SERV1813 - 44 - Text Reference

02/06

3 10
2
1
5
7

8
6
4

37

Main Hydraulic Pumps

The 345C main hydraulic pump group has two variable displacement piston pumps inside a
common housing, in a side-by-side configuration. The pumps are rated at 360 L/min
(95 gpm) each. The pumps will be referred to as the right (drive) pump and the left (idler)
pump throughout this presentation. The right pump is driven by the engine via a flexible
coupling. The left pump is driven by the right pump through a gear train. The number of teeth
on the gear of the right pump is one tooth less than the gear of the left pump in order to reduce
harmonics in the hydraulic system. The difference in rotational speed due to the gearing has no
significant impact on the machine performance or flow output. There is an internally mounted
centrifugal charge pump.

The pilot pump (1) is mounted on the main hydraulic pump case. The pilot pump draws oil
from the pump case and sends it to the pilot filter (6), then to the pilot system.

The power shift proportional reducing solenoid valve (PSPRV) (2) is mounted on the top and
front of the pump case. The PSPRV uses pilot oil as a control signal to the pumps. Power shift
pressure can be checked at tap (9).

The pump regulators (3) and (10) are mounted on top of the pump case. Each rotating group
has its own regulator. The regulators are used to regulate the output flow of the pumps based
upon flow demands.

The left (4) and right (5) pumps each have their own output pressure taps (7) and (8). Pressure
sensors for each pump are located directly behind the output pressure taps.

Two case drain filters are located behind the pilot filter.
SERV1813 - 45 - Text Reference
02/06

The output signal from the machine electronic control module to the PSPRV will change when
the machine electronic control module detects a change in engine speed. The power shift
pressure will change in order to regulate the maximum allowable hydraulic pump output.
When the hydraulic pump output is controlled, the desired engine speed is maintained.

When the engine speed increases above the full load setting, due to decreased hydraulic
horsepower demand, the power shift pressure will decrease in order to allow more pump flow.
A decrease in power shift pressure causes the swashplate to increase its angle, or as it is more
commonly known, to upstroke. If both pumps are in operation at the same time, this condition
occurs simultaneously in both pumps, and the maximum allowable hydraulic flow output is
increased.

If the engine speed decreases below the full load setting due to hydraulic horsepower exceeding
engine horsepower, the power shift pressure will increase in order to regulate output to a level
that maximizes flow output. As the power shift pressure decreases, the angle of the swashplate
in the front pump and rear pump will decrease, or as it is commonly known, will destroke the
pump. The maximum allowable hydraulic flow output is optimized to the engine speed.

If flow from only one pump is demanded, the power shift pressure is greatly reduced so the one
pump can use full engine horsepower. If flow from both pumps is demanded, the power shift
pressure increases so both pumps can be loaded equally.
SERV1813 - 46 - Text Reference
02/06

3 4 5 C PUMP INPUTS

From Right NFC Cont rol Orifice

Right Pump Cross

Sensing Signal

Left Pump Cross

Sensing Signal

Right Pump Out put

Pressure Sensor
Regulat or
P
Act uat or
Destroke
To Main Cont rol Valve
( Right Side)
Right
M
Pump
From Pilot Pump
Power
Shift
PRV
Left
Pump

38

The each pump receives four different signals to control the output flow of the pumps:

- Power shift pressure

- System pressure from that pump
- Cross-sensing pressure (from the other pump)
- Negative flow control pressure

Power Shift Pressure

The PSPRV receives a control signal from the ECM. The ECM sends an electrical signal to the
PSPRV to regulate power shift pressure in relation to the engine speed.

The power shift signal to the pump regulators enable the machine to maintain the target engine
speed for maximum productivity.
SERV1813 - 47 - Text Reference
02/06

If the engine and pump control senses that the engine is below the target speed due to a high
hydraulic load from the main pumps, the controller will increase the power shift pressure. (The
target speed is the speed the ECM reads through the engine speed sensor. The reading is taken
2.5 seconds after the implement/swing and the travel pressure switches open when the joysticks
and the travel control pilot controls are returned to NEUTRAL). As power shift pressure
increases, the regulators destroke the main pumps accordingly. This reduces the load on the
engine, and consequently enables the engine to maintain the target engine speed.

