Female Criminality in India: Prevalence, Causes and Preventive Measures

International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences
Vol 10 Issue 1 January June 2015
Copyright 2015 International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences (IJCJS) Official Journal of the South Asian
Society of Criminology and Victimology (SASCV) ISSN: 0973-5089 January June 2015. Vol. 10 (1): 6576.
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commercial exploitation or the creation of derivative works without specific permission.
Female Criminality in India: Prevalence,

Causes and Preventive Measures 1
2 3 4
P. M. K. Mili, R. Perumal, and Neethu Susan Cherian
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, India
Abstract
This article deals with Female Criminality in India. The paper reviews some of the theories based on
female criminality, both early times and contemporary; and relate to the explained causes and
measures of prevention with the conditions prevailing in present times. Data on crime from the
National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) shows that though women criminals are a minority
compared to criminals convicted for heinous crimes, the number of females arrested for criminal
activities show a drastic increase in recent years. Thus, based on data available, the paper tries to find
out the type of crimes which is been attracting more female to its trap. Also, it tries to recognize the
social environment that contributes to the making of women criminals. Studying the factors leading to
the causes of making of female criminals, re-examining the solutions provided by criminologists over
the year and studying the recent trends, this paper tries to bring out certain measures that can be
adopted to bring about a significant positive change to the rate of crimes done by women.
________________________________________________________________________
Keywords: Female criminality, Crime, Crime causes theory, Social conditions.
Introduction
The history of mankind reveals that the woman has been the foundation stone of a
family in particular and society in general. Especially in India, a woman is seen as preserver
of social norms, traditions, customs, morality and family cohesiveness. In the present world
a woman has taken up added responsibility of making a mark of her own to have an
identity along with nurturing her family. However, it is sad to see that womens
achievement is also getting extended towards criminality in the social, cultural, economic
and political milieu of India. Female Criminality in India is at rise along with the increase
in crime against woman. The issue has reached to an alarming level which has compelled
1 Revised version of the paper presented at the Second International Conference of the South Asian
Society of Criminology and Victimology (SASCV) at Kanyakumari, India conducted during 11 13,
January, 2013.
2 Research Scholar (Part-time), Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: mili.pmk@gmail.com

3 Research Scholar (Part-time), Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: r.perumaladvocate@gmail.com

4 UGC Project Fellow, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Manonmaniam Sundaranar
University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: netsunc@hotmail.com

65
2015 International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences. All rights reserved. Under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
Mili et al Female Criminality in India
all the socially responsible scholars to focus on root cause of female turning to criminal
activities in larger numbers. Female criminality has been theoretically stated as
complicated; less understood and subject to easy control. The social environment
contributes a lot to the making of women criminals.
The gravity of the challenge increases manifold when we go through the available data
on crime from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB). While women criminals are
still a minority- they comprise only 6.3% (NCRB Crime report 2009) of the criminals
convicted for crimes under IPC (Indian Penal Code). The Crime in India Reports reveal
that the number of females arrested for criminals activities in 2003 were 1,51,675, and this
shot up to 1,54,635 in 2007. Also, interestingly, the nature of crimes committed by them
too, is gradually witnessing a sea change - from softer crimes like drug trafficking and
prostitution to heinous crimes as murder. 3439 women were arrested for murder in 2005;
3812 in 2007 and 4007 in 2009 that is an increase from 5.4% in 2005 to 6% in 2007 and
6.4% in 2009 (NCRB figures).
Studying the available data, it is observed that along with the increase in total crime
rate, crime committed by women is increasing. The total percentage of female criminals
among the total criminals arrested for committing various crimes in 2001 has risen from
5.4% to 6.2% in 2011. Looking at the figures one would think that it is hardly 0.8%
increase in a decade. However, going into details, it is observed that the nature and
severity of crimes in which women are involved has undergone drastic change. Earlier
there were lesser records of women involving in heinous crimes, however as time passed,
women arrested for much harder and sophisticated crimes is at rise. There is a need to
understand the pattern of female criminality and this article moves in this direction.
This article deals with type of causes of female criminality emerging due to socio-
economic changes and provides recommendations to prevent women from becoming
offenders. This article is divided in to two parts. The first part examines female criminality
in India with statistical representation and the second part discusses on various causes of
female criminality and it concludes with recommendations to prevent female criminality
in India.
I. Female Criminality in India

