell script you would simply type

    unx1:~$ files

    Shell program names

    A common mistake for many new shell programmers is to create a shell program called test and
    then wonder why it doesn't work as expected.

    Execute the following command

    /usr/bin/which test

    Do you see the problem? There is already a command called test and it is the command that is
    usually found first when you try to run a command called test. Use which when you have a
    question as to whether you are running the correct shell program.

    Some Basic Commands

    For output, use "print" or "echo":


    $ print "Hello World"
    Hello World
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    At the end of your script, use "return N" to give a specific return value, as in this script:
    #!/usr/local/bin/ksh
    print "Hello World"
    return 0
    You can use the built-in variable $? to access the exit status of the previously run
    command. If the above script were HelloScript:
    $ HelloScript
    $ print $?
    0

    A Simple Example

    Creating a simple shell script (you could do this with vi):


    $ cat > gohome
    #!/usr/local/bin/ksh
    cd ~
    ls -F
    ^D
    Change file permissions:
    $ chmod a+x gohome
    Run it:

    $ gohome

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