If the engine speed is above the target speed, the ECM will decrease power shift pressure,
causing the pumps to upstroke and produce more flow.

Cross-sensing Control

Each pump regulator gets a cross-sensing control from the other pump system pressure.

Negative Flow Control (NFC)

NFC is the primary controlling signal for the main pump output. The NFC signal to the main
pump regulator is generated in the main control valve group. The NFC signal is delivered to
the left and right pump regulators from the left and right halves of the main control valve
group, respectively.

When the joysticks or travel levers are in the NEUTRAL position, the oil flows from the main
pumps through the open center bypass passages of the control valves. The oil flows to the
valves and returns to the tank by way of the NFC control orifices. The restriction of the NFC
orifices causes a pressure signal to be sent to the right and left pump regulators, respectively, as
an NFC signal.

When the main pump regulators receive a high NFC signal from the main control valves, the
pumps remain at a standby output flow at or near minimum pump displacement.

When a joystick or travel lever is moved from a NEUTRAL position, the open-center passage
of the corresponding implement/travel function is closed in proportion to spool movement.
This reduces the NFC signal to the main pump regulator and the pump output flow is increased
proportionally. When the control valve is fully shifted, then NFC pressure is reduced to slow
return check valve pressure.

The use of an NFC hydraulic system maximizes efficiency of the machine by only producing
flow from the pumps when the flow is needed.

NOTE: A high NFC signal will always overcomes the horsepower control and decrease
pump flow to minimum.
SERV1813 - 48 - Text Reference
02/06

From Right NFC Cont rol Orifice

3 4 5 C HYDRAULIC PUMPS
STANDBY
Right Pump Out put
Pressure Sensor
Regulat or P
Act uat or
To Main Cont rol Valve
Right ( Right Side)
M
Pump
From Pilot Pump
Power
Shift
Left PRV
Pilot
Pump
Pump

To Main Cont rol Valve

Destroke ( Left Side)
Act uat or P
To Pilot Syst em Regulat or
From Tank Left Pump Out put
Pressure Sensor

To Case Drain Filt er

From Left NFC Cont rol Orifice

39

This illustration shows the pumps in STANDBY condition. Each pump regulator senses the
Negative Flow Control (NFC) signal, the power shift pressure, the cross sensing pressure, and
the system pressure for that pump. The regulator will upstroke or destroke the pumps to
maintain the pump flow depending on the conditions the regulator senses.

The regulator controls oil pressure to the right side of the actuator. This controls the angle of
the pump swashplate.

The left pump supplies oil to the following valves:

- straight travel valve

- left travel control valve
- swing control valve
- stick I control valve
- boom II control valve
- right pump negative flow control valve.
SERV1813 - 49 - Text Reference
02/06

The right pump supplies oil to the following valves:

- straight travel valve

- right travel control valve
- standard attachment control valve
- bucket control valve
- boom I control valve
- stick II control valve
- left pump negative flow control valve.
SERV1813 - 50 - Text Reference
02/06

PUMP CONTROL GROUPS Torque

Control Lever

Negative
Horsepower Flow Control
Control Sleeve Lever

Horsepower
Control Spool

Horsepower
Control Section

Torque
Control Section Negative Flow
Control Spool
Maximum
Torque
Control Feedback Lever
Piston

Servo Pistons

Torque Control Rod

Minimum

40

Pump Controls

This illustration shows the three separate control sections of the pump control group.
Individual parts are also shown. The three control sections are connected with a series of pins
and linkages. The separate control sections work together to regulate pump flow according to
demand and hydraulic horsepower requirements. The separate control sections direct system
pressure to and from the minimum angle end (large actuator piston) of the servo piston. The
servo piston moves the swashplate for increased or decreased pump flow. The lower end of the
feedback lever is connected to the servo piston. The feedback lever works as a follow-up
linkage to move the horsepower control spool when the servo piston moves.

The negative flow control (NFC) section works in conjunction with the horsepower control
section to destroke the swashplate when all hydraulic controls are in NEUTRAL or during
implement or travel MODULATION. The torque control section works in conjunction with the
horsepower control section to regulate pump flow while the hydraulic circuits are actuated.