As stated in the beginning, in India also the social environment contributes a lot to the
making of women criminals. Here, it has more to do with the patriarchal society.
According to Psychologist Anchal Bhagat, the female offenders have lost faith in social
system. Women's fate is sealed and they face deprivation instead of constitutional rights
and privileges. Discrimination within society exists from birth till last breath in most parts
in India. Bhagat, in her work, had mentioned one such very famous example about a
victim turned victimizer, Phoolan Devi. Her story as a victimizer starts with law failing to
give her justice. Phoolan Devi denied of justice had turned into notorious bandit queen
who later became politician. However, in her short struggle-full life she had gained lot of
enemies and she was murdered. Stating an example like this Bhagat concludes that the
compelling factors such as want of economic independence, recognition in society and to
earn a respectable position in the society is what probably forces women like Phoolan
Devi to resort to extreme steps of taking law in their hands. She also emphasizes that the
courts while deciding cases, must consider the causes and persuasive reasons which led a
women to commit that particular crime.
66
Bajpai and Bajpai (2000), states that as women are increasingly joining the mainstream
of society, their share in crime as is reflected by the available data in India and elsewhere is
also on the rise. They mention a very catchy statement which is, The rights are first
demanded, then commanded and later snatched. In this fight for rights, either to obtain
or defend them, clash is unavoidable which result in incidence of crime. Social scientists
and social protection planners have not paid much notice to recognize and unearth diverse
trends and quality of the offences committed by women in spite of the rapid rate of the
participation of females in crime. Thus their work is an endeavor to recognize the
psychology and sociology of the circumstances in which females commit crimes either
intentionally or negligently.
As Pattanaik and Mishra (2001) stated that inspecting the framework of development
and social change, the perception of female criminality is a current phenomenon both in
developed and Third World countries including India. According to them, female
criminality is a result of diverse socio-economic-cultural and environmental factors
resultant of rapid industrialization, westernization and urbanization. However, the current
increasing rate in the crime committed by female has drawn the attention of psychologists,
sociologists and criminologists both at the international and national scene. Thus, it has
not only given a strong blow to our social and cultural heritage but also affected the social
structure of Indian society.
Hartjen (1997) has clearly mentioned that in spite of sharing a legal status equal to that
of males, females in India are by no means socially and economically equal, nor do they
display official and self-reported crime rates anywhere near those of men and boys. It is
commonly found around the world that a distinct gender gap exists in the male and female
ratio of criminals arrested for crimes committed. In India, the overall male and female ratio
is around 20:1. However, in other third world countries, this ratio is about four times
greater than the economically developed countries. This implies that the developed
societies have fewer gaps in male and female ratio in crime committed. According to him
the self-report data narrows this gender gap considerably. But, the remarkable thing about
the criminality of women and girls in India is that there is so little of it and the reason
being the lack of basic data, explaining female crime in India remains a task yet to be
undertaken. However, there is explanation to believe that theoretical concepts of etiology
developed in Western criminology may apply to India also. As such, the relatively
infinitesimal offense rates for Indian females may reflect how their suppressed social
position, in effect, hinder their ability to initiate or engage in criminal conduct as such. He
made suggestions for future research on virtually all dimensions of female crime and justice
made.
Statistical representation of Female Criminality in India (Government of India, 2011)

In Table 1, the crimes committed in India, are shown head-wise and gender-wise for
the years 2001 and 2011. The table shows the change in nature and ratio of crime
committed by female in a decade. This table is prepared for the comparative study of the
crime rate within a decade in India which shows an increasing trend and female
criminality getting extended from minor crimes to heinous crimes. Total crimes
committed by female increased from 144608 to 193555 that is the percentage increase of
crimes committed by female increased from 5.4% in 2001 to 6.2% in 2011. Female
committing heinous crimes like murder is at rise from 4.6% in 2001 to 6.3% in 2011 and
attempt to commit murder by female has increased from 2.6% to 4.2% in a decade.
67
Table 1: Persons Arrested under IPC Crimes in India (2001 & 2011)
Diagram 1: Percentage of type of crimes by Female (2011)
68
The diagram 1 shows the percentage of type of crimes committed by female in the
year 2011. It is evident that among the reported crimes, the highest percentage of 33 is for
the ones which are petty crimes that are put under the heading other IPC crimes,
followed by household crimes at 21%, which are done with collaboration with men and
other relatives, third being cases of hurting someone physically at 19%, followed by taking
active part in riots at 10% and performing theft at 4%. Remaining crimes like dowry
deaths, cheating, murder, and attempt to commit murder are placed at 2%. And finally,
crimes like kidnapping, abduction and molestation are lesser than 1%.
Diagram 2: Percentage to total female arrest under IPC crimes (2009-2011)
Diagram 2 depicts a multiple bar graph that shows the percentage to total female
arrested under IPC crimes of three years from 2009 to 2011. In the above diagram, crimes
committed by female like Cruelty by husband and relatives, Dowry deaths, Importation of
girls and Hurt are taken into consideration. As from year 2009 to 2011, these crimes have
seen a rapid increase. Cruelty by husband and relatives increased from 22.9% in 2009 to
23.7% in 2011. Dowry deaths have seen a rise from 19.4% in 2009 to 22.2% in 2011. In
spite of stringent laws against dowry and the crimes related to it, this social stigma
continues to haunt our society. Women hurting other women are on the rise. Importation
of girls as compared to other crimes have seen drastic rise in 3 years. The percentage of
importation of girls has increased from 8.1 to 22.4, which clearly shows the increased flesh
trade in India and female contribution or involvement in such crimes. Finally crimes
related to hurt and murder has remained on low profile and seen a slight increase in
percentage.
69
Diagram 3: Number of female arrested under IPC crimes (2009-2011)
Diagram 3 shows the total number of female arrested under IPC crimes from the year
2009 to 2011. It shows that though in percentages the crime rate looks meager as
compared to male contribution to similar crimes. However, when seen in numbers, they
give us an idea of the amount of crimes female is involved in. In the above diagram we
can see that the top five crimes committed by female have seen an increase in numbers
from the year 2009 to 2011. Other IPC crimes increased from 56801 to 63953, depicting
the increase in petty crimes committed by women. Cruelty by husband and relatives show
a slight decline due to the stringent laws against dowry related crimes. Thus, it has slightly
come down from 41531 to 41298. Crimes related to female involved in hurting others
have increased in numbers from 34258 in 2009 to 36063 in 2011. Female involved in riots
related crimes has increased from 17144 to 19461 from 2009 to 2011. Finally, theft crimes
committed by female saw a slight dip in 2010 as it lowered to 6193 from 6991 in 2009 but
increased in 2011 to 6806.
70
Diagram 4: Number of female arrested under IPC harsh crimes (2009-2011)
Diagram 4 depicts a multiple bar graph that shows the number of female arrested
under IPC harsh crimes in three years from 2009 to 2011. In the above diagram, harsh
crimes committed by female like Dowry deaths has reduced in numbers from 5182 to
4764 owing to stringent laws against dowry related crimes. Heinous crime like murder has
seen a fluctuating trend wherein the number of murder committed by female was 4007 in
2009 and went down to 3798 in 2010 and shot up to 4443 in 2011. Attempt to commit
murder has increased in numbers from 2748 in 2009 to 3179 in 2011. Followed by,
kidnapping and abduction, this has seen an increasing trend from 2031 in 2009 to 2517 in
2011. Molestation is another one of the harsh crimes that has increased in numbers from
1280 in 2009 to 1698 in 2011. Finally, sexual harassment cases are very less and the only
possible reason is that this kind of crimes not usually reported.
71
Diagram 5: Persons Arrested Under IPC Crimes During 2011