Full pump system pressure is directed to the maximum angel (small) servo piston to upstroke
the pump. A regulated pressure signal is directed to the minimum angle (large) servo piston to
destroke the pump.
SERV1813 - 51 - Text Reference
02/06

PUMP CONTROLS
END VIEW
Torque Control Horsepower
Lever Control Spool

Torque Control
Feedback
Rod
Lever Pin

NFC Lever
NFC Spool

Servo Piston
Feedback Lever

Swashplate

41

This illustration shows an end sectional view of the pump controls. The NFC spool is
connected to the lower end of the NFC lever with a pin. The upper end of the NFC lever pivots
on a fixed pin in the housing. The torque control rod is connected to the lower end of the
torque control lever with a pin. The upper end of the torque control lever pivots on a fixed pin
in the housing. The upper end of the feedback lever is connected to the horsepower control
spool with a pin. The lower end of the feedback lever is connected to the servo piston.

The feedback lever pin fits tightly into the feedback lever. The feedback lever pin extends into
large holes in the torque control lever and the NFC lever. The large holes permit individual
control from the torque control lever and the NFC lever. Movement of the servo piston causes
the feedback lever to pivot on the feedback lever pin and move the horsepower control spool.
SERV1813 - 52 - Text Reference
02/06

2 3 1

8
4

6
5 7

42

This illustration shows the components of a pump control group. The NFC spool (1) is
connected to the horsepower control spool (2) by the NFC lever (3), the feedback lever pin and
the feedback lever (4). The lower end of the feedback lever is connected to the servo
piston (5). Movement of the servo piston moves the lower end of the feedback lever. The
servo piston is also connected to the pump swashplate.

The torque control piston (6) is connected to the feedback lever with the torque control rod (7),
the torque control lever (8), and a pin. The NFC lever and the torque control lever operate
independently.
SERV1813 - 53 - Text Reference
02/06

PUMP CONTROLS
STANDBY
Horsepower
Control Spool

NFC Spool
NFC
NFC Adjustment
Pressure Screw

From
NFC
Orifice Servo Piston
Minimum
Angle
Stop

43

This illustration shows the NFC portion of the pump controls. When all hydraulic control
valves are in NEUTRAL, a high NFC pressure is directed to the left end of the NFC spool. The
NFC pressure pushes the NFC spool to the right against the spring force. The NFC adjusting
screw changes the effect of the NFC pressure on the NFC spool. Turning the screw in
(clockwise) causes the NFC pressure to increase higher before the NFC spool moves. This
condition causes the pump to upstroke sooner (less modulation) when the hydraulic control
valve is ACTIVATED.

Turning the screw out (counterclockwise) causes the NFC spool to move at a lower NFC
pressure. This condition causes the pump to upstroke later (more modulation) when the
hydraulic control valve is ACTIVATED.

In the STANDBY condition, the horsepower control spool directs a signal pressure, which is
part of system pressure, to the minimum angle end of the servo piston. The increase in pressure
moves the servo piston to the right against the minimum angle stop screw. The pump flow will
remain constant until the NFC pressure from the control valve decreases.

NOTE: See Test and Adjust RENR7325 "Pump Control (Output Flow) - Adjust" for
more details.
SERV1813 - 54 - Text Reference
02/06

PUMP CONTROLS
FLOW INCREASE
Horsepower
Horsepower Control Spool Feedback Lever Pin
Control Sleeve
NFC Lever
NFC
Pressure NFC Piston

From NFC
Orifice Feedback
Lever
Maximum
Angle Stop

Minimum Angle End Maximum Angle End

of Servo Piston of Servo Piston

44

This illustration shows the pump controls at the beginning of an upstroke that was caused by a
decrease in NFC pressure. When a hydraulic control valve in the main control valve is shifted,
the NFC pressure is decreased. Due to reduced NFC pressure, spring force moves the NFC
piston to the left. The NFC piston moves the lower end of the NFC lever to the left with the
pin on the upper end of the NFC lever as the pivot point.

As the lower end of the NFC lever moves to the left, the large hole through the lever also
moves to the left. As the large hole moves to the left, spring force pulls the horsepower control
spool and the upper end of the feedback lever to the left because the feedback lever pin is
allowed to move to the left.