(Crime Head-Wise and Gender-Wise)
II. Causes of Female Criminality in India

Causes based on biological viewpoint postulated by early criminologists were baseless
and does not apply to women in India. The early researchers attributed female criminality
to biological or sociological antecedents. Crime, as a behavioral or social problem, is
complicated and not easily understood. Women are considered as turning crime as a
perversion of feminine role whether their causes are biological, psychological, social or
environmental.
Biological Viewpoint
Under the Biological Viewpoint, Caesar Lombroso's contribution is considered as the
foundation of scientific study on female crime. He viewed, "female deviance as rooted in
the biological make up or as inherent feature of the female species". He stated that female
criminals are more terrible than the male criminals because cruelty by a female was much
more refined' and diabolic than men. Lombroso thought women shared many qualities
with children and they were morally deficient and their lack of intelligence was the reason
of their relatively small participation in crime. Lombroso and Ferrero (1895) postulated a
theory that was based on a belief that all individuals displaying anti-social behavior were
biological throwbacks. The born female criminal was considered to have the criminal
qualities of men and the worst qualities of women. However, we feel that, Indian women
are inclined to crime more because of social or economic deprivation than being
biological throwbacks.
Pollak elucidated the influence of hormonal changes over menstruation, pregnancy and
menopausal stage. He stated that in the pregnancy and menopausal phase, the
psychological characteristics such as emotional changes of moods, abnormal craving and
72
impulses and temporary impairment of consciousness point in the direction of criminal

causation. However, in the present age of information technology and impersonal
relations, such basic theories seem to be unreasonable and unscientific and especially for
India it is not applicable. All the biological theories depict crime as an inherent human
trait which does not adequately describe the phenomenal variations in the nature of crime
being committed these days, when crime has risen up to the status of career for many,
involving highly advanced professional skills and typical scientific techniques.
Psychological Viewpoint
Women who are not passive and content with their traditional roles as mothers and
wives are maladjusted. Maladjusted women refuse or fail to internalize the values
associated with the role in the society. Women convict(s) display emotional instability,
insecurity, rejection or frustration. They would have encountered harsh living conditions,
disappointments in love and a large number of unfortunate experiences which generally
made it difficult for them to face realities of life. Stress is higher for women on average
than for men, primarily due to blocked opportunities, and the conflicting message of
motherhood versus work. Women with lower social status experience higher stress, on
average, than women with higher social status. Women are afraid to express anger because
it could alienate those around them. So they suppress anger and most women cope by
changing anger to guilt, failure, and sadness. Women bottle up "their feelings until it
finally explodes in lethal violence. Women experiencing peaks of stress are more likely
than men to explode with episodes of extreme uncontrolled violence. Situations that cause
continuous stress and isolation combine with poor coping skills and the over-controlled
personality to result in violence. Psychological viewpoint is applicable to Indian scenario as
there are several crime committed because of depression and frustration.
Sociological Viewpoint
A plethora of writings on sociological viewpoint emerged during the last few decades.
This viewpoint stress upon how social factors lead to a woman turning a criminal. Women
in India, in spite of so much development and awareness face inequality in every phase of
life. Equality for women is not practiced as it is stated in Constitution of India. Due to
inequality, women miss most of the opportunities in life which in turn affect her financial
independence and thus her economic status is lowered. Women in Indian society are
always expected to understand and adjust according to the world around her. This unequal
position of women in society due to social oppression and economic dependency on men
and the state needs to be addressed. In most ways, crimes women commit are considered
to be final outward manifestations of an inner medical imbalance or social instability.
Based on Kleins (1973) works there are many cases recognized for the causes and
increase of Female criminality in the world. However, there are only few reasons that
would be true in context of Indian society. According Klein, the shared assumptions
running through the works of all the author who have postulated theories on the causes of
female criminality include the proposition that female crime is the result of physiological
or psychological characteristics of individuals, with little or no recognition being given to
the importance of social-structural factors. Poisoning a child or an adult at home, sexual
crimes, shoplifting and other thefts, abortions, etc. are easily hidden by them. However,
these crimes are committed not only because of the physiological or psychological
73
characteristics of a woman but is also could be the end result of her socio-economic
conditions.
Adler (1975), studied prostitution, drug addiction, and juvenile law-breaking among
females and she has credited these crimes to the liberation movement of women and
women's assertiveness. According to her educated girls and women are keener to defy
traditional restrictions and social roles. The lessening of manacles on women is further
likely to increase female crime. However, in Indian context, more restrains are resulting in
bigger crimes.
Empirical studies conducted on female crime in India have by and large supported
Klein's etiological explanation wherein as discussed earlier. Sharma (1963) summarized in
his study that in India among Indian women, strained interpersonal relations with husband
and other family members, husband's extra-family relations, deprivation and denial of basic
needs of life (like affection, security, etc.) were the main causes of frustrations and ultimate
crimes. Writers like Bilmoria (1987) and Kuckreja (1986) have also supported Sharmas
theory of family maladjustment and role conflict in family as reasons for female
criminality.
In Indian context, certain cases where the murder victim was the respondent's own
child, the murder was committed either because the child was illegitimate or the woman
was afraid of social exclusion, or in a moment of extreme danger because of a dispute with
the husband. Thus, in most of the cases, husband-wife relationship proved quite an
important factor in the causation of murder. The other causes recognized were illicit
relations of the offender with some man, illicit relations of the victim with some woman
and conflict with husband and/or ill-treatment by husband, which in turn proves the
validity of the hypothesis of family maladjustment as the main cause of female criminality.
It is observed that not only in murders but also in other crimes, family plays an
important factor. For example, in excise offences, when husband was arrested for illicit
distillation, his wife too was arrested for helping the husband in illegal activities. In cases
like these, the wife merely helped her husband in his economic pursuits because of her
duty as a wife and not because of any desire to violate the social or legal norms. This is
very common in Indian context.
Many cases in India show that women were labeled 'criminals' not because they had
'criminalistic tendencies' but because their family male members were so labeled. Thus it is
evident that most of the thefts committed by women are not the result of psychological or
social aberrations but are due to family and economic compulsions. In most crimes in
which women are arrested play secondary/supportive roles. They are, therefore, not to be
treated as sole perpetrators of these crimes. Thus, the hypothesis regarding the role of
family in female criminality is thus fully justified.
The theory postulated by Simon (1975) and Adler (1977) which explained female
crime in terms of the breakdown of prevailing patterns of 'sexual inequality' do not explain
crime situation in India in spite of the fact that in our country too there are Women's
Liberation Movements. However, in India, Liberation movement is confined to only
urban areas whereas large numbers of female criminals in our society come from the rural
areas where women never talk of equal rights with men and there is no breakdown of
sexual inequality. Also, t is clear in Indian context that it is not the physical and
psychological factors which account for female crime but it is the non-harmony and
74
instability in family relationships or disintegration of family life which mainly explain

crime among women.
Recommendations
Preventive Measures
It is said that prevention is better than cure and having said that, in case of crime and
prevention, that too in a vast and diverse country like India, is a humongous task. Crime
prevention among females in India is even bigger challenge because it is difficult to
recognize the vulnerable areas and people especially women, easily. General awareness of
the role of woman in a society, her rights and laws for them should be briefed to the
uneducated women. Legal awareness and awareness about illegal activities and to report or
keep themselves away from illegal activities should be provided by social service/ adult
education units. Sex education plays an important role wherein the women indulge in
crime following lack of awareness regarding sex-rackets and flesh trade. And also need to
be informed about the harsher laws against being a part of such crimes. Constructive social
action movement to spread awareness is important. In order to reduce tensions in the
family or society it is advisable for couples and families to undergo Pre-marital and post-
marital counseling. It is necessary to treat domestic violence cases harshly to avoid future
crimes and laws against dowry must be implemented properly.
Corrective measures
Female criminals who are serving their term in the prison due to crime committed by
them or in collaboration with other companion / companions, should be given a chance
to rectify or correct their ways so that when they finish their term and come out of the
prison, they should be a lady with no criminal attributes, well informed and more aware,
which would enable her to stay away from the crimes and other criminals. Most women
are deprived of their liberty and do crimes to break off the chains of cruel traditions. Such
women should be given enough support and help to be independent and do something
worthwhile for herself, her family and her kids. In prisons, women are engaged in various
activities like cooking, tailoring, gardening, painting, handicrafts etc. which is a positive
initiative and helps a lot to improve their self respect and confidence. Proper public
awareness is also a need as a criminal returning to her society is not accepted and is taunted
by everyone. This might result in her ending up committing other harsher crimes. People
need to be made aware of the rights of a reformed criminal as they too have the right to
continue with their life as before.
Rehabilitative and Supportive measures