The minimum angle servo piston is opened to case drain through the right orifice in the
horsepower control sleeve and the right end of the horsepower control spool. System pressure
pushes the maximum angle servo piston to the left to upstroke the pump.
SERV1813 - 55 - Text Reference
02/06

As the servo piston moves, the lower end of the feedback lever moves to the left. The feedback
lever rotates clockwise with the feedback lever pin as the pivot point. The upper end of the
feedback lever pulls the horsepower control spool to the right until the right land on the
horsepower control spool reaches a balance point between the orifices through the horsepower
control sleeve. Flow to and from the minimum angle piston is metered by the horsepower
control spool and the horsepower control sleeve. The swashplate angle remains constant until
the NFC pressure is again changed.

The amount of reduction in NFC signal pressure determines the amount of pump upstroke. If
NFC pressure is reduced to minimum, the pump will upstroke until the servo piston contacts
the maximum angle stop screw.

A decrease in power shift pressure will cause an increase in flow from the pump in the same
manner as described for a decrease in system pressure, since both power shift pressure and
system pressures act on the torque control piston.
SERV1813 - 56 - Text Reference
02/06

PUMP CONTROLS
FLOW DECREASE - BEGINNING OF DESTROKE

Horsepower
Control Spool Feedback Lever Pin

Torque Control Torque Control Lever

Piston
Horsepower
Power Shift Control Spring
Pressure
Horsepower
From Power Shift
Adjustment
Solenoid
Screws
Cross-sensing Signal
From Other Pump

Torque
Control Rod

Minimum Angle End Maximum Angle End

of Servo Piston of Servo Piston

45

Pump Flow Decrease - due to increased pump load

This illustration shows the torque control piston and horsepower control spool with the pump in
the upstroked position at the beginning of DESTROKE. For the purpose of this presentation, it
is assumed that power shift pressure remains constant.
- Power shift pressure from the PRV enters the pump controls and pushes on the plug at the
left end of the torque control piston.
- System pressure from this pump enters the pump controls and goes to the right shoulder
area on the torque control piston.
- The cross-sensing signal pressure from the other pump goes to the left shoulder area on
the torque control piston.
- The combination of power shift pressure and the two system pressures push the torque
control piston to the right against the force of the horsepower control adjustment spring.
- The horsepower control spool directs the signal pressure to the minimum angle end of the
servo piston to destroke the hydraulic pump.
SERV1813 - 57 - Text Reference
02/06

The large horsepower adjustment screw regulates the pressure or point that the pump starts to
destroke (large spring adjustment). The small adjustment screw regulates the rate that the
pump destrokes (small spring adjustment).

When the system pressures and power shift pressure push the torque control piston to the right:

- The torque control rod moves to the right to compress the horsepower control springs.
- The torque control rod moves the lower end of the torque control lever to the right with
the fixed pin on the upper end of the torque control lever as the pivot point.
- The torque control lever pulls the feedback lever pin and the upper end of the feed back
lever to the right.
- The feedback lever pulls the horsepower control spool to the right against the spring
force.
- System pressure is directed around the horsepower control spool through the center
orifice of the horsepower control sleeve and to the minimum angle end of the servo
piston.
- The increase in pressure in the minimum angle piston moves the servo piston to destroke
the pump.
SERV1813 - 58 - Text Reference
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PUMP CONTROLS
FLOW DECREASE END OF DESTROKE

Orifices Feedback
Lever Pin
Feedback
Horsepower Lever
Control Spool

Minimum Angle End Maximum Angle End

of Servo Piston of Servo Piston

46

This illustration shows the pump controls at the end of DESTROKE. When the servo piston
moves toward minimum angle, the lower end of the feedback lever moves to the right turning
the lever counterclockwise with the feedback lever pin as the pivot point. The lever movement
shifts the horsepower control spool to the left so system pressure is metered through the two
orifices to and from the minimum angle end of the servo piston. Pump flow is held constant
until one of the signal pressures changes.

An increase in power shift pressure will cause a decrease in flow from the pump in the same
manner as described for an increase in system pressure since both the power shift pressure and
system pressure act on the torque control piston.