Under rehabilitative and supportive measures, a female criminal should be given chance
to fulfill her parental responsibilities. Attention should be paid on providing female
prisoner with proper medical aid and even on rehabilitation. In case a female offender
suffers from a mental condition and she comes out of prison after serving her term, she
would probably continue to commit crimes because the problem still subsists in her, and
who knows it would have probably even become from bad to worse. Caretaking of
children of imprisoned mothers should be done or they should be allowed to be in touch
with their kids and relatives. Access to legal advice should be provided as most of the
women come to prison for no mistake of their own.
75
Conclusion
As with the UN Standard Minimum Rules for treatment of prisoners (1955), in great
variety of legal, social, economic and geographical conditions worldwide, it is evident that
not all of the above mentioned measures can be equally applied in all places and at all
times. The concerned authorities should, however, serve to motivate a constant effort to
overcome practical difficulties in how the rules and measures are implemented, as it would
lead to the common goal of improving outcomes for women prisoners, their children and
their communities. The courts while deciding cases should look at the reasons and
compelling factors which led a woman to commit that particular crime. As observed in
most of the case studies done by other writers, our unbiased social system is one of the
main reasons why women resort to crime as retribution to her suppression. Thus, there is
no such particular theory to explain female criminality. And also to find a fool proof
formula to tackle the increasing crime among women, a detailed study by criminologists
could probably provide an answer to all unanswered questions.
References
Adler, F. (1977). The interaction between women's emancipation and female criminality:
A crosscultural perspective. International Journal of Criminology and Penology, 5(2), 101-
112.
Adler, F. (with Adler, H. M.). (1975). Sisters in Crime: The Rise of the New Female Criminal.
New York: McGraw-Hill.
Bajpai, A., & Bajpai, P. K. (2000). Female Criminality in India. Jaipur: Rawat Publications.
Bilmoria, R. M. (1987). Female Criminality: An Empirical study in Andhra Pradesh.
Lucknow: Eastern Book Company.
Government of India (2011). Crime in India. New Delhi: National Crime Records
Bureau, Government of India.
Hartjen, C. A., (1997). The criminality of women and girls in India. International Journal of
Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 21(2), 287-303.
DOI:10.1080/01924036.1997.9678600.
Klein, D. (1973). The etiology of female crime: A review of the literature. Issues in
Criminology, 8, 330.
Kuckreja, N. S. (1986). A Socio-Demographic Study of Women Prisoners. Unpublished PhD
thesis submitted to Poona University.
Lombroso, C., & Ferrero, G. (1895). The Female Offender. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
Pattanaik, J. K., & Mishra, N. N. (2001). Social change and female criminality in India.
Social Change, 31(3), 103-110. doi: 10.1177/004908570103100308.
Pollak, O. (1950). The Criminality of Women. New York: A.S. Barnes.
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76

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International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences

Vol 10 Issue 1 January June 2015

which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any

commercial exploitation or the creation of derivative works without specific permission.

Female Criminality in India: Prevalence,

Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: mili.pmk@gmail.com

Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: r.perumaladvocate@gmail.com

University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: netsunc@hotmail.com

I. Female Criminality in India

Statistical representation of Female Criminality in India (Government of India, 2011)

Diagram 1: Percentage of type of crimes by Female (2011)

Diagram 2: Percentage to total female arrest under IPC crimes (2009-2011)

Diagram 3: Number of female arrested under IPC crimes (2009-2011)

Diagram 4: Number of female arrested under IPC harsh crimes (2009-2011)

Diagram 5: Persons Arrested Under IPC Crimes During 2011

II. Causes of Female Criminality in India

impulses and temporary impairment of consciousness point in the direction of criminal

instability in family relationships or disintegration of family life which mainly explain

Rehabilitative and Supportive measures